Mechanisms of tau-induced neurodegeneration
Open accessAbstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) and related tauopathies are histopathologically characterized by a specific type of slow and progressive neurodegeneration, which involves the abnormal hyperphosphorylation of the microtubule associated protein (MAP) tau. This hallmark, called neurofibrillary degeneration, is seen as neurofibrillary tangles, neuropil threads, and dystrophic neurites and is apparently required for the clinical expression of AD, and in related tauopathies it leads to dementia in the absence of amyloid plaques. While normal tau promotes assembly and stabilizes microtubules, the non-fibrillized, abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau sequesters normal tau, MAP1 and MAP2, and disrupts microtubules. The abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau, which can be generated by catalysis of several different combinations of protein kinases, also promotes its misfolding, decrease in turnover, and self-assembly into tangles of paired helical and or straight filaments. Some of the abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau ends up both amino and C-terminally truncated. Disruption of microtubules by the non-fibrillized abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau as well as its aggregation as neurofibrillary tangles probably impair axoplasmic flow and lead to slow progressive retrograde degeneration and loss of connectivity of the affected neurons. Among the phosphatases, which regulate the phosphorylation of tau, protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A), the activity of which is down-regulated in AD brain, is by far the major enzyme. The two inhibitors of PP-2A, I (1) (PP2A) and I (2) (PP2A) , which are overexpressed in AD, might be responsible for the decreased phosphatase activity. AD is multifactorial and heterogeneous and involves more than one etiopathogenic mechanism.
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Pathological tau aggregates, in the absence of amyloid plaques, can induce neurotoxicity, chronic brain inflammation, and subsequent cognitive impairment in primary human tauopathies including Pick's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration.
“pathological tau aggregates, in the absence of amyloid plaques, can induce neurotoxicity, chronic brain inflammation, and subsequent cognitive impairment in many primary human tauopathies, including Pick's disease (PiD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal degeneration. 4 , 5 , 6”
From Senescence, brain inflammation, and oligomeric tau drive cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease: Evidence from clinical and preclinical studies (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
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Role of tau phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase-3β in the regulation of organelle transport
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Self-citationMetabolic/signal transduction hypothesis of Alzheimer?s disease and other tauopathies
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Self-citationPhysiological regulation of tau phosphorylation during hibernation
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Protein expression in Down syndrome brain
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Chen, S., Li, B., Grundke, I., & Iqbal, K. (2008) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m709852200 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationVandebroek, T., Vanhelmont, T., Terwel, D., Borghgraef, P., Lemaire, K., Snauwaert, J., Wera, S., LEUVEN, F. V., & Winderickx, J. (2005) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi0506775 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
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Self-citationPhosphorylation of τ Protein by Casein Kinase‐1 Converts It to an Abnormal Alzheimer‐Like State
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Self-citationDeng, Y., Li, B., Liu, F., Iqbal, K., Grundke, I., Brandt, R., & Gong, C. (2007) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.07-8309com · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationTsujio, I., Zaidi, T., Xu, J., Kotula, L., Grundke-Iqbal, I., & Iqbal, K. (2005) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.11.097 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
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Self-citationSengupta, A., Novák, M., Grundke, I., & Iqbal, K. (2006) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.09.060 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationLiazoghli, D., Perreault, S., Micheva, K. D., Desjardins, M., & Leclerc, N. M. (2005) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62366-8 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
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Self-citationThe microtubule-associated protein tau forms a triple-stranded left-hand helical polymer.
Ruben, G. C., Iqbal, K., Grundke, I., Wisniewski, H. M., Ciardelli, T. L., & Johnson, J. E. (1991) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54739-6 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationVandebroek, T., Terwel, D., Vanhelmont, T., Gysemans, M., Haesendonck, C. V., Engelborghs, Y., Winderickx, J., & LEUVEN, F. V. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m602792200 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
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- [203]Wang X Blanchard J Li B Fan G Liu F Linden RM Clement N Kohlbrenner E Radu A Grundke-Iqbal I Iqbal K 2008 Generation of a non-transgenic rat model of Alzheimer-like abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau Abstract presented at the 11th international conference on Alzheimer’s disease (ICAD) Chicago, IL, USA 26–31 July, 2008
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- Authors
- Iqbal, K., Liu, F., Gong, C.-X., Alonso, A. D. C., & Grundke-Iqbal, I.
- Affiliations
- College of Staten Island (US)
- Corresponding author
- Iqbal, Khalid
- Venue
- Acta Neuropathologica
- Published
- 2009-01-30
- Volume
- 118
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 53-69
- ISSN
- 0001-6322 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0533
- PMC
- PMC2872491
- OpenAlex
- W2086729582
- Cited by
- 628
- References
- 219
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 6.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Acta Neuropathologica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG019158, R01AG028538, R01AG027429)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- tau hyperphosphorylation, neurodegeneration, Alzheimer's disease, tauopathy, neurofibrillary tangles, microtubule stabilization, protein kinases, protein phosphatase 2A, PP2A inhibitors, tau truncation, axoplasmic flow, retrograde degeneration, paired helical filaments
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Brain, Dementia, Down Syndrome, Glucose, Humans, Microtubule-Associated Proteins, Microtubules, Mutation, Nerve Degeneration, Phosphorylation, Protein Conformation, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Neurofibrillary Tangles, tau Proteins, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough, Tauopathies
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