The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Political Beliefs affect Compliance with COVID-19 Social Distancing Orders
Open accessAbstract
Social distancing is vital to mitigate the spread of the novel coronavirus. We use geolocation data to document that political beliefs present a significant limitation to the effectiveness of state-level social distancing orders. Residents in Republican counties are less likely to completely stay at home after a state order has been implemented relative to those in Democratic counties. Debit card transaction data shows that Democrats are more likely to switch to remote spending after state orders are implemented. Political alignment with officials giving orders may partially explain these partisan differences.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States
Iyengar, S., Lelkes, Y., Levendusky, M., Malhotra, N., & Westwood, S. J. (2019) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034 · Cited by 3,603
Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfs038 · Cited by 2,996
Difference-in-Differences with Variation in Treatment Timing
Goodman-Bacon, A. (2018) · doi:10.3386/w25018 · Cited by 757
Fear, lockdown, and diversion: Comparing drivers of pandemic economic decline 2020
Goolsbee, A., & Syverson, C. (2021) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104311 · Cited by 749
Pandemics Depress the Economy, Public Health Interventions Do Not: Evidence from the 1918 Flu
Correia, S., Luck, S., & Verner, E. (2022) · The Journal of Economic History · doi:10.1017/s0022050722000407 · Cited by 533
(2020) · Cited by 469
The Economic Consequences of Partisanship in a Polarized Era
McConnell, C., Margalit, Y., Malhotra, N., & Levendusky, M. (2018) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12330 · Cited by 432
How Many Jobs Can be Done at Home?
Dingel, J., & Neiman, B. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w26948 · Cited by 422
Risk Perception Through the Lens of Politics in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Barrios, J., & Hochberg, Y. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27008 · Cited by 401
Allcott, H., Boxell, L., Conway, J., Gentzkow, M., Thaler, M., & Yang, D. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w26946 · Cited by 382
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Consumption: Learning from High-Frequency Transaction Data
Chen, H., Qian, W., & Wen, Q. (2021) · AEA Papers and Proceedings · doi:10.1257/pandp.20211003 · Cited by 377
How Does Household Spending Respond to an Epidemic? Consumption During the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic
Baker, S., Farrokhnia, R. A., Meyer, S., Pagel, M., & Yannelis, C. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w26949 · Cited by 365
Cross-Country Trends in Affective Polarization
Boxell, L., Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. (2020) · doi:10.3386/w26669 · Cited by 359
Staying at Home: Mobility Effects of COVID-19
Engle, S., Stromme, J., & Zhou, A. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3565703 · Cited by 324
The effect of partisanship and political advertising on close family ties
Chen, M. K., & Rohla, R. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaq1433 · Cited by 321
Poverty and economic dislocation reduce compliance with COVID-19 shelter-in-place protocols
Wright, A. L., Sonin, K., Driscoll, J., & Wilson, J. (2020) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2020.10.008 · Cited by 298
Does Politics Influence Hiring? Evidence from a Randomized Experiment
Gift, K., & Gift, T. (2015) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-014-9286-0 · Cited by 293
County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024
Lab, M. E. D. A. S. (2025) · Harvard Dataverse · doi:10.7910/dvn/voqchq · Cited by 262
Partisanship, Political Control, and Economic Assessments
Gerber, A. S., & Huber, G. A. (2010) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00424.x · Cited by 258
Specification Curve: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics on All Reasonable Specifications
Simonsohn, U., Simmons, J. P., & Nelson, L. D. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2694998 · Cited by 248
Early Evidence on Social Distancing in Response to COVID-19 in the United States
Andersen, M. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3569368 · Cited by 208
Income, Liquidity, and the Consumption Response to the 2020 Economic Stimulus Payments
Baker, S., Farrokhnia, R., Meyer, S., Pagel, M., & Yannelis, C. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27097 · Cited by 197
A Model of Competing Narratives
Eliaz, K., & Spiegler, R. (2020) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20191099 · Cited by 176
Compliance with Covid-19 Social-Distancing Measures in Italy: The Role of Expectations and Duration
Briscese, G., Lacetera, N., Macis, M., & Tonin, M. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3568295 · Cited by 163
Belief in Science Influences Physical Distancing in Response to COVID-19 Lockdown PoliciesPreprint
Brzezinski, A., Kecht, V., Dijcke, D. V., & Wright, A. L. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3587990 · Cited by 115
Partisan Professionals: Evidence from Credit Rating Analysts
Kempf, E., & Tsoutsoura, M. (2018) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w25292 · Cited by 104
Social Distancing and Social Capital: Why U.S. Counties Respond Differently to COVID-19
Ding, W., Levine, R. E., Lin, C., & Xie, W. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27393 · Cited by 92
Alexander, D., & Karger, E. (2020) · doi:10.21033/wp-2020-12 · Cited by 78
Chudík, A., Pesaran, M. H., & Rebucci, A. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27039 · Cited by 69
Political storms: Emergent partisan skepticism of hurricane risks
Long, E. F., Chen, M. K., & Rohla, R. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb7906 · Cited by 67
God is in the rain: The impact of rainfall-induced early social distancing on COVID-19 outbreaks
Shenoy, A., Sharma, B., Xu, G., Kapoor, R., Rho, H. A., & Sangha, K. (2021) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2021.102575 · Cited by 53
Racial Disparities in Voting Wait Times: Evidence from Smartphone Data
Chen, M. K., Haggag, K., Pope, D. G., & Rohla, R. (2019) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w26487 · Cited by 49
Political Economy of Crisis ResponsePreprint
Gitmez, A. A., Сонин, К. И., & Wright, A. L. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3604320 · Cited by 23
Political polarization and selection in representative democracies
Duell, D., & Valasek, J. M. (2019) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2019.10.004 · Cited by 13
Partisanship and the Limits of Stakeholder CapitalismPreprint
Painter, M. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3557961 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Cited by
Allcott, H., Boxell, L., Conway, J., Gentzkow, M., Thaler, M., & Yang, D. (2020) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104254 · Cited by 999
Trust and compliance to public health policies in times of COVID-19
Bargain, O., & Aminjonov, U. (2020) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104316 · Cited by 917
Gollwitzer, A., Martel, C., Brady, W. J., Pärnamets, P., Freedman, I. G., Knowles, E. D., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-00977-7 · Cited by 609
Allcott, H., Boxell, L., Conway, J., Gentzkow, M., Thaler, M., & Yang, D. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w26946 · Cited by 382
Neighbourhood income and physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Jay, J., Bor, J., Nsoesie, E. O., Lipson, S. K., Jones, D. K., Galea, S., & Raifman, J. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-00998-2 · Cited by 346
Metadata
- Authors
- Painter, M., & Qiu, T.
- Venue
- SSRN Electronic Journal
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020
- ISSN
- 1556-5068 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3015265261
- Cited by
- 322
- References
- 35
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
