The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 72 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Autism Spectrum Disorder in Fragile X Syndrome: Cooccurring Conditions and Current Treatment
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS) are frequently codiagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Most of our current knowledge about ASD in FXS comes from family surveys and small studies. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of the ASD diagnosis in a large clinic-based FXS population to better inform the care of people with FXS. METHODS: The study employed a data set populated by data from individuals with FXS seen at specialty clinics across the country. The data were collected by clinicians at the patient visit and by parent report for nonclinical and behavioral outcomes from September 7, 2012 through August 31, 2014. Data analyses were performed by using χ2 tests for association, t tests, and multiple logistic regression to examine the association between clinical and other factors with ASD status. RESULTS: Half of the males and nearly 20% of females met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria for current ASD. Relative to the FXS-only group, the FXS with ASD (FXS+ASD) group had a higher prevalence of seizures (20.7% vs 7.6%, P < .001), persistence of sleep problems later in childhood, increased behavior problems, especially aggressive/disruptive behavior, and higher use of α-agonists and antipsychotics. Behavioral services, including applied behavior analysis, appeared to be underused in children with FXS+ASD (only 26% and 16% in prekindergarten and school-age periods, respectively) relative to other populations with idiopathic ASD. CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm among individuals with FXS an association of an ASD diagnosis with important cooccurring conditions and identify gaps between expected and observed treatments among individuals with FXS+ASD.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“50% of males, and 20% of females with Fragile X meet full diagnostic criteria for ASD (Kaufmann et al., 2017)”
From Parallel social information processing circuits are differentially impacted in autism (2020) · cites this paper as Kaufmann et al., 2017
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Verkerk, A. J. M. H., Pieretti, M., Sutcliffe, J. S., Fu, Y.-H., Kuhl, D. P. A., Pizzuti, A., Reiner, O., Richards, S., Victoria, M. F., Zhang, F., et al. (1991) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90397-h · Cited by 3,481
Global Prevalence of Autism and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Elsabbagh, M., Divan, G., Koh, Y., Kim, Y. S., Kauchali, S., Marcín, C., Montiel‐Nava, C., Patel, V., Paula, C. S., Wang, C., et al. (2012) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.239 · Cited by 2,636
(1985) · PubMed · Cited by 1,427
Costs of Autism Spectrum Disorders in the United Kingdom and the United States
Buescher, A. V. S., Cidav, Z., Knapp, M., & Mandell, D. S. (2014) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.210 · Cited by 1,296
Muhle, R., Trentacoste, S. V., & Rapin, I. (2004) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.113.5.e472 · Cited by 1,207
Fragile X Genotype Characterized by an Unstable Region of DNA
Yu, S., Pritchard, M. A., Kremer, E. J., Lynch, M., Nancarrow, J. K., Baker, E. G., Holman, K., Mulley, J. C., Warren, S. T., Schlessinger, D., et al. (1991) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.252.5009.1179 · Cited by 793
FMR1 and the fragile X syndrome: Human genome epidemiology review
Crawford, D. C., Acuña, J. M., & Sherman, S. L. (2001) · Genetics in Medicine · doi:10.1097/00125817-200109000-00006 · Cited by 711
Internet survey of treatments used by parents of children with autism.
Green, V. A., Pituch, K. A., Itchon, J., Choi, A., O’Reilly, M., & Sigafoos, J. (2006) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2004.12.002 · Cited by 617
Advances in the Treatment of Fragile X Syndrome
Hagerman, R. J., Berry-Kravis, E., Kaufmann, W. E., Ono, M. Y., Tartaglia, N., Lachiewicz, A., Kronk, R., Delahunty, C., Hessl, D., Visootsak, J., et al. (2009) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0317 · Cited by 596
Comorbid psychopathology with autism spectrum disorder in children: An overview
Matson, J. L., & Nebel-Schwalm, M. S. (2006) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2005.12.004 · Cited by 590
Krakowiak, P., Goodlin‐Jones, B. L., Hertz‐Picciotto, I., Croen, L., & Hansen, R. L. (2008) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00650.x · Cited by 589
Schaefer, G. B., & Mendelsohn, N. J. (2013) · Genetics in Medicine · doi:10.1038/gim.2013.32 · Cited by 537
Fragile X Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment, And Research
Silverman, & Cronister, A. (1991) · Johns Hopkins University Press eBooks · Cited by 481
Assessing autistic traits: cross‐cultural validation of the social responsiveness scale (SRS)
Bölte, S., Poustka, F., & Constantino, J. N. (2008) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.49 · Cited by 475
Co‐occurring conditions associated with FMR1 gene variations: Findings from a national parent survey
Bailey, D. B., Raspa, M., Olmsted, M. G., & Holiday, D. B. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.32439 · Cited by 466
Evaluation of Comprehensive Treatment Models for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Odom, S. L., Boyd, B. A., Hall, L. J., & Hume, K. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0825-1 · Cited by 448
Sleep Behaviors and Sleep Quality in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Souders, M. C., Mason, T. B. A., Valladares, O., Bućan, M., Levy, S. E., Mandell, D. S., Weaver, T. E., & Pinto‐Martin, J. A. (2009) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/32.12.1566 · Cited by 439
Incidence of Fragile X Syndrome by Newborn Screening for Methylated FMR1 DNA
Coffee, B., Keith, K., Albizua, I., Malone, T., Mowrey, J., Sherman, S. L., & Warren, S. T. (2009) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.09.007 · Cited by 436
Kaufmann, W. E., Cortell, R., Kau, A. S. M., Bukelis, I., Tierney, E., Gray, R. M., Cox, C., Capone, G. T., & Stanard, P. (2004) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.30229 · Cited by 409
Autism Profiles of Males With Fragile X Syndrome
Harris, S. W., Hessl, D., Goodlin-Jones, B., Ferranti, J., Bacalman, S., Barbato, I., Tassone, F., Hagerman, P. J., Herman, K., & Hagerman, R. J. (2008) · American Journal on Mental Retardation · doi:10.1352/2008.113:427-438 · Cited by 396
Autism Spectrum Phenotype in Males and Females with Fragile X Full Mutation and Premutation
Clifford, S. M., Dissanayake, C., Bui, M., Huggins, R., Taylor, A. K., & Loesch, D. Z. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0205-z · Cited by 396
Between a ROC and a hard place: decision making and making decisions about using the SCQ
Corsello, C. M., Bal, V. H., Pickles, A. R., Risi, S., Cook, E. H., LEVENTHAL, B. L., & Lord, C. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01762.x · Cited by 370
Autistic behavior in children with fragile X syndrome: Prevalence, stability, and the impact of FMRP
Hatton, D. D., Sideris, J., Skinner, M., Mankowski, J., Bailey, D. B., Roberts, J., & Mirrett, P. (2006) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31286 · Cited by 359
Moss, J. F., & Howlin, P. (2009) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01197.x · Cited by 341
FMR1 CGG allele size and prevalence ascertained through newborn screening in the United States
Tassone, F., Iong, K. P., Tong, T., Lo, J., Gane, L. W., Berry‐Kravis, E., Nguyen, D. V., Mu, L. Y., Laffin, J. J. S., Bailey, D. B., et al. (2012) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/gm401 · Cited by 321
Cordeiro, L., Ballinger, E., Hagerman, R., & Hessl, D. (2011) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11689-010-9067-y · Cited by 316
Phenotypic variation and FMRP levels in fragile X
Loesch, D. Z., Huggins, R., & Hagerman, R. J. (2004) · Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/mrdd.20006 · Cited by 306
Hagerman, R. J. (2002) · doi:10.56021/9780801868436 · Cited by 299
Frazier, T. W., Ratliff, K. R., Gruber, C., Zhang, Y., Law, P. A., & Constantino, J. N. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313500382 · Cited by 285
Chiri, G., & Warfield, M. E. (2012) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-011-0833-6 · Cited by 283
Validity of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Kaat, A. J., Lecavalier, L., & Aman, M. G. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1970-0 · Cited by 275
Fragile X syndrome: a review of associated medical problems
Kidd, S. A., Lachiewicz, A., Barbouth, D., Blitz, R. K., Delahunty, C., McBrien, D., Visootsak, J., & Berry-Kravis, E. (2014) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-4301 · Cited by 255
Screening Accuracy of Level 2 Autism Spectrum Disorder Rating Scales
Norris, M., & Lecavalier, L. (2010) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361309348071 · Cited by 237
What Can We Learn about Autism from Studying Fragile X Syndrome?
Budimirovic, D. B., & Kaufmann, W. E. (2011) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000330213 · Cited by 187
Hall, S. S., Lightbody, A. A., & Reiss, A. L. (2008) · American Journal on Mental Retardation · doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2008)113[44:csaabi]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 181
Autism in Fragile X Syndrome: A Category Mistake?
Hall, S. S., Lightbody, A. A., Hirt, M., Rezvani, A. B., & Reiss, A. L. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.07.001 · Cited by 178
Autism spectrum disorder in fragile X syndrome: a longitudinal evaluation
Hernandez, R. N., Feinberg, R. L., Vaurio, R., Passanante, N. M., Thompson, R. E., & Kaufmann, W. E. (2009) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.32848 · Cited by 178
ADHD symptoms in children with FXS
Sullivan, K., Hatton, D., Hammer, J., Sideris, J., Hooper, S., Ornstein, P., & Bailey, D. (2006) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31388 · Cited by 174
Autism spectrum disorder and epilepsy: Disorders with a shared biology
Lee, B. H., Smith, T., & Paciorkowski, A. R. (2015) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.03.017 · Cited by 172
Lewis, P. F., Abbeduto, L., Murphy, M. M., Richmond, E. K., Giles, N. D., Bruno, L., & Schroeder, S. (2006) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00803.x · Cited by 167
Whalon, K. J., Conroy, M. A., Martínez, J. R., & Werch, B. L. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2373-1 · Cited by 165
Social behavior profile in young males with fragile X syndrome: Characteristics and specificity
Kau, A. S. M., Tierney, E., Bukelis, I., Stump, M. H., Kates, W. R., Trescher, W. H., & Kaufmann, W. E. (2004) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.20218 · Cited by 156
Seizures in Fragile X Syndrome: Characteristics and Comorbid Diagnoses
Berry-Kravis, E., Raspa, M., Loggin-Hester, L., Bishop, E., Holiday, D., & Bailey, D. B. (2010) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-115.6.461 · Cited by 155
Psychopharmacology in fragile X syndrome—Present and future
Berry‐Kravis, E., & Potanos, K. (2004) · Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/mrdd.20007 · Cited by 151
Self-citationReichow, B., Servili, C., Yasamy, M. T., Barbui, C., & Saxena, S. (2013) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001572 · Cited by 150
Kronk, R. A., Bishop, E. E., Raspa, M., Bickel, J., Mandel, D. A., & Bailey, D. B. (2010) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/33.5.679 · Cited by 129
Pharmacotherapy for the Core Symptoms in Autistic Disorder: Current Status of the Research
Farmer, C., Thurm, A. E., & Grant, P. (2013) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-013-0021-7 · Cited by 120
The behavioral phenotype of FMR1 mutations
Boyle, L., & Kaufmann, W. E. (2010) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C Seminars in Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.30277 · Cited by 118
Parent Report of Community Psychiatric Comorbid Diagnoses in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Rosenberg, R. E., Kaufmann, W. E., Law, J. K., & Law, P. A. (2011) · Autism Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2011/405849 · Cited by 114
Molecular‐neurobehavioral associations in females with the fragile X full mutation
Abrams, M. T., Reiss, A. L., Freund, L. S., Baumgardner, T. L., Chase, G. A., & DENCKLA, M. B. (1994) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320510407 · Cited by 112
Budimirovic, D. B., Bukelis, I., Cox, C., Gray, R. M., Tierney, E., & Kaufmann, W. E. (2006) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31405 · Cited by 109
McDuffie, A. S., Abbeduto, L., Lewis, P. F., Kover, S. T., Kim, J.-S., Weber, A., & Brown, W. T. (2010) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-115.4.307 · Cited by 101
Evidence of a Distinct Behavioral Phenotype in Young Boys With Fragile X Syndrome and Autism
Wolff, J. J., Bodfish, J. W., Hazlett, H. C., Lightbody, A. A., Reiss, A. L., & Piven, J. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.09.001 · Cited by 96
Longitudinal Changes in Intellectual Development in Children with Fragile X Syndrome
Hall, S. S., Burns, D. D., Lightbody, A. A., & Reiss, A. L. (2008) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9223-y · Cited by 76
A prospective open-label study of aripiprazole in fragile X syndrome
Erickson, C. A., Stigler, K. A., Wink, L. K., Mullett, J. E., Kohn, A., Posey, D. J., & McDougle, C. J. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2194-7 · Cited by 69
Aripiprazole in Autism Spectrum Disorders and Fragile X Syndrome
Erickson, C. A., Stigler, K. A., Posey, D. J., & McDougle, C. J. (2010) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.nurt.2010.04.001 · Cited by 65
DSM-5 Changes and the Prevalence of Parent-Reported Autism Spectrum Symptoms in Fragile X Syndrome
Wheeler, A., Mussey, J. L., Villagomez, A. N., Bishop, E. E., Raspa, M., Edwards, A., Bodfish, J. W., Bann, C., & Bailey, D. B. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2246-z · Cited by 59
Medication Utilization for Targeted Symptoms in Children and Adults With Fragile X Syndrome
Bailey, D. B., Raspa, M., Bishop, E. E., Olmsted, M. G., Mallya, U. G., & Berry‐Kravis, E. (2011) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e318236c0e1 · Cited by 59
Talisa, V. B., Boyle, L., Crafa, D., & Kaufmann, W. E. (2014) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.36468 · Cited by 57
Iadarola, S., Hetherington, S., Clinton, C., Dean, M., Reisinger, E. M., Huynh, L. N., Locke, J. J., Conn, K. M., Heinert, S. W., Kataoka, S., et al. (2014) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361314548078 · Cited by 54
Treatment of the psychiatric problems associated with fragile X syndrome
Hagerman, R. J., & Polussa, J. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000131 · Cited by 52
Therapies for children with autism spectrum disorders.
Fogleman, C. D. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 47
Caregiver Reports of Sleep Problems on a Convenience Sample of Children With Fragile X Syndrome
Kronk, R. A., Dahl, R. E., & Noll, R. B. (2009) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7588-114.6.383 · Cited by 45
EEG abnormalities and seizures in genetically diagnosed Fragile X syndrome
Heard, T. T., Ramgopal, S., Picker, J. D., Lincoln, S. A., Rotenberg, A., & Kothare, S. V. (2014) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.07.002 · Cited by 37
Therapy service use among individuals with fragile X syndrome: findings from a US parent survey
Martin, G. E., Ausderau, K., Raspa, M., Bishop, E. E., Mallya, U. G., & Bailey, D. B. (2012) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2012.01608.x · Cited by 34
Goodlin‐Jones, B. L., Schwichtenberg, A. J., Iosif, A., Tang, K. L., Liu, J., & Anders, T. F. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181a8135a · Cited by 34
Results of a Nation-Wide Survey Evaluating Psychotropic Medication Use in Fragile X Syndrome
Valdovinos, M. G., Parsa, R. A., & Alexander, M. L. (2009) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-008-9123-7 · Cited by 23
Autism in Genetic Intellectual Disability
Kaufmann, W. E., Capone, G. T., Clarke, M., & Budimirovic, D. B. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-489-0_4 · Cited by 20
Abbeduto (2004) · doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2004)109
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hagerman, R. J., Berry-Kravis, E., Hazlett, H. C., Bailey, D. B., Moine, H., Kooy, R. F., Tassone, F., Gantois, I., Sonenberg, N., Mandel, J. L., et al. (2017) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.65 · Cited by 838
Self-citationThe molecular biology of FMRP: new insights into fragile X syndrome
Richter, J. D., & Zhao, X. (2021) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-021-00432-0 · Cited by 390
A synaptic perspective of fragile X syndrome and autism spectrum Disorders.
Bagni, C., & Zukin, R. S. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.041 · Cited by 326
Blood-brain barrier regulation in psychiatric disorders
Kealy, J., Greene, C., & Campbell, M. (2018) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2018.06.033 · Cited by 318
Fetit, R., Hillary, R. F., Price, D. J., & Lawrie, S. M. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.014 · Cited by 148
Metadata
- Authors
- Kaufmann, W. E., Kidd, S. A., Andrews, H. F., Budimirovic, D. B., Esler, A., Haas-Givler, B., Stackhouse, T., Riley, C., Peacock, G., Sherman, S. L., Brown, W. T., & Berry-Kravis, E.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- National Fragile X Foundation (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Geisinger Health System, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania;
- Developmental FX, Denver, Colorado;
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Emory University (US)
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York; and
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences, and Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
- Corresponding author
- Kaufmann, Walter E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- PEDIATRICS
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2017-06-01
- Volume
- 139
- Issue
- Supplement_3
- Pages
- S194-S206
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- PMC
- PMC5619699
- OpenAlex
- W2620588197
- Cited by
- 268
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 11.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Fragile X Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U01DD000231, U01DD001189, U19DD000753)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U54HD090255)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- fragile X syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, comorbidities, seizures, sleep disorders, aggression, disruptive behavior, alpha-adrenergic agonists, antipsychotic drugs, applied behavior analysis, treatment gap, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Applied Behavior Analysis, Adolescent, Adrenergic alpha-Agonists, Adult, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Combined Modality Therapy, Female, Fragile X Syndrome, Humans, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Registries, Antipsychotic Agents, Comorbidity, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
