Cited by 143Gut microbiota and healthTryptophan and brain disordersProbiotics and Fermented Foods

Role of the intestinal microbiome, intestinal barrier and psychobiotics in depression

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Trzeciak, Paulina, Herbet, Mariola·2021·Nutrients

Abstract

The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the pathophysiology of depression. As determined, the microbiota influences the shaping and modulation of the functioning of the gut–brain axis. The intestinal microbiota has a significant impact on processes related to neurotransmitter synthesis, the myelination of neurons in the prefrontal cortex, and is also involved in the development of the amygdala and hippocampus. Intestinal bacteria are also a source of vitamins, the deficiency of which is believed to be related to the response to antidepressant therapy and may lead to exacerbation of depressive symptoms. Additionally, it is known that, in periods of excessive activation of stress reactions, the immune system also plays an important role, negatively affecting the tightness of the intestinal barrier and intestinal microflora. In this review, we have summarized the role of the gut microbiota, its metabolites, and diet in susceptibility to depression. We also describe abnormalities in the functioning of the intestinal barrier caused by increased activity of the immune system in response to stressors. Moreover, the presented study discusses the role of psychobiotics in the prevention and treatment of depression through their influence on the intestinal barrier, immune processes, and functioning of the nervous system.

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  • In pathological states in which gut bacteria are displaced and their abundance is altered, the intestinal microbiota produces pro-inflammatory cytokines such as lipopolysaccharides, and these affect the synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, and glutamate, ultimately leading to the development of neurological inflammation.

    “On the one hand, in pathological states in which gut bacteria are displaced and their abundance is altered, the intestinal microbiota produces pro-inflammatory cytokines such as lipopolysaccharides (e.g., endotoxin LPS) during the processes of composition and catabolism, and these affect the synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin, and glutamate, ultimately leading to the development of”

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Authors
Trzeciak, P., & Herbet, M.
Affiliations
Medical University of Lublin (PL)
Corresponding author
Herbet, Mariola
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-03-12
Volume
13
Issue
3
Pages
927
ISSN
2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3136512166
Cited by
139
References
209
Citations by year
2026: 15 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 6
FWCI
2.47
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
Keywords
gut microbiota, depression, gut-brain axis, intestinal barrier, psychobiotics, neurotransmitter synthesis, myelination, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, vitamin deficiency, antidepressant response, stress response, immune system, gut microbiota metabolites, diet, depression vulnerability
MeSH terms
Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Depression, Diet, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Probiotics

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