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Cited by 133Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentDevelopmental and Educational Neuropsychology

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, risk factors and evaluation in youth

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Cabral, Maria Demma I., Liu, Stephanie, Soares, Neelkamal·2020·Translational Pediatrics
DOI 10.21037/tp.2019.09.08PMC PMC7082246
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Abstract

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood with persistence into adulthood. It has a multifactorial etiology. Its chronicity, if diagnosis is missed or delayed, will result in significant negative impact on the individual's overall functioning and development. With the revised diagnostic criteria released in 2013 by the American Psychiatric Association, established standards of clinical practice continue to be applicable and valuable in the diagnosis and management of ADHD. In older children and adolescents, it is important to differentiate what is developmentally appropriate from problematic as ADHD has high correlation with poor outcomes, comorbidities, and low quality of life.

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  • Gender may play a role in ADHD aetiology with an incidence rate of 2:1 in boys versus girls.

    “In this sense, gender may play a role in ADHD aetiology with an incidence rate of 2:1 in boys versus girls [55].”

    From Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [55]

    The Epidemiology section reports that more boys than girls are diagnosed with ADHD, at a 2:1 ratio. It does not describe that ratio as an incidence rate or establish that gender plays a role in ADHD’s aetiology; the Risk factors section discusses other potential causes. (LLM, conf=0.89)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Cabral, M. D. I., Liu, S., & Soares, N.
Affiliations
Western Michigan University (US)
Corresponding author
Cabral, Maria Demma I.
ORCID
Venue
Translational Pediatrics
Publisher
AME Publishing Company
Published
2020-02
Volume
9
Issue
S1
Pages
S104-S113
ISSN
  • 2224-4336 (ISSN-L)
  • 2224-4344
DOI
10.21037/tp.2019.09.08
PMC
PMC7082246
OpenAlex
W2981519511
Cited by
133
References
11
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 3
FWCI
2.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc-nd
Locations
  • Translational Pediatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Keywords
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, diagnostic criteria, DSM-5, epidemiology, risk factors, neurodevelopmental disorders, children and adolescents, delayed diagnosis, comorbidities, quality of life

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