Effects of diet composition on postprandial energy availability during weight loss maintenance
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The major circulating metabolic fuels regulate hunger, and each is affected by dietary composition. An integrated measure of postprandial energy availability from circulating metabolic fuels may help inform dietary recommendations for weight maintenance after weight loss. AIM: We examined the effect of low-fat (LF, 60% of energy from carbohydrate, 20% fat, 20% protein), low-glycemic index (LGI, 40%-40%-20%), and very low-carbohydrate (VLC, 10%-60%-30%) diets on total postprandial metabolic fuel energy availability (EA) during weight loss maintenance. METHODS: Eight obese young adults were fed a standard hypocaloric diet to produce 10-15% weight loss. They were then provided isocaloric LF, LGI, and VLC diets in a randomized crossover design, each for a 4-week period of weight loss maintenance. At the end of each dietary period, a test meal representing the respective diet was provided, and blood samples were obtained every 30 minutes for 5 hours. The primary outcome was EA, defined as the combined energy density (circulating level × relative energy content) of glucose, free fatty acids, and β-hydroxybutyrate. Secondary outcomes were individual metabolic fuels, metabolic rate, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine, and hunger ratings. Respiratory quotient was a process measure. Data were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance, with outcomes compared in the early (30 to 150 min) and late (180 to 300 min) postprandial periods. RESULTS: EA did not differ between the test meals during the early postprandial period (p = 0.99). However, EA in the late postprandial period was significantly lower after the LF test meal than the LGI (p<0.0001) and VLC (p<0.0001) test meals. Metabolic rate also differed in the late postprandial period (p = 0.0074), with higher values on the VLC than LF (p = 0.0064) and LGI (p = 0.0066) diets. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that an LF diet may adversely affect postprandial EA and risk for weight regain during weight loss maintenance.
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Total metabolic fuel concentration in the blood decreases rapidly in the late postprandial phase after a high-GL meal, possibly to concentrations below that in the fasting state.
“Consequently, total metabolic fuel concentration in the blood (from glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, and ketones) decreases rapidly in the late postprandial phase, possibly to concentrations below that in the fasting state (39–41).”
From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [41]
Consumption of a high- compared with a low-GL meal results in reduced circulating metabolic fuel concentration after 3-5 h, associated with altered substrate partitioning, reduced energy expenditure, and a counter-regulatory response.
“Consumption of a high- compared with a low-GL meal results in reduced circulating metabolic fuel concentration after 3–5 h (39–41, 79), associated with altered substrate partitioning, reduced energy expenditure, and a counter-regulatory response (31, 39, 41, 80, 81).”
From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [41]
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- Authors
- Walsh, C. O., Ebbeling, C. B., Swain, J. F., Markowitz, R. L., Feldman, H. A., & Ludwig, D. S.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ludwig, David S.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2013-03-06
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e58172
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3590159
- OpenAlex
- W1983223054
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 1.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Harvard Catalyst (UL1-RR025758, UL1 RR025758-01, NIH UL1 RR-025758, RR025758)
- National Institutes of Health (UL1RR02575801, NIH UL1 RR-025758)
- U.S. Public Health Service (M01-02635)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K24DK082730, R01DK072428)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR025758, RR025758, RR 025758-01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- weight loss maintenance, low-fat diet, low glycemic index diet, very low carbohydrate diet, metabolic fuels, free fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, metabolic rate, hunger, weight regain, hypocaloric diet
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Blood Glucose, Diet, Energy Metabolism, Epinephrine, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Random Allocation, Cross-Over Studies, Diet, Fat-Restricted, Postprandial Period, Glycemic Index, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted, Weight Reduction Programs
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