The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 68 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of Musical Tempo and Mode on Arousal, Mood, and Spatial Abilities
Abstract
We examined effects of tempo and mode on spatial ability, arousal, and mood. A Mozart sonata was performed by a skilled pianist and recorded as a MIDI file. The file was edited to produce four versions that varied in tempo (fast or slow) and mode (major or minor). Participants listened to a single version and completed measures of spatial ability, arousal, and mood. Performance on the spatial task was superior after listening to music at a fast rather than a slow tempo, and when the music was presented in major rather than minor mode. Tempo manipulations affected arousal but not mood, whereas mode manipulations affected mood but not arousal. Changes in arousal and mood paralleled variation on the spatial task. The findings are consistent with the view that the "Mozart effect" is a consequence of changes in arousal and mood.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Russell, J. A. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077714 · Cited by 16,334
(2001) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511546396 · Cited by 4,482
Cohen, J., MacWhinney, B., Flatt, M., & Provost, J. (1993) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03204507 · Cited by 2,802
McNair, D. M. (1992) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,531
A neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition.
Ashby, F. G., Isen, A. M., & Turken, A. U. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.3.529 · Cited by 2,270
Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2001) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00366 · Cited by 2,217
Affect Grid: A single-item scale of pleasure and arousal.
Russell, J. A., Weiss, A., & Mendelsohn, G. A. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.57.3.493 · Cited by 2,068
Handbook of Cognition and Emotion
(1999) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0470013494 · Cited by 1,670
Music and emotion: theory and research
(2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-0198 · Cited by 1,298
Music and spatial task performance
Rauscher, F. H., Shaw, G. L., & Ky, C. N. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/365611a0 · Cited by 1,207
The influence of affect on categorization.
Isen, A. M., & Daubman, K. A. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.47.6.1206 · Cited by 1,112
An exploratory study of musical emotions and psychophysiology.
Krumhansl, C. L. (1997) · Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology / Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale · doi:10.1037/1196-1961.51.4.336 · Cited by 1,017
Arousal, Mood, and The Mozart Effect
Thompson, W. F., Schellenberg, E. G., & Husain, G. (2001) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00345 · Cited by 751
Self-citationBalkwill, L.-L., & Thompson, W. F. (1999) · Music Perception · doi:10.2307/40285811 · Cited by 750
Self-citationTest anxiety : theory, research, and applications
Sarason, I. G. (1980) · Lawrence Erlbaum Associates eBooks · Cited by 724
Handbook of Research on Music Teaching and Learning
Colwell, R. D. (1992) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 654
The Influence of Positive Affect on Variety Seeking Among Safe, Enjoyable Products
Kahn, B. E., & Isen, A. M. (1993) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209347 · Cited by 649
Frontal brain electrical activity (EEG) distinguishes valence and intensity of musical emotions
Schmidt, L. A., & Trainor, L. J. (2001) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/0269993004200187 · Cited by 617
Music and emotion: perceptual determinants, immediacy, and isolation after brain damage
Peretz, I. (1998) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(98)00043-2 · Cited by 580
The Influence Of Musical Structure On Emotional Expression
Gabrielsson, A., & Lindström, E. (2001) · Music And Emotion · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192631886.003.0010 · Cited by 476
Listening to Mozart enhances spatial-temporal reasoning: towards a neurophysiological basis
Rauscher, F. H., Shaw, G. L., & Ky, K. N. (1995) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(94)11221-4 · Cited by 465
A developmental study of the affective value of tempo and mode in music
Dalla Bella, S., Peretz, I., Rousseau, L., & Gosselin, N. (2001) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(00)00136-0 · Cited by 447
Arousal systems and attentional processes
Robbins, T. W. (1997) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(96)05222-2 · Cited by 430
Boredom: Practical consequences and a theory
O'Hanlon, J. F. (1981) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(81)90033-0 · Cited by 405
Mood and memory under natural conditions: Evidence for mood incongruent recall.
Parrott, W. G., & Sabini, J. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.59.2.321 · Cited by 394
Psychological and Biological Approaches To Emotion
(2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203761588 · Cited by 389
Cue utilization in emotion attribution from auditory stimuli
Scherer, K. R., & Oshinsky, J. S. (1977) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf00992539 · Cited by 380
Psychological Perspectives On Music And Emotion
Sloboda, J. A., & Juslin, P. N. (2001) · Music And Emotion · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192631886.003.0004 · Cited by 379
Emotions In Strong Experiences With Music
Gabrielsson, A. (2001) · Music And Emotion · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192631886.003.0019 · Cited by 365
Learning to make music enhances spatial reasoning
Hetland, L. (2000) · Journal of Aesthetic Education · doi:10.2307/3333643 · Cited by 333
Optimal Time of Day and the Magnitude of Age Differences in Memory
May, C. P., Hasher, L., & Stoltzfus, E. R. (1993) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00573.x · Cited by 293
Constraints on the effects of mood on memory.
Clark, D. M., & Teasdale, J. D. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.48.6.1595 · Cited by 291
Isen, A. M. (1999) · Handbook of Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1002/0470013494.ch25 · Cited by 289
An influence of positive affect on social categorization
Isen, A. M., Niedenthal, P. M., & Cantor, N. (1992) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf00996487 · Cited by 282
The Mozart Effect: An Artifact of Preference
Nantais, K. M., & Schellenberg, E. G. (1999) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00170 · Cited by 282
Self-citationPrelude or requiem for the ‘Mozart effect’?
Chabris, C. F. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/23608 · Cited by 280
Music Alone: Philosophical Reflections on the Purely Musical Experience
Dempster, D., & Kivy, P. (1991) · The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism · doi:10.2307/431041 · Cited by 258
Listening to Music Enhances Spatial-Temporal Reasoning: Evidence for the "Mozart Effect"
Hetland, L. (2000) · Journal of Aesthetic Education · doi:10.2307/3333640 · Cited by 257
The Mystery of the Mozart Effect: Failure to Replicate
Steele, K. M., Bass, K. E., & Crook, M. D. (1999) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00169 · Cited by 235
Empirical studies of emotional response to music.
Sloboda, J. A. (2004) · Cognitive bases of musical communication. · doi:10.1037/10104-003 · Cited by 234
Mood dependent memory for internal versus external events.
Eich, E., & Metcalfe, J. (1989) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.15.3.443 · Cited by 233
ACTIVATION STATES AS ASSESSED BY VERBAL REPORT AND FOUR PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES
Thayer, R. E. (1970) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb02278.x · Cited by 217
Age Differences in Consumers' Processing Strategies: An Investigation of Moderating Influences
Yoon, C. (1997) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209514 · Cited by 214
Reales, J. M., & Ballesteros, S. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.25.3.644 · Cited by 178
Listen to the brain: a Biological perspective On musical emotions
Peretz, I. (2001) · Music And Emotion · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192631886.003.0005 · Cited by 176
Cognitive bases of musical communication.
(1992) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10104-000 · Cited by 170
Key Components of the Mozart Effect
Rauscher, F. H., & Shaw, G. L. (1998) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1998.86.3.835 · Cited by 159
Music and Nonmusical Abilities
Schellenberg, E. (2001) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05744.x · Cited by 149
Self-citationAging, Circadian Arousal Patterns, and Cognition
Yoon, C., May, C. P., & Hasher, L. (2010) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203345115_chapter_6 · Cited by 135
Transfer between vision and haptics: Memory for 2-D patterns and 3-D objects
Easton, R. D., Greene, A. J., & Srinivas, K. (1997) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03210801 · Cited by 122
Effects of music on psychophysiological responses to a stressful film.
Thayer, J. F., & LEVENSON, R. W. (1983) · Psychomusicology Music Mind and Brain · doi:10.1037/h0094256 · Cited by 102
Music-dependent memory: The roles of tempo change and mood mediation.
Balch, W. R., & Lewis, B. S. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.22.6.1354 · Cited by 93
Prelude or requiem for the ‘Mozart effect’?
Steele, K. M., Bella, S. D., Peretz, I., Dunlop, T., Dawe, L. A., Humphrey, G. K., Shannon, R. A., Kirby, J. L., & Olmstead, C. L. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/23611 · Cited by 91
Validation of a music mood induction procedure: Some preliminary findings
Kenealy, P. M. (1988) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699938808415228 · Cited by 87
Shaw, G. L. (1999) · Cited by 84
Balota, D. A., Watson, J. M., Duchek, J. M., & Ferraro, F. R. (1999) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617799577060 · Cited by 81
Processing across the language boundary: a cross-modal priming study of Spanish-English bilinguals
Hernandez, A. E., Bates, E. A., & Avila, L. X. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.22.4.846 · Cited by 76
Mood State-Dependent Retrieval: The Effects of Induced Mood on Memory Reconsidered
Kenealy, P. M. (1997) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/713755711 · Cited by 66
Caffeine effects on mood and memory
Herz, R. S. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00190-9 · Cited by 60
Bowers, J. S., Mimouni, Z., & Arguin, M. (2000) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03211829 · Cited by 51
Coding of Musical Structure and the Trion Model of Cortex
Leng, X., Shaw, G. L., & Wright, E. L. (1990) · Music Perception An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.2307/40285485 · Cited by 50
Visual–Auditory Events: Cross-Modal Perceptual Priming and Recognition Memory
Greene, A. J., Easton, R. D., & LaShell, L. S. R. (2001) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.2001.0502 · Cited by 42
Parrott, W. G. (1991) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939108411022 · Cited by 39
Cross-modal repetition priming of heterographic homophones
Jonathan Grainger, B., Kang, M. N. V., & Seguí, J. (2001) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03195740 · Cited by 35
Self-report of arousal as an indicant of activation level
Dermer, M. L., & Berscheid, E. (1972) · Systems Research and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1002/bs.3830170503 · Cited by 32
Recall of early childhood memories through musical mood induction
Martin, M. A., & Metha, A. (1997) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/s0197-4556(97)00020-8 · Cited by 30
The Neurobiology of Music Cognition and Learning
Gruhn, W., & Rauscher, F. H. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304565.003.0003 · Cited by 26
(1990)
Cited by
Emotional responses to music: The need to consider underlying mechanisms
Juslin, P. N., & Västfjäll, D. (2008) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x08005293 · Cited by 1,914
Schellenberg, E. G. (2004) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00711.x · Cited by 980
Self-citationIdeal Affect: Cultural Causes and Behavioral Consequences
Tsai, J. L. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00043.x · Cited by 781
Music and social bonding: “self-other†merging and neurohormonal mechanisms
Tarr, B., Launay, J., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01096 · Cited by 548
Schellenberg, E. G. (2005) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00389.x · Cited by 431
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Husain, G., Thompson, W. F., & Schellenberg, E. G.
- Venue
- Music Perception
- Publisher
- University of California Press
- Published
- 2002
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 151-171
- ISSN
- 0730-7829 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2047771630
- Cited by
- 675
- References
- 68
- FWCI
- 2.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.