The “Aged Garlic Extract” (AGE) and One of its Active Ingredients S-Allyl-LCysteine (SAC) as Potential Preventive and Therapeutic Agents for Alzheimer's Disease (AD)

Ray, B.; B. Chauhan, N.; K. Lahiri, D.

doi:10.2174/092986711796504664

Cited by 100Garlic and Onion StudiesAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsMedicinal Plants and Neuroprotection

The “Aged Garlic Extract” (AGE) and One of its Active Ingredients S-Allyl-LCysteine (SAC) as Potential Preventive and Therapeutic Agents for Alzheimer's Disease (AD)

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Ray, B., B. Chauhan, N., K. Lahiri, D.·2011·Current Medicinal Chemistry

DOI 10.2174/092986711796504664PMC PMC3941700

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Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the older people and 7(th) leading cause of death in the United States. Deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, hyperphosphorylation of microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT), neuroinflammation and cholinergic neuron loss are the major hallmarks of AD. Deposition of Aβ peptides, which takes place years before the clinical onset of the disease can trigger hyperphophorylation of tau proteins and neuroinflammation, and the latter is thought to be primarily involved in neuronal and synaptic damage seen in AD. To date, four cholinesterase inhibitors or ChEI (tacrine, rivastigmine, donepezil and galantamine) and a partial NMDA receptor antagonist (memantine) are the only approved treatment options for AD. However, these drugs fail to completely cure the disease, which warrants a search for newer class of targets that would eventually lead to effective drugs for the treatment of AD. In addition to selected pharmacological agents, botanical and medicinal plant extracts are also being investigated. Apart from its culinary use, garlic (Allium sativum) is being used to treat several ailments like cancer and diabetes. Herein we have discussed the effects of a specific 'Aged Garlic Extract' (AGE) and one of its active ingredients, S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) in restricting several pathological cascades related to the synaptic degeneration and neuroinflammatory pathways associated with AD. Thus, based on the reported positive preliminary results reviewed herein, further research is required to develop the full potential of AGE and/or SAC into an effective preventative strategy for AD.

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Allium sativum (aged garlic extract) is a potent anti-neuroinflammatory, antioxidant, and regulator of neurotransmitter signaling, which could ameliorate AD pathogenesis.
“To illustrate this, Allium sativum in the Alliaceae family has shown to be a potent anti-neuroinflammatory, antioxidant, and regulator of neurotransmitter signaling when referring to aged garlic extract, which could ameliorate AD pathogenesis [180,181].”
From The Multifaceted Role of Neuroprotective Plants in Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as [181]

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S-Allylcysteine Attenuates Oxidative Stress in Endothelial Cells
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Diallyl disulfide accelerates adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells
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Memantine treatment decreases levels of secreted Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein (APP) and amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide in the human neuroblastoma cells
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Lipid-lowering effect of monascus garlic fermented extract (MGFE) in hyperlipidemic subjects.
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Aged Garlic Extract Is a Potential Therapy for Sickle-Cell Anemia
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Aged garlic extract™ attenuates the cytotoxicity of β-amyloid on undifferentiated PC12 cells
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[1]Alzheimer's Association 2010 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures Alzheimers Dement 2010 6 2 158 194 20298981

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Current Strategies and Novel Drug Approaches for Alzheimer Disease
Ghai, R., Nagarajan, K., Arora, M., Grover, P., Ali, N., & Kapoor, G. T. (2020) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527319666200717091513 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
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Song, H., Cui, J., Mossine, V. V., Greenlief, C. M., Fritsche, K. L., Sun, G. Y., & Gu, Z. (2019) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2019.8389 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
S-allyl Cysteine, a Garlic Compound, Produces an Antidepressant-Like Effect and Exhibits Antioxidant Properties in Mice
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Antioxidants and Dementia Risk: Consideration through a Cerebrovascular Perspective
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Dietary Approaches and Supplements in the Prevention of Cognitive Decline and Alzheimer';s Disease
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Dose-dependent S-allyl cysteine ameliorates multiple sclerosis disease-related pathology by reducing oxidative stress and biomarkers of dysbiosis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Escribano, B. M., Luque, E., Aguilar-Luque, M., Feijóo, M., Caballero‐Villarraso, J., Torres, L. A., Ramirez, V., García-Maceira, F. I., Agüera, E., Santamarı́a, A., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.025 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The “LEARn” (Latent Early-Life Associated Regulation) Model: An Epigenetic Pathway Linking Metabolic and Cognitive Disorders
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S‐allyl‐l‐cysteine (SAC) protects hepatocytes from alcohol‐induced apoptosis
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Obviation of dyslipidemia by garlic oil and its organosulfur compound, diallyl disulphide, in experimental animals
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Natural products against tau hyperphosphorylation‐induced aggregates: Potential therapies for Alzheimer's disease
Basurto‐Islas, G., Diaz, M. C., Zavala-Ocampo, L. M., Martínez‐Herrera, M., & López-Camacho, P. Y. (2025) · Archiv der Pharmazie · doi:10.1002/ardp.202400721 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Neuroprotective Effects of Garlic in Model Systems of Neurodegenerative Diseases
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Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) Supplementation on Premenstrual Disorders: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
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Effects of Secondary Metabolite Extract from Phomopsis occulta on β-Amyloid Aggregation
Wu, H., Zhang, F., Williamson, N. R., Jian, J., Zhang, L., Liang, Z., Wang, J., An, L., Tunnacliffe, A., & Zheng, Y. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109438 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
S-allyl cysteine ameliorates the quality of sperm and provides protection from age-related sperm dysfunction and oxidative stress in rats
Takemura, S., Ichikawa, H., Naito, Y., Takagi, T., Yoshikawa, T., & Minamiyama, Y. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition · doi:10.3164/jcbn.14-39 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Anti-edema effects of rhEpo in experimental traumatic brain injury
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Inflammation in the CNS: Understanding Various Aspects of the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease
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Natural Compounds (Small Molecules) as Potential and Real Drugs of Alzheimer's Disease
Cahlíková, L., Macáková, K., Benešová, N., Chlebek, J., Hošťálková, A., & Opletal, L. (2014) · Studies in natural products chemistry · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63281-4.00006-9 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Natural Killer Cell: A Historical Perspective and the Use of Supplements to Enhance NKC Activity
Thornthwaite, J. T., Shah, H. R., Shah, P., & Respess, H. (2012) · Journal of Immune Based Therapies Vaccines and Antimicrobials · doi:10.4236/jibtva.2012.13004 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Allium sativumL. Improves Visual Memory and Attention in Healthy Human Volunteers
Tasnim, S., Haque, P. S., Bari, M. S., Hossain, M. M., Islam, S. M. A., Shahriar, M., Bhuiyan, M. A., & Sayeed, M. S. B. (2015) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2015/103416 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Chemical and morphological characterization of Allium tuncelianum (Amaryllidaceae) and its antioxidant and anticholinesterase potentials
Karakaya, S., Bona, G. E., Koca, M., Demırcı, B., Kaymak, H. Ç., Kaplan, M. E., & Aksakal, Ö. (2019) · Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid · doi:10.3989/ajbm.2523 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A novel reductive amination method with isotopic formaldehydes for the preparation of internal standard and standards for determining organosulfur compounds in garlic
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Effect of Natural Plant Products on Alzheimer’s Disease
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Age related neurodegenerative Alzheimer’s disease: Usage of traditional herbs in therapeutics
Singh, A., Agarwal, S., & Singh, S. (2019) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134679 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ameliorative Effects of Phytomedicines on Alzheimer’s Patients
Khandia, R., Viswanathan, N., Singhal, S., Alqahtani, T., Almikhlafi, M. A., Simonov, A. N., & Ashraf, G. M. (2022) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205019666220610155608 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Black garlic: Effects of the processing on the kinetics of browning and moisture transfer and on antioxidant properties
Pires, L. D. S., Todisco, K. M., Janzantti, N. S., & Mauro, M. A. (2019) · Journal of Food Processing and Preservation · doi:10.1111/jfpp.14133 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Garlic: Allyl Sulfur Compounds and Cancer Prevention
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Toward Prevention and Reduction of Alzheimer’s Disease
González-Madrid, A., Calfío, C., González, A., Lüttges, V., & Maccioni, R. B. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-230454 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapeutic Potential of Garlic in Age-Related Neurological Disorders
Ahangar‐Sirous, R., Poudineh, M., Ansari, A., Nili, A., Dana, S. M. M. A., Nasiri, Z., Hosseini, Z., Karami, D., Mokhtari, M., & Deravi, N. (2021) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527320666210927101257 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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A Review on Garlic as a Supplement for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Mechanistic Insight into its Direct and Indirect Effects
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Characterization of antioxidant activity of sulfur compounds in black garlic
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RETRACTED: Aged garlic therapeutic intervention targeting inflammatory pathways in pathogenesis of bowel disorders
Liu, J. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33986 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Retracted
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Authors: Ray, B., B. Chauhan, N., & K. Lahiri, D.
Affiliations: Indiana University School of Medicine (US)
Venue: Current Medicinal Chemistry
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Published: 2011-08-01
Volume: 18
Issue: 22
Pages: 3306-3313
ISSN: 0929-8673 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2174/092986711796504664
PMC: PMC3941700
OpenAlex: W2151792116
Cited by: 100
References: 95
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 7.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Current Medicinal Chemistry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute on Aging (AG 18379, R01AG018884, AG18884, R01AG018379)
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R21AT001812)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Garlic and Onion Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plants and Neuroprotection
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, aged garlic extract, S-allylcysteine, garlic, amyloid plaques, tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, synaptic degeneration, neuroprotection, cholinesterase inhibitors, plant extracts, prophylaxis
MeSH terms: Alzheimer Disease, Cysteine, Garlic, Humans, Inflammation, Nerve Degeneration, Plant Extracts

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The “Aged Garlic Extract” (AGE) and One of its Active Ingredients S-Allyl-LCysteine (SAC) as Potential Preventive and Therapeutic Agents for Alzheimer's Disease (AD)

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