Evolution of prime editing systems: move forward to the treatment of hereditary diseases
Abstract
The development of gene therapy using genome editing tools recently became relevant. With the invention of programmable nucleases, it became possible to treat hereditary diseases due to introducing targeted double strand break in the genome followed by homology directed repair (HDR) or non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) reparation. CRISPR-Cas9 is more efficient and easier to use in comparison with other programmable nucleases. To improve the efficiency and safety of this gene editing tool, various modifications CRISPR-Cas9 basis were created in recent years, such as prime editing - in this system, Cas9 nickase is fused with reverse transcriptase and guide RNA, which contains a desired correction. Prime editing demonstrates equal or higher correction efficiency as HDR-mediated editing and much less off-target effect due to inducing nick. There are several studies in which prime editing is used to correct mutations in which researchers reported little or no evidence of off-target effects. The system can also be used to functionally characterize disease variants. However, prime editing still has several limitations that could be further improved. The effectiveness of the method is not yet high enough to apply it in clinical trials. Delivery of prime editors is also a big challenge due to their size. In the present article, we observe the development of the platform, and discuss the candidate proteins for efficiency enhancing, main delivery methods and current applications of prime editing.
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PE offers several advantages over CRISPR/Cas9 and other genome editing techniques, including higher precision, reduced off-target effects, and independence from the cell's repair mechanisms, which minimizes unintended mutations.
“PE offers several advantages over CRISPR/Cas9 and other genome editing techniques, including higher precision, reduced off-target effects, and independence from the cell’s repair mechanisms, which minimizes unintended mutations (Volodina et al., 2024; Zeng et al., 2024; Xu Z. et al., 2023).”
From Emerging applications of gene editing technologies for the development of climate-resilient crops (2025) · cites this paper as Volodina et al., 2024
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Lin, J., Liu, X., Lu, Z., Huang, S., Wu, S., Yu, W., Liu, Y., Zheng, X., Huang, X., Sun, Q., et al. (2021) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2021.06.020 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Prime editing optimized RTT permits the correction of the c.8713C>T mutation in DMD gene
Mbakam, C. H., Rousseau, J., Lu, Y., Bigot, A., Mamchaoui, K., Mouly, V., & Tremblay, J. P. (2022) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2022.09.022 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Loewen, N. A., & Poeschla, E. M. (2005) · Advances in biochemical engineering, biotechnology · doi:10.1007/10_007 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Random-PE: an efficient integration of random sequences into mammalian genome by prime editing
Jiao, Y., Zhou, L., Tao, R. X., Wang, Y., Hu, Y. F., Jiang, L., Li, L., & Yao, S. (2021) · Molecular Biomedicine · doi:10.1186/s43556-021-00057-w · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lipofection-Based Delivery of DNA Vaccines
Rak, M., Góra‐Sochacka, A., & Madeja, Z. (2020) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-0795-4_20 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Emerging applications of gene editing technologies for the development of climate-resilient crops
Chavhan, R. L., Jaybhaye, S. G., Hinge, V. R., Deshmukh, A. S., Shaikh, U. S., Jadhav, P. K., Kadam, U. S., & Hong, J. C. (2025) · Frontiers in Genome Editing · doi:10.3389/fgeed.2025.1524767 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
- Authors
- Volodina, O. V., Fabrichnikova, A. R., Anuchina, A. A., Mishina, O. S., Lavrov, A. V., & Smirnikhina, S. A.
- Affiliations
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics (RU)
- Laboratory of Genome Editing, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522, Moscow, Russia
- Corresponding author
- Volodina, Olga V.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Current Gene Therapy
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2025-02
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 46-61
- ISSN
- 1566-5232 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4394833121
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 0.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Gene Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA regulation and disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Virus-based gene therapy research
- Keywords
- prime editing, CRISPR/Cas9, Cas9 nickase, reverse transcriptase, genetic disorders, gene therapy, genome editing, off-target effects, homology-directed repair, non-homologous end joining, guide RNA
- MeSH terms
- Gene Editing, RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems, Humans, Genetic Therapy, Genetic Diseases, Inborn, DNA End-Joining Repair, CRISPR-Cas Systems
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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