Measured gene-by-environment interaction in relation to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Open accessAbstract
Objective To summarize and evaluate the state of knowledge regarding the role of measured gene-by-environment interactions in relation to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Method A selective review of methodologic issues was followed by a systematic search for relevant articles on measured gene-by-environment interactions; the search yielded 16 studies, which are discussed in qualitative fashion.Results Relatively consistent evidence points to the interaction of genotype with psychosocial factors in the development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The next step is to identify the mechanisms on the environment side and the gene combinations on the genetic side accounting for this effect. In contrast, evidence for gene-by-environment interactions involving pre- and perinatal risk factors is generally negative or unreplicated. The aggregate effect size for psychosocial interaction with genotype is more than double that for the interaction of pre- and perinatal risks with genotype. Only a small fraction of candidate environments and gene markers has been studied, and multivariate methods to integrate multiple gene or environment markers have yet to be implemented.Conclusions Gene-by-environment interaction appears likely to prove fruitful in understanding the etiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Findings to date already suggest new avenues of investigation particularly involving psychosocial mechanisms and their interplay with genotype. Further pursuit of theoretically promising leads is recommended.
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Genes and environment do not work independently of each other.
“Genes and environment do not work independently of each other (Nigg et al., 2010).”
From A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (2019) · cites this paper as Nigg et al., 2010
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- Authors
- Nigg, J., Nikolas, M., & Burt, S. A.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Michigan State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nigg, Joel
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-09
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 863-873
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2928573
- OpenAlex
- W2153600210
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 2.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH-59105, R01MH059105)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- gene-environment interaction, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, psychosocial risk factors, genetic susceptibility, ADHD etiology, candidate gene markers
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Chromosome Mapping, Female, Genetic Markers, Genotype, Humans, Life Change Events, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Risk Factors, Social Environment, Parenting, Genetic Predisposition to Disease
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