The importance of norepinephrine in depression
Open accessAbstract
Depression is one of the most common psychological diseases with significant potential morbidity and mortality. Although the underlying pathophysiology of depression has not been clearly defined, preclinical and clinical evidence suggest disturbances in serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) neurotransmission in the central nervous system. Virtually all currently available antidepressants act on one or more of the following mechanisms: inhibition of reuptake of 5-HT or NE (and DA), antagonism of inhibitory presynaptic 5-HT or NE receptors, or inhibition of monoamine oxidase. All of these mechanisms result in an enhanced neurotransmission of 5-HT and/or NE. Evidence for the involvement of NE in depression is abundant, and recent studies on neuronal pathways and symptoms highlight the specific role of NE in this disorder. NE plays a determinant role in executive functioning regulating cognition, motivation, and intellect, which are fundamental in social relationships. Social dysfunction is possibly one of the most important factors affecting the quality of life in depressed patients.
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The pathophysiology of depression is complex and includes social environmental stress factors; genetic and biological processes, such as the overdrive of the HPA axis, inflammation, and disturbances in monoamine neurotransmission.
“The pathophysiology of depression is complex and includes social environmental stress factors; genetic and biological processes, such as the overdrive of the HPA axis, inflammation (31), and disturbances in monamine neurotransmission as described above (91).”
From Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [91]
NE is a neurotransmitter of major importance in the pathophysiology and treatment of depressive disorders.
“Several lines of evidence suggest that NE is a neurotransmitter of major importance in the pathophysiology and treatment of depressive disorders (91).”
From Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [91]
Experimental depletion of NE in the brain leads to a return of depressive symptoms after successful treatment with NE antidepressant drugs.
“Thus, experimental depletion of NE in the brain led to a return of depressive symptoms after successful treatment with NE antidepressant drugs (91).”
From Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [91]
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- Authors
- Briley, M., & Chantal, M.
- Corresponding author
- Briley, Mike
- Venue
- Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-05
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- Suppl 1
- Pages
- 9
- ISSN
- 1176-6328 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3131098
- OpenAlex
- W2006526695
- Cited by
- 373
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 6.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- norepinephrine, depression, monoamine neurotransmission, serotonin, dopamine, antidepressant mechanism, norepinephrine reuptake inhibition, monoamine oxidase inhibition, executive function, motivation, social dysfunction, quality of life
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