Caffeine consumption and weekly sleep patterns in US seventh-, eighth-, and ninth-graders
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To survey caffeine use by seventh-, eighth-, and ninth-graders and relate its use to age, sex, sleep characteristics, and day of week METHODS: Students kept a daily, 2-week diary of their sleep times and use of caffeine containing drinks and foods. Data were analyzed by fitted multiple regression models RESULTS: A total of 191 students participated. Caffeine intake ranged between 0 and 800 mg/d. Mean use over 2 weeks ranged up to 379.4 mg/d and averaged 62.7 mg/d (corrected for underrepresentation in our sample of boys, who consumed more caffeine). Higher caffeine intake in general was associated with shorter nocturnal sleep duration, increased wake time after sleep onset, and increased daytime sleep. SLEEP PATTERNS: Mean bedtime was 10:57 PM, and mean wake time was at 7:14 AM. Older children delayed bedtime longer on weekends, and younger ones had longer nightly sleep durations. Sleep duration lengthened on weekends, reflecting the combined effects of the circadian timing system and a mechanism that regulates the duration of sleep. Caffeine (soda) consumption also increased on weekends, for reasons that may be primarily social CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of whether caffeine use disturbed sleep or was consumed to counteract the daytime effect of interrupted sleep, caffeinated beverages had detectable pharmacologic effects. Limitation of the availability of caffeine to teenagers should therefore be considered.
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Caffeine intake reduced sleep efficiency, sleep time, SWS, and REM sleep in both young and middle-aged groups, but during weekly recovery, middle-aged participants had significantly reduced sleep time and efficiency compared to younger participants.
“In a study of 12 young and 12 middle-aged subjects who consumed one to three cups of coffee per day, caffeine intake was found to reduce sleep efficiency, sleep time, slow-wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in both age groups. However, during the weekly recovery, middle-aged participants had significantly reduced sleep time and sleep efficiency compared to younger participants [”
From Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human (2020) · cites this paper as [98]
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- Authors
- Pollak, C. P., & Bright, D.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bright, David
- ORCID
- Bright, David
- Venue
- PEDIATRICS
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2003-01-01
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 42-46
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W2163328071
- Cited by
- 188
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 10.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- caffeine consumption, adolescent sleep patterns, sleep duration, bedtime, wake after sleep onset, daytime sleep, circadian timing, caffeinated beverages, soft drink consumption
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Beverages, Caffeine, Child, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Male, Ohio, Surveys and Questionnaires, Regression Analysis, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Students
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