Cited by 308Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive LearningStudent Assessment and FeedbackVisual and Cognitive Learning Processes

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A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Feedback in Computer-Based Instruction

Azevedo, Roger, Bernard, Robert M.·1995·Journal of Educational Computing Research

DOI 10.2190/9lmd-3u28-3a0g-ftqt

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Abstract

A quantitative research synthesis (meta-analysis) was conducted on the literature concerning the effects of feedback on learning from computer-based instruction (CBI). Despite the widespread acceptance of feedback in computerized instruction, empirical support for particular types of feedback information has been inconsistent and contradictory. Effect size calculations from twenty-two studies involving the administration of immediate achievement posttests resulted in a weighted mean effect size of .80. Also, a mean weighted effect size of .35 was obtained from nine studies involving delayed posttest administration. Feedback effects on learning and retention were found to vary with CBI typology, format of unit content and access to supplemental materials. Results indicate that the diagnostic and prescriptive management strategies of computer-based adaptive instructional systems provide the most effective feedback. The implementation of effective feedback in computerized instruction involves the computer's ability to verify the correctness of the learner's answer and the underlying causes of error.

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Authors: Azevedo, R., & Bernard, R. M.
Affiliations: McGill University (CA)
Concordia University (CA)
ORCID: Azevedo, Roger
Bernard, Robert M.
Venue: Journal of Educational Computing Research
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1995-09
Volume: 13
Issue: 2
Pages: 111-127
ISSN: 0735-6331 (ISSN-L)
1541-4140
DOI: 10.2190/9lmd-3u28-3a0g-ftqt
OpenAlex: W2107946292
Cited by: 308
References: 45
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 0.87
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Educational Computing Research (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning
Social Sciences › Education › Student Assessment and Feedback
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
Keywords: feedback, computer-assisted instruction, learning outcomes, retention, adaptive instructional systems, diagnostic feedback, error analysis, effect size

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A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Feedback in Computer-Based Instruction

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