The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Closing the Gap between Methodologists and End-Users: R as a Computational Back-End
Open accessAbstract
The R environment provides a natural platform for developing new statistical methods due to the mathematical expressiveness of the language, the large number of existing libraries, and the active developer community. One drawback to R, however, is the learning curve; programming is a deterrent to non-technical users, who typically prefer graphical user interfaces (GUIs) to command line environments. Thus, while statisticians develop new methods in R, practitioners are often behind in terms of the statistical techniques they use as they rely on GUI applications. Meta-analysis is an instructive example; cutting-edge meta-analysis methods are often ignored by the overwhelming majority of practitioners, in part because they have no easy way of applying them. This paper proposes a strategy to close the gap between the statistical state-of-the-science and what is applied in practice. We present open-source meta-analysis software that uses R as the underlying statistical engine, and Python for the GUI. We present a framework that allows methodologists to implement new methods in R that are then automatically integrated into the GUI for use by end-users, so long as the programmer conforms to our interface. Such an approach allows an intuitive interface for non-technical users while leveraging the latest advanced statistical methods implemented by methodologists.
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Meta-analysis in clinical trials
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“A striking example is the almost universal use of the DerSimonian-Laird method for random effects univariate meta-analysis (DerSimonian and Laird 1986) (the default or only method in the aforementioned programs), irrespective of good data that alternative random effect methods have better statistical…”
MethodMeta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology<SUBTITLE>A Proposal for Reporting</SUBTITLE>
Stroup, D. F. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.15.2008 · Cited by 20,623
Conducting Meta-Analyses in R with the metafor Package
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“Line 2 is the call out to the random effects as implemented by the metafor package (Viechtbauer 2010).”
MethodInfluentialStatistical Methods for Research Workers
Kendall, M. (1937) · Nature · doi:10.1038/139737d0 · Cited by 9,676 · cited 1×
“…disciplines, including the natural sciences, such as physics, astronomy (Airy 1875) and ecology (Osenberg, Sarnelle, and Goldberg 1999), as well as medicine (Simpson and Pearson 1904; Fisher 1925), epidemiology (Stroup et al. 2000), psychology (Glass 1976), and education (Kulik and Kulik 1989).”
BackgroundPrimary, Secondary, and Meta-Analysis of Research
GLASS, G. V. (1976) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x005010003 · Cited by 4,890 · cited 1×
“…disciplines, including the natural sciences, such as physics, astronomy (Airy 1875) and ecology (Osenberg, Sarnelle, and Goldberg 1999), as well as medicine (Simpson and Pearson 1904; Fisher 1925), epidemiology (Stroup et al. 2000), psychology (Glass 1976), and education (Kulik and Kulik 1989).”
BackgroundBias and Efficiency of Meta-Analytic Variance Estimators in the Random-Effects Model
Viechtbauer, W. (2005) · Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics · doi:10.3102/10769986030003261 · Cited by 1,699 · cited 2×
“…random effects univariate meta-analysis (DerSimonian and Laird 1986) (the default or only method in the aforementioned programs), irrespective of good data that alternative random effect methods have better statistical properties (Turner, Omar, Yang, Goldstein, and Thompson 2000; Viechtbauer 2005).”
MethodThe R Commander: A Basic-Statistics Graphical User Interface to R
Fox, J. (2005) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v014.i09 · Cited by 1,098 · cited 1×
“Our approach is similar in spirit to the R Commander package ( Rcmdr ), which provides an “easy-to-use, cross-platform, extensible GUI” with enough functionality to span a basic statistics course (Fox 2005).”
MethodBax, L., Yu, L.-M., Ikeda, N., Tsuruta, H., & Moons, K. G. (2006) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-6-50 · Cited by 514 · cited 2×
“Currently, meta-analysis methods are implemented in many statistical packages, including Stata (Sterne 2009), SPSS (Lipsey and Wilson 2001), SAS (Arthur, Bennett, Huffcutt, Arthur, and Bennett 2001) and R (Schwarzer 2012; Lumley 2009; Viechtbauer 2010), in addition to Microsoft Excel plug-ins, such as MIX (Bax, Yu, Ike…”
MethodGurevitch, J., Curtis, P. S., & Jones, M. H. (2001) · Advances in Ecological Research · doi:10.1016/s0065-2504(01)32013-5 · Cited by 421
Report on Certain Enteric Fever Inoculation Statistics
Simpson, L. (1904) · British medical journal · doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2288.1243 · Cited by 283 · cited 1×
“…disciplines, including the natural sciences, such as physics, astronomy (Airy 1875) and ecology (Osenberg, Sarnelle, and Goldberg 1999), as well as medicine (Simpson and Pearson 1904; Fisher 1925), epidemiology (Stroup et al. 2000), psychology (Glass 1976), and education (Kulik and Kulik 1989).”
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MethodBhimraj, A., Morgan, R. L., Shumaker, A. H., Baden, L. R., Cheng, V. C., Edwards, K. M., Gallagher, J. C., Gandhi, R. T., Muller, W. J., Nakamura, M., et al. (2022) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciac724 · Cited by 240
“Where applicable, data were pooled using random effects model (fixed effects model for 2 or less trials or pooling of rates) using RevMan or OpenMeta [7].”
MethodHollocks, M. J., Lerh, J. W., Magiati, I., Meiser-Stedman, R., & Brugha, T. S. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718002283 · Cited by 988
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MethodIs diabetes mellitus associated with mortality and severity of COVID-19? A meta-analysis
Kumar, A., Arora, A., Sharma, P., Anikhindi, S. A., Bansal, N. K., Singla, V., Khare, S., & Srivastava, A. (2020) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.044 · Cited by 814
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“Other disciplines in the medical and social sciences have their own dedicated GUI-based software, such as Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Borenstein et al. 2005), MetaAnalyst (Wallace et al. 2009), OpenMeta-analyst (Wallace et al. 2012), and Rev-Man (Bero & Rennie 1995; Nordic Cochrane Centre 2014).”
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“…were performed using the package metafor and dosresmeta in R version 3.3.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria Foundation for R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austriatatistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) and OpenMetaAnalyst software (Wallace et al., 2012).”
MethodInfluentialSmoking and Dental Implants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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“14 (Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA) [18].”
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Theory of mind in major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis
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Elhassan, Y. S., Alahdab, F., Prete, A., Delivanis, D. A., Khanna, A., Prokop, L., Murad, M. H., O'Reilly, M. W., Arlt, W., & Bancos, I. (2019) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m18-3630 · Cited by 263
Bhimraj, A., Morgan, R. L., Shumaker, A. H., Lavergne, V., Baden, L. R., Cheng, V. C., Edwards, K. M., Gandhi, R. T., Muller, W. J., O’Horo, J. C., et al. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa478 · Cited by 1,045
“Where applicable, data were pooled using random effects model (fixed effects model for 2 or less trials or pooling of rates) using RevMan or OpenMeta [7].”
Maraka, S., Ospina, N., Rodríguez-Gutiérrez, R., Davidge-Pitts, C. J., Nippoldt, T., Prokop, L., & Murad, H. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2017-01643 · Cited by 248
“Open Meta-Analyst was used for statistical analyses (14).”
MethodCalzetta, L., Rogliani, P., Matera, M. G., & Cazzola, M. (2016) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2016.02.646 · Cited by 251
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“Statistical analysis and meta-analysis proportions were carried out using OpenMeta (analyst) software, an opensource, cross-platform software for advanced metaanalysis [38] and StatsDirect statistical software (Version 3.”
MethodDiffusion tensor imaging in Parkinson's disease: Review and meta-analysis
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Survival and Complications of Zygomatic Implants: An Updated Systematic Review.
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“For external validation in public datasets, after individual calculation of the odds ratio (OR) for each dataset, we performed a pooled analysis (random-effects model) using the R-based software OpenMetaAnalyst [35].”
MethodVarghese, A., George, G., Kondaguli, S. V., Naser, A. Y., Khakha, D. C., & Chatterji, R. (2021) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.11.05009 · Cited by 234
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“Meta-analyses were performed using packages in the R environment (OpenMetaAnalyst, Metafor) (Viechtbauer, 2010; Wallace et al. 2012).”
MethodMeta-analysis of Theory of Mind (ToM) impairment in bipolar disorder
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“2006) and in R environment (OpenMetaAnalyst, Metafor) (Viechtbauer, 2010; Wallace et al. 2012).”
InfluentialVaquer, S., de Haro, C., Peruga, P., Oliva, J. C., & Artigas, A. (2017) · Annals of Intensive Care · doi:10.1186/s13613-017-0275-4 · Cited by 241
Vocabulary Knowledge of Children With Cochlear Implants: A Meta-Analysis
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“The OpenMetaAnalyst [22] software was used to estimate the prevalence rate of peri-implantitis and the potential effects of the different function time, study design, and implant surfaces on the prevalence.”
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“27 OR and 95% CIs were either extracted or calculated from the binary data from each study.”
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“edu/open_meta.(34,35) Statistical significance of”
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“conjunction with OpenMetaAnalyst software (55).”
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“Meta-analysis and statistical analysis were performed with OpenMeta-Analyst.(8)”
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Clamor, A., Lincoln, T. M., Thayer, J. F., & Koenig, J. (2016) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.160762 · Cited by 167
Lajeunesse, M. (2013) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400846184-015 · Cited by 164
Tariq, R., Pardi, D. S., Bartlett, M. G., & Khanna, S. (2018) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciy721 · Cited by 180
Stellingwerf, M., van Praag, E. V., Tozer, P., Bemelman, W., & Buskens, C. (2019) · BJS Open · doi:10.1002/bjs5.50129 · Cited by 160
Bellolio, M., Gilani, W. I., Barrionuevo, P., Murad, M., Erwin, P., Anderson, J. R., Miner, J., & Hess, E. (2016) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/acem.12875 · Cited by 159
Paul, S., Dickstein, A. M., Saxena, A., Terrin, N., Viveiros, K., Balk, E., & Wong, J. B. (2017) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.29082 · Cited by 154
“Statistical analyses were performed with OpenMetaAnalyst(18) and the metafor package in R, version 3.2.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing).”
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“Meta-analyses were performed using packages in R environment (OpenMetaAnalyst, Metafor) (Viechtbauer, 2010; Wallace et al. 2012).”
MethodSocial cognition in schizophrenia in comparison to bipolar disorder: A meta-analysis
Bora, E., & Pantelis, C. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.04.018 · Cited by 165
“7 on a Windows platform (Bax et al., 2006; Viechtbauer, 2010; Wallace et al., 2012).”
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D’Souza, R., Horyn, I., Pavalagantharajah, S., Zaffar, N., & Jacob, C.-E. (2019) · American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM · doi:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2019.100041 · Cited by 150
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Social cognition in alcohol use disorder: a meta-analysis
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“Meta-analyses were performed using packages in the R environment (OpenMetaAnalyst, Metafor) [52,53].”
MethodBulluck, H., Chan, M., Paradies, V., Yellon, R., Ho, H., Chan, M., Chin, C., Tan, J. W., & Hausenloy, D. (2018) · Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance · doi:10.1186/s12968-018-0494-3 · Cited by 142
Sensitivity of Early Brain Computed Tomography to Exclude Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Dubosh, N. M., Bellolio, F., Rabinstein, A. A., & Edlow, J. A. (2016) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.115.011386 · Cited by 158
Memory and executive functions in persons with type 2 diabetes: a meta‐analysis
Sadanand, S., Balachandar, R., & Bharath, S. (2015) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.2664 · Cited by 157
“Using ‘OpenMetaAnalyst’ [40,41], combined d values were calculated for each sub-domain using continuous random effects model.”
MethodInfluentialBora, E., & Köse, S. (2016) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22572 · Cited by 152
Salmasi, S., Loewen, P. S., Tandun, R., Andrade, J. G., & Vera, M. A. D. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034778 · Cited by 166
Social cognition in Huntington's disease: A meta-analysis.
Bora, E., Velakoulis, D., & Walterfang, M. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.10.001 · Cited by 138
Smith, B. E., Hendrick, P. A., Smith, T. O., Bateman, M., Moffatt, F., Rathleff, M. S., Selfe, J., & Logan, P. (2017) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097383 · Cited by 180
Libânio, D., Costa, M., Pimentel-Nunes, P., & Dinis-Ribeiro, M. (2016) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2016.06.033 · Cited by 134
Tomşa, R., Guțu, S., Cojocaru, D., Gutiérrez-Bermejo, B., Flores, N., & Río, C. J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041980 · Cited by 236
“We used OpenMeta-Analyst [58] and Jamovi software [59] and a Bayesian random-effects model with a 95% credible interval (95% CI).”
MethodThe Impact of SARS‐CoV ‐2 on Stroke Epidemiology and Care: A Meta‐Analysis
Katsanos, A. H., Palaiodimou, L., Zand, R., Yaghi, S. R., Kamel, H., Navi, B. B., Turc, G., Romoli, M., Sharma, V. K., Mavridis, D., et al. (2020) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.25967 · Cited by 138
Bellolio, M., Puls, H., Anderson, J. L., Gilani, W. I., Murad, M., Barrionuevo, P., Erwin, P., Wang, Z., & Hess, E. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011384 · Cited by 132
Meta-analysis of cognitive performance in fibromyalgia
Bell, T. R., Trost, Z., Buelow, M. T., Clay, O. J., Younger, J., Moore, D., & Crowe, M. G. (2018) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2017.1422699 · Cited by 170
Varghese, A., Joseph, J., Vijay, V., Khakha, D. C., Dhandapani, M., Gigini, G., & Kaimal, R. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.15987 · Cited by 129
Cazzola, M., Rogliani, P., Calzetta, L., & Matera, M. (2018) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.01586-2018 · Cited by 127
Cham, C. Q., Ibrahim, N., Siau, C. S., Kalaman, C. R., Ho, M. C., Yahya, A. N., Visvalingam, U., Roslan, S. B., Rahman, F. N. A., & Lee, K. W. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10122423 · Cited by 166
“Open Meta (Analyst) [38] was used to conduct the meta-analysis for this study.”
MethodLee, J. K. H., Lam, G., Shin, T., Kim, J., Krishnan, A., Greenberg, D. P., & Chit, A. (2018) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2018.1471989 · Cited by 143
Ospina, N. S., Rodríguez-Gutiérrez, R., Maraka, S., Ycaza, A. E. E. D., Jasim, S., Castañeda-Guarderas, A., Gionfriddo, M., Nofal, A. A., Brito, J. P., Erwin, P., et al. (2016) · World Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00268-016-3514-1 · Cited by 124
“All statistical analyses were performed using Open-Meta [16].”
MethodBeckwée, D., Leysen, L., Meuwis, K., & Adriaenssens, N. (2017) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-017-3613-z · Cited by 123
The effects of ketamine on the mismatch negativity (MMN) in humans - A meta-analysis.
Rosburg, T., & Kreitschmann-Andermahr, I. (2016) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2015.10.062 · Cited by 123
“For the analysis of the drug effects, the mean amplitude and latencies (± SD) of each study were entered into OpenMeta Analyst (Brown University, Wallace et al., 2012) and effects sizes of the ketamine effects were calculated.”
Treatment of Thyroid Dysfunction and Serum Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Kotwal, A., CORTES, T. M., Genere, N., Hamidi, O., Jasim, S., Newman, C. B., Prokop, L. J., Murad, M. H., & Alahdab, F. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa672 · Cited by 168
Jiritano, F., Serraino, G. F., Cate, H. T., Fina, D., Matteucci, M., Mastroroberto, P., & Lorusso, R. (2020) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-020-06031-4 · Cited by 159
Frequency of self-reported drug allergy: A systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression.
Sousa-Pinto, B., Fonseca, J., & Gomes, E. (2017) · Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.anai.2017.07.009 · Cited by 122
Ali, N., Tian, H., Thabane, L., Ma, J., Wu, H., Zhong, Q., Gao, Y., Sun, C., Zhu, Y., & Wang, T. (2022) · The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · doi:10.14283/jpad.2022.16 · Cited by 121
“10), was used for data processing (31), while RevMan V5.”
MethodKishita, N., Hammond, L., Dietrich, C. M., Mioshi, E., Haapala, I., Biggs, S., & Kurrle, S. (2018) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610218000947 · Cited by 130
“All data were analyzed using the Open MetaAnalyst (Wallace et al., 2012).”
MethodPalaiodimou, L., Stefanou, M., Katsanos, A. H., Fragkou, P. C., Papadopoulou, Μ., Moschovos, C., Michopoulos, I., Kokotis, P., Bakirtzis, C., Naska, A., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.14860 · Cited by 134
“All statistical analyses were conducted using the OpenMetaAnalyst [23] and Stata Statistical Software Release 13 for Windows (StataCorp LP).”
MethodChrcanovic, B., Albrektsson, T., & Wennerberg, A. (2015) · E -journal of dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2014.11.007 · Cited by 115
“The data were analyzed using OpenMeta[Analyst] [9].”
Willcutts, K. F., Chung, M. C., Erenberg, C. L., Finn, K. L., Schirmer, B. D., & Byham-Gray, L. D. (2016) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000001644 · Cited by 115
“The data for each study were exported to OpenMeta-Analyst (Brown University, RI) for statistical analysis.(23) If there were 2 or more studies and the degree of clinical heterogeneity was determined to be logical by the research team, the overall pooled odds ratios (ORs) for dichotomous outcomes and difference in mean…”
MethodAlahdab, F., Arwani, R., Pasha, A. K., Razouki, Z. A., Prokop, L. J., Huber, T. S., & Murad, M. H. (2018) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2017.12.046 · Cited by 114
“Statistical analyses were conducted using OpenMeta[Analyst].(14) All values were two tailed, and a P < .”
MethodKrivicich, L. M., Kunze, K., Parvaresh, K. C., Jan, K., Devinney, A., Vadhera, A. S., LaPrade, R., & Chahla, J. (2021) · American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/03635465211017514 · Cited by 114
Prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension in Ghana: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Bosu, W., & Bosu, D. K. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248137 · Cited by 114
“Except for the leave-one-out influence analysis performed with OpenMeta (analyst) software [38], all statistical analyses were performed in Stata version 15 for windows [39].”
MethodBora, E., Velakoulis, D., & Walterfang, M. (2016) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/0891988716640375 · Cited by 110
“7 on a Windows platform andpackages in R environment (OpenMetaAnalyst, Metafor).(39-41) Effect sizes were weighted using the inverse variance method, and a random effects model (DerSimonian–Laird estimate) was used because the distributions of effect sizes were heterogeneous for the number of variables.”
MethodInfluentialHealth Literacy and Outcomes Among Patients With Heart Failure
Fabbri, M., Murad, M. H., Wennberg, A. M. V., Turcano, P., Erwin, P. J., Alahdab, F., Berti, A., Manemann, S. M., Yost, K. J., Rutten, L. J. F., et al. (2020) · JACC Heart Failure · doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2019.11.007 · Cited by 143
“All the analyses were performed with Open-meta (30).”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Wallace, B. C., Dahabreh, I. J., Trikalinos, T. A., Lau, J., Trow, P., & Schmid, C. H.
- Affiliations
- Tufts University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Statistical Software
- Publisher
- Foundation for Open Access Statistic
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 5
- ISSN
- 1548-7660 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2120771911
- Cited by
- 1,125
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 89 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 105 · 2022: 127 · 2021: 143 · 2020: 133 · 2019: 94 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 18.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Statistical Software (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Data Analysis with R
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Scientific Computing and Data Management
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Keywords
- R, meta-analysis software, graphical user interface, Python, open source software, software integration, statistical software development, non-technical users
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