Biochar effects on crop yields with and without fertilizer: a meta-analysis of field studies using separate controls
Abstract
Abstract The added value of biochar when applied along with fertilizers, beyond that of the fertilizers themselves, has not been summarized. Focusing on direct comparisons between biochar additions (≤20 t ha −1 ) – separately considering the addition or not of inorganic fertilizers ( IF ) and/or organic amendments ( OA ) along with biochar – and two different controls (with and without the addition of IF and/or OA ), we carried out a meta‐analysis to explain short‐term (1‐year) field responses in crop yield across different climates, soils, biochars and management practices worldwide. Compared with the non‐fertilized control, a 26% ( CI : 15%–40%) increase in yield was observed with the use of IF only, whereas that of biochar along with IF caused a 48% ( CI : 30%–70%) increase. Compared with the use of IF only, the addition of biochar along with IF caused a 15% ( CI : 11%–19%) increase in yield, indicating that biochar was as effective as fertilizers in increasing crop yields when added in combination. The use of biochar alone did not increase crop yield regardless of the control considered. Whereas in the short term, liming may have partly contributed to the beneficial effect of biochar (>90% was plant‐derived) when added along with IF , a separate meta‐analysis – using those studies that reported crop yields for different years after a single biochar application – showed a 31% ( CI : 17%–49%) increase in crop yield over time (≥ 3 years), which denotes the influence of biochar properties other than liming (i.e. an increase in CEC ). Our results also suggest that biochar application rates > 10 t ha −1 do not contribute to greater crop yield (at least in the short term). Data limitations precluded identification of the influence of feedstock, production conditions or climatic conditions without bias. As the response of crop yield to biochar addition was less a result of climatic zones or soil type than fertilizer use (chiefly N additions), the choice of nutrient addition along with biochar should be priorities for future research and development regardless of the region.
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As a soil amendment, biochar can improve plant productivity and photosynthesis rate by enhancing physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil, contributing to C sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems and mitigating climate change.
“As a soil amendment, it can improve plant productivity and photosynthesis rate by enhancing the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil,233 thereby contributing to C sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems and mitigating climate change.234”
From Technologies and perspectives for achieving carbon neutrality (2021) · cites this paper as [233]
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Cornforth, I. S. (1998) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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An, N., Zhang, L., Liu, Y., Shen, S., Li, N., Wu, Z., Yang, J., Han, W., & Han, X. (2022) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134304 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Zhao, B., O’Connor, D., Shen, Z., Tsang, D. C. W., Rinklebe, J., & Hou, D. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114687 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Jin, Y., O'Connor, D., Du, P., Qin, M., Zhao, B., Liu, C., & Hou, D. (2024) · Resources, Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107850 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ye, L., Camps‐Arbestain, M., Shen, Q., Lehmann, J., Singh, B., & Sabir, M.
- Affiliations
- Guilin University of Technology (CN)
- New Zealand Biochar Research Centre School of Agriculture and Environment Massey University New Zealand
- Massey University (NZ)
- Cornell University (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- University of Agriculture Faisalabad (PK)
- Venue
- Soil Use and Management
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-12-10
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 2-18
- ISSN
- 0266-0032 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2743
- OpenAlex
- W2973370146
- Cited by
- 400
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 17
- FWCI
- 27.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Soil Use and Management (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Guilin University of Technology
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Agricultural Science and Fertilization
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Management and Crop Yield
- Keywords
- biochar, crop yield, mineral fertilizers, organic amendments, liming, cation exchange capacity, biochar application rate, nitrogen fertilization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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