Effectiveness of an Online Group Course for Depression in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Randomized Trial

van der Zanden, Rianne; Kramer, Jeannet; Gerrits, Rob; Cuijpers, Pim

doi:10.2196/jmir.2033

Cited by 152Digital Mental Health InterventionsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health Treatment and Access

Effectiveness of an Online Group Course for Depression in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Randomized Trial

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van der Zanden, Rianne, Kramer, Jeannet, Gerrits, Rob, Cuijpers, Pim·2012·Journal of Medical Internet Research

DOI 10.2196/jmir.2033PMC PMC3414873

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Depression is a serious mental health problem, whose first onset is usually in adolescence. Online treatment may offer a solution for the current undertreatment of depression in youth. For adults with depressive symptoms, the effectiveness of Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy has been demonstrated. This study is one of the first randomized controlled trials to investigate the effectiveness online depression treatment for young people with depressive complaints and the first to focus on an online group course. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and discuss the effectiveness of a guided Web-based group course called Grip op Je Dip (Master Your Mood [MYM]), designed for young people aged 16 to 25 years with depressive symptoms, in comparison with a wait-listed control group. METHODS: We randomly assigned 244 young people with depressive symptoms to the online MYM course or to a waiting-list control condition. The primary outcome measure was treatment outcome after 3 months on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Secondary outcomes were anxiety (measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) and mastery (Mastery Scale). We studied the maintenance of effects in the MYM group 6 months after baseline. Missing data were imputed. RESULTS: The MYM group (n = 121) showed significantly greater improvement in depressive symptoms at 3 months than the control group (n = 123) (t(187 )= 6.62, P < .001), with a large between-group effect size of d = 0.94 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.64-1.23). The MYM group also showed greater improvement in anxiety (t(187 )= 3.80, P < .001, d = 0.49, 95% CI 0.24-0.75) and mastery (t(187 )= 3.36, P = .001, d = 0.44, 95% CI 0.19-0.70). At 12 weeks, 56% (68/121) of the participants in the MYM group and 20% (24/123) in the control group showed reliable and clinically significant change. This between-group difference was significant (χ(2) (1 )= 35.0, P < .001) and yielded a number needed to treat of 2.7. Improvements in the MYM group were maintained at 6 months. A limitation is the infeasibility of comparing the 6-month outcomes of the MYM and control groups, as the controls had access to MYM after 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: The online group course MYM was effective in reducing depressive symptoms and anxiety and in increasing mastery in young people. These effects persisted in the MYM group at 6 months.

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Higher pre-test scores in depression, a longer history of mood disorders, or low scores in anxiety at pre-test predicted greater adherence.
“Mental health also played a role, with higher pre-test scores in depression (57), a longer history of mood disorders (51), or low scores in anxiety at pre-test (70) predicting greater adherence.”
From What Works and What Doesn’t Work? A Systematic Review of Digital Mental Health Interventions for Depression and Anxiety in Young People (2019) · cites this paper as [70]
In Results > Sessions Attended and Outcome (page not provided), participants who attended at least one session had higher baseline depression scores than nonattendees (33.2 versus 29.6). The difference was reported only at the P < .10 threshold (P = .06), and the passage does not establish that higher scores predicted greater adherence across session counts. This citation is attached to the depression-score clause, not the separate claims about mood-disorder history or anxiety. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Gender was a consistent predictor of adherence, with females being more likely to complete compared to males.
“Gender was also a consistent predictor of adherence, with females being more likely to complete compared to males (51, 57, 70).”
From What Works and What Doesn’t Work? A Systematic Review of Digital Mental Health Interventions for Depression and Anxiety in Young People (2019) · cites this paper as [70]
The Results > Attrition section reports that males were more likely than females to miss the 24-week follow-up questionnaire, supporting a gender difference in assessment completion. It found no significant difference between completers and noncompleters at 12 weeks, however, and Results > Sessions Attended and Outcome does not link gender to course attendance or completion. The source therefore does not establish gender as a consistent predictor of adherence to the course. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Online education and behavior change interventions have reported improvements in health outcomes.
“online education and behavior change interventions have reported improvements in health outcomes [9,12]”
From Telehealth Interventions Delivering Home-based Support Group Videoconferencing: Systematic Review (2018) · cites this paper as [9]

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How do credibility and utility play in the user experience of health informatics services?
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Effectiveness of a web-based solution-focused brief chat treatment for depressed adolescents and young adults: randomized controlled trial
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“Other studies also had problems with recruitment because of parental consent [12,48], making it difficult to get a handle on the effectiveness of Web-based interventions for those younger than 18 years.”
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Better Health, Less Spending: Redesigning the Transition From Pediatric to Adult Healthcare for Youth with Chronic Illness
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SOLACE: A Psychosocial Stigma Protection Intervention to Improve the Mental Health of Parents of Autistic Children—A Feasibility Randomised Controlled Trial
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Let's Talk Period! Preliminary results of an online bleeding awareness knowledge translation project and bleeding assessment tool promoted on social media
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Development and testing of a digital health acceptability model to explain the intention to use a digital diabetes prevention programme
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Team climate and attitudes toward information and communication technology among nurses on acute psychiatric wards
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van der Zanden, R. A., Kramer, J., & Cuijpers, P. J. (2011) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-12-196 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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Ntr, T. R. (2013)
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Exploring the efficacy and acceptability of Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for young adults with anxiety and depression: An open trial
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Authors: van der Zanden, R., Kramer, J., Gerrits, R., & Cuijpers, P.
Affiliations: Trimbos Institute (NL)
Dimence (NL)
Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
ORCID: Kramer, Jeannet
Cuijpers, Pim
Venue: Journal of Medical Internet Research
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Published: 2012-06-07
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Pages: e86
ISSN: 1438-8871 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2196/jmir.2033
PMC: PMC3414873
OpenAlex: W2130438969
Cited by: 152
References: 61
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 17.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Journal of Medical Internet Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: ZonMw (61300036)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: depression, adolescents, young adults, internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy, depressive symptoms, anxiety, mastery, maintenance therapy, waitlist control, number needed to treat, treatment effectiveness, child and adolescent mental health services, helplessness
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Depression, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Male, Waiting Lists, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Internet, Young Adult

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Effectiveness of an Online Group Course for Depression in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Randomized Trial

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