A systematic review of gut microbiota composition in observational studies of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

McGuinness, A. J.; Davis, J. A.; Dawson, S. L.; Loughman, A.; Collier, F.; O’Hely, M.; Simpson, C. A.; Green, J.; Marx, W.; Hair, C.; Guest, G.; Mohebbi, M.; Berk, M.; Stupart, D.; Watters, D.; Jacka, F. N.

doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01456-3

Cited by 506Gut microbiota and healthTryptophan and brain disordersGastrointestinal motility and disorders

A systematic review of gut microbiota composition in observational studies of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

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McGuinness, A. J., Davis, J. A., Dawson, S. L., Loughman, A., Collier, F., O’Hely, M., Simpson, C. A., Green, J. +8 more·2022·Molecular Psychiatry

DOI 10.1038/s41380-022-01456-3PMC PMC9126816

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Abstract

The emerging understanding of gut microbiota as ‘metabolic machinery’ influencing many aspects of physiology has gained substantial attention in the field of psychiatry. This is largely due to the many overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms associated with both the potential functionality of the gut microbiota and the biological mechanisms thought to be underpinning mental disorders. In this systematic review, we synthesised the current literature investigating differences in gut microbiota composition in people with the major psychiatric disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ), compared to ‘healthy’ controls. We also explored gut microbiota composition across disorders in an attempt to elucidate potential commonalities in the microbial signatures associated with these mental disorders. Following the PRISMA guidelines, databases were searched from inception through to December 2021. We identified 44 studies (including a total of 2510 psychiatric cases and 2407 controls) that met inclusion criteria, of which 24 investigated gut microbiota composition in MDD, seven investigated gut microbiota composition in BD, and 15 investigated gut microbiota composition in SZ. Our syntheses provide no strong evidence for a difference in the number or distribution (α-diversity) of bacteria in those with a mental disorder compared to controls. However, studies were relatively consistent in reporting differences in overall community composition (β-diversity) in people with and without mental disorders. Our syntheses also identified specific bacterial taxa commonly associated with mental disorders, including lower levels of bacterial genera that produce short-chain fatty acids (e.g. butyrate), higher levels of lactic acid-producing bacteria, and higher levels of bacteria associated with glutamate and GABA metabolism. We also observed substantial heterogeneity across studies with regards to methodologies and reporting. Further prospective and experimental research using new tools and robust guidelines hold promise for improving our understanding of the role of the gut microbiota in mental and brain health and the development of interventions based on modification of gut microbiota.

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The gut microbiome is increasingly implicated in MDD and other psychiatric disorders, as well as in several physical diseases, and may potentially underpin their interactions.
“The gut microbiome, increasingly implicated in MDD and other psychiatric disorders232, as well as in several physical diseases, may potentially underpin their interactions.”
From Comorbidity between major depressive disorder and physical diseases: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, mechanisms and management (2023) · cites this paper as [232]

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“These reviews align with our syntheses, and are also concordant with recent findings in other neurological and psychiatric conditions such as Parkinson’s disease [122], multiple sclerosis [123], autism spectrum disorder [124] and anxiety, which also report equivocal α-diversity findings [56].”
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Authors: McGuinness, A. J., Davis, J. A., Dawson, S. L., Loughman, A., Collier, F., O’Hely, M., Simpson, C. A., Green, J., Marx, W., Hair, C., Guest, G., Mohebbi, M., Berk, M., Stupart, D., Watters, D., & Jacka, F. N.
Affiliations: Barwon Health (AU)
The University of Melbourne (AU)
Deakin University (AU)
Corresponding author: Jacka, F. N.
ORCID: McGuinness, A. J.
Davis, J. A.
Dawson, S. L.
Loughman, A.
Collier, F.
O’Hely, M.
Simpson, C. A.
Green, J.
Marx, W.
Hair, C.
Mohebbi, M.
Stupart, D.
Watters, D.
Jacka, F. N.
Venue: Molecular Psychiatry
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2022-02-22
Volume: 27
Issue: 4
Pages: 1920-1935
ISSN: 1359-4184 (ISSN-L)
1476-5578
DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01456-3
PMC: PMC9126816
OpenAlex: W4213219820
Cited by: 502
References: 166
Citations by year: 2026: 88 · 2025: 133 · 2024: 130 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 51
FWCI: 10.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
Locations: Molecular Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ResearchOnline at James Cook University (James Cook University) (submittedVersion)
Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Pfizer
PA Research Foundation
Clifford Craig Foundation
Jack Brockhoff Foundation
Australian Government
European Space Agency
Bond University
Multiple Sclerosis Australia
Australian Academy of Science
Australian Rotary Health (1156072)
Beyond Blue
La Trobe University
Deakin University (1156072)
RMIT University
University of Melbourne (1156072)
Swisse Wellness
Servier
H. Lundbeck A/S
Epilepsy Society
National Institutes of Health
Allergan
Medical Research Council
National Health and Medical Research Council (1194982, 1156072)
Cancer Council Queensland
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
Keywords: gut microbiota, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, microbial diversity, short-chain fatty acids, butyrate, lactic acid bacteria, glutamate metabolism, GABA metabolism, mental illness, microbial signatures
MeSH terms: Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Bipolar Disorder, Brain, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Schizophrenia

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A systematic review of gut microbiota composition in observational studies of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

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