The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Distribution Theory for Glass's Estimator of Effect Size and Related Estimators
Abstract
Glass's estimator of effect size, the sample mean difference divided by the sample standard deviation, is studied in the context of an explicit statistical model. The exact distribution of Glass's estimator is obtained and the estimator is shown to have a small sample bias. The minimum variance unbiased estimator is obtained and shown to have uniformly smaller variance than Glass's (biased) estimator. Measurement error is shown to attenuate estimates of effect size and a correction is given. The effects of measurement invalidity are discussed. Expressions for weights that yield the most precise weighted estimate of effect size are also derived.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Raw effect sizes were corrected for bias (i.e., the upward-bias of effect sizes among small samples; Hedges, 1981); however, most correction factors were close to 1.0 given the large sample sizes.”
From Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms (2017) · cites this paper as Hedges, 1981
In the citing paper
“we applied a correction to bias-correct estimates (resulting in what is often referred to as Hedge ' s g ).”
From The Impact of Peer Assessment on Academic Performance: A Meta-analysis of Control Group Studies (2020) · cites this paper as Hedges 1981
In the citing paper
“As standardized mean difference ( d ) is known to have a slight positive bias (Hedges 1981), we applied a correction to bias-correct estimates (resulting in what is often referred to as Hedge ' s g ).”
From The Impact of Peer Assessment on Academic Performance: A Meta-analysis of Control Group Studies (2020) · cites this paper as Hedges 1981
In the citing paper
“To correct for possible bias caused by small samples, Cohen's d was then used to calculate Hedges' g (Hedges 1981).”
From The gamification of learning: a meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Hedges 1981
In the citing paper
“Effect sizes were computed as Hedges’ g standardised mean differences (SMDs) to correct for small-sample bias and improve comparability across tasks88.”
From Meta-analysis of computerised working memory training: behavioural gains, training parameters, transfer mechanisms, and neural correlates (2026) · cites this paper as [88]
In the citing paper
“Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine appear ineffective. 13 , 14”
From Non-pharmacological interventions for agitation in dementia: systematic review of randomised controlled trials (2014) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“Unlike Cohen's d, Hedge's G a helps to control for common overestimations of effect sizes in samples below 20 (Hedges 1981).”
In the citing paper
“Preliminary searching indicates that most samples are over 100 and none are under 50, so the small‐sample correction (to use Hedges' g) is not likely to be needed (Hedges, 1981).”
From PROTOCOL: Single-track year-round education for improving academic achievement in us k-12 schools: results of a meta-analysis (2018) · cites this paper as Hedges, 1981
In the citing paper
“We chose Hedges’ g as our measure of effect size because it is unitless, so it allows us to compare human–AI performance across different metrics, and it corrects for upward bias in the raw standardized mean difference (Cohen’s d)61.”
From When combinations of humans and AI are useful: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [61]
In the citing paper
“Risk of bias of the included RCTs was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s Tool for Assessing Risk of Bias 120 , which were independently conducted by a minimum of two researchers (KJM, PA, and/or DH).”
In the citing paper
“Next, an estimation for Hedges' g (Hedges, 1981) was applied as a conservative measure to correct for sample size.”
In the citing paper
“Since differences in sample sizes between studies might introduce bias into the calculated effect sizes, Hedges's g was used to adjust the effect sizes to correct for small sample size biases (Hedges, 1981).”
From RETRACTED ARTICLE: The effect of ChatGPT on students’ learning performance, learning perception, and higher-order thinking: insights from a meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as Hedges, 1981
Citations
Cites
Rozeboom, W. W., Lord, F. M., Novick, M. R., & Birnbaum, A. (1969) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162101 · Cited by 8,012
Journal of The American Statistical Association
Fienberg, S. E. (2004) · Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences · doi:10.1002/0471667196.ess1317 · Cited by 6,289
Primary, Secondary, and Meta-Analysis of Research
GLASS, G. V. (1976) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x005010003 · Cited by 4,890
Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies.
Smith, M. L., & Glass, G. V. (1977) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.32.9.752 · Cited by 2,154
Meta-Analysis of Research on Class Size and Achievement
Glass, G., & Smith, M. (1979) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/01623737001001002 · Cited by 599
APPLICATIONS OF THE NON-CENTRAL t-DISTRIBUTION
Johnson, N. L., & Welch, B. L. (1940) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/31.3-4.362 · Cited by 261
Meta-analysis of research on the relationship of class-size and achievement
Glass, G. V., & Smith, M. L. (1981) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 193
The Distribution of Linear Combinations of t -Variables
Walker, G. A., & Saw, J. G. (1978) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1978.10480117 · Cited by 36
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 9 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,120
A Meta-Analysis of Interventions for Struggling Readers in Grades 4–12: 1980–2011
Scammacca, N. K., Roberts, G., Vaughn, S., & Stuebing, K. K. (2015) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219413504995 · Cited by 372
Ito, T. A., Miller, N., & Pollock, V. E. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.120.1.60 · Cited by 364
Schutter, D. J. L. G. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708003462 · Cited by 368
Neuropsychological measures of executive function and antisocial behavior: a meta-analysis.
OGILVIE, J. M., STEWART, A. L., CHAN, R. C. K., & SHUM, D. H. K. (2011) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00252.x · Cited by 459
Effects of group feedback, goal setting, and incentives on organizational productivity.
Pritchard, R. D., Jones, S. D., Roth, P. L., Stuebing, K. K., & Ekeberg, S. E. (1988) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.73.2.337 · Cited by 368
Malouff, J. M., Thorsteinsson, E., & Schutte, N. S. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.12.005 · Cited by 390
The contingent smile: A meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling.
LaFrance, M., Hecht, M. A., & Paluck, E. L. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.305 · Cited by 514
Effects of game‐based learning on students' mathematics achievement: A meta‐analysis
Tokac, U., Novak, E., & Thompson, C. G. (2019) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12347 · Cited by 366
Muscle abnormalities worsen after post-exertional malaise in long COVID
Appelman, B., Charlton, B. T., Goulding, R. P., Kerkhoff, T. J., Breedveld, E. A., Noort, W., Offringa, C., Bloemers, F. W., van Weeghel, M., Schomakers, B. V., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-44432-3 · Cited by 399
Effects of psychoeducational care for adult surgical patients: A meta-analysis of 191 studies
Devine, E. C. (1992) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/0738-3991(92)90193-m · Cited by 360
Melby-Lervåg, M., & Lervåg, A. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0033890 · Cited by 363
Why do people play games? A meta-analysis
Hamari, J., & Keronen, L. (2017) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2017.01.006 · Cited by 368
The Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior Applied to Exercise: A Meta-analytic Update
Downs, D. S., & Hausenblas, H. A. (2005) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2.1.76 · Cited by 357
Increased tolerance to humans among disturbed wildlife
Samia, D. S. M., Nakagawa, S., Nomura, F., Rangel, T. F., & Blumstein, D. T. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms9877 · Cited by 376
Learning Disabilities and Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis
Nelson, J. M., & Harwood, H. R. (2010) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219409359939 · Cited by 423
After-School Program Impact on Physical Activity and Fitness
Beets, M. W., Beighle, A., Erwin, H. E., & Huberty, J. L. (2009) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.01.033 · Cited by 350
Monotonicity of effect sizes: questioning kappa-squared as mediation effect size measure
Wen, Z., & Fan, X. (2015) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000029 · Cited by 350
Mechanisms of masked priming: A meta-analysis.
Van den Bussche, E., Van den Noortgate, W., & Reynvoet, B. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0015329 · Cited by 350
Does peer assessment promote student learning? A meta-analysis
Li, H., Xiong, Y., Hunter, C. V., Guo, X., & Tywoniw, R. (2019) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2019.1620679 · Cited by 423
Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2008) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466607x267010 · Cited by 351
Busch, T., & Friede, G. (2018) · Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management · doi:10.1002/csr.1480 · Cited by 345
A meta-analytic review of social, self-concept, and behavioral outcomes of peer-assisted learning.
Ginsburg-Block, M. D., Rohrbeck, C. A., & Fantuzzo, J. W. (2006) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.98.4.732 · Cited by 397
Quaglia, J. T., Braun, S. E., Freeman, S. P., McDaniel, M. A., & Brown, K. W. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000268 · Cited by 341
Mayo‐Wilson, E., Imdad, A., Herzer, K. R., Yakoob, M. Y., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d5094 · Cited by 353
Impact of ingratiation on judgments and evaluations: A meta-analytic investigation.
Gordon, R. A. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.1.54 · Cited by 338
Hill, F., Mammarella, I. C., Devine, A., Caviola, S., Passolunghi, M. C., & Szűcs, D. (2016) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2016.02.006 · Cited by 337
Gheysen, F., Poppe, L., DeSmet, A., Swinnen, S. P., Cardon, G., Bourdeaudhuij, I. D., CHASTIN, S. F. M., & Fias, W. (2018) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-018-0697-x · Cited by 343
Gender Differences in Domain-Specific Self-Esteem: A Meta-Analysis
Gentile, B., Grabe, S., Dolan‐Pascoe, B., Twenge, J. M., Wells, B. E., & Maitino, A. (2009) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013689 · Cited by 343
Sun, S.-Y., Pan, W., & Wang, L. (2010) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019507 · Cited by 329
Facilitating systematic reviews, data extraction and meta‐analysis with the metagear package for r
Lajeunesse, M. J. (2016) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/2041-210x.12472 · Cited by 341
Presence and progression of white matter hyperintensities and cognition: A meta-analysis
Kloppenborg, R. P., Nederkoorn, P. J., Geerlings, M. I., & van den Berg, E. (2014) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000000505 · Cited by 338
Alcohol Involvement and the Five-Factor Model of Personality: A Meta-Analysis
Malouff, J. M., Thorsteinsson, E., Rooke, S. E., & Schutte, N. S. (2007) · Journal of Drug Education · doi:10.2190/de.37.3.d · Cited by 341
Watson, H. J., & Bulik, C. M. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712002620 · Cited by 339
Schlaefli, A., Rest, J. R., & Thoma, S. J. (1985) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543055003319 · Cited by 337
The Effects of Exercise on Mood in Older Adults: A Meta-Analytic Review
Arent, S. M., Landers, D. M., & Etnier, J. L. (2000) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.8.4.407 · Cited by 338
Bias caused by sampling error in meta-analysis with small sample sizes
Lin, L. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204056 · Cited by 354
Does Self-Control Training Improve Self-Control? A Meta-Analysis
Friese, M., Frankenbach, J., Job, V., & Loschelder, D. D. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617697076 · Cited by 360
Global processing takes time: A meta-analysis on local–global visual processing in ASD.
der Hallen, R. V., Evers, K., Brewaeys, K., Noortgate, W. V. D., & Wagemans, J. P. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000004 · Cited by 361
A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Research on Teacher Questioning Behavior
Redfield, D. L., & Rousseau, E. W. (1981) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543051002237 · Cited by 330
Review of developments in meta-analytic method.
Bangert‐Drowns, R. L. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.3.388 · Cited by 327
Social Influence and Exercise: A Meta-Analysis
Carron, A. V., Hausenblas, H. A., & Mack, D. E. (1996) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.18.1.1 · Cited by 326
Do Animal-Assisted Activities Effectively Treat Depression? A Meta-Analysis
Souter, M. A., & Miller, M. D. (2007) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.2752/175303707x207954 · Cited by 324
Benbasat, I., & Lim, L. H. (1993) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496493244002 · Cited by 322
Mindfulness-based interventions with youth: A comprehensive meta-analysis of group-design studies
Klingbeil, D. A., Renshaw, T. L., Willenbrink, J. B., Copek, R. A., Chan, K. T., Haddock, A., Yassine, J., & Clifton, J. (2017) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2017.03.006 · Cited by 312
Career-intervention outcome: A replication and extension of Oliver and Spokane (1988).
Whiston, S. C., Sexton, T. L., & Lasoff, D. L. (1998) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.45.2.150 · Cited by 322
Reporting effect sizes in original psychological research: A discussion and tutorial.
Pek, J. C. X., & Flora, D. B. (2017) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000126 · Cited by 356
Wang, J., & Fan, W. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-04787-y · Cited by 322
RetractedCole, J., Costafreda, S. G., McGuffin, P., & Fu, C. H. Y. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.05.057 · Cited by 319
A meta-analysis of mentalizing impairments in adults with schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder
Chung, Y. S., Barch, D., & Strube, M. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt048 · Cited by 310
Behavioral activation interventions for well-being: A meta-analysis
Mazzucchelli, T. G., Kane, R. T., & Rees, C. S. (2010) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760903569154 · Cited by 319
Olfactory Dysfunction in Schizophrenia A Qualitative and Quantitative Review
Moberg, P. J. (1999) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(99)00019-6 · Cited by 317
McCutcheon, R., Beck, K., Jauhar, S., & Howes, O. D. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx180 · Cited by 305
Brown, H. E., Pearson, N., Braithwaite, R. E., Brown, W. J., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2013) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-012-0015-8 · Cited by 313
Huedo-Medina, T. B., Kirsch, I., Middlemass, J., Klonizakis, M., & Siriwardena, A. N. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e8343 · Cited by 313
Sources of variation in haematocrit in birds
Fair, J. M., Whitaker, S., & Pearson, B. L. (2007) · Ibis · doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2007.00680.x · Cited by 309
Advertising Repetition: A Meta-Analysis on Effective Frequency in Advertising
Schmidt, S., & Eisend, M. (2015) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.2015.1018460 · Cited by 308
A standardized mean difference effect size for single case designs
Hedges, L. V., Pustejovsky, J. E., & Shadish, W. R. (2012) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1052 · Cited by 308
Self-citationWhat Works in Teaching Composition: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Treatment Studies
Hillocks, G. (1984) · American Journal of Education · doi:10.1086/443789 · Cited by 308
Rahim-Williams, B., Riley, J. L., Williams, A. K. K., & Fillingim, R. B. (2012) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2012.01336.x · Cited by 309
Comparison of reading performance on screen and on paper: A meta-analysis
Kong, Y., Seo, Y. S., & Zhai, L. (2018) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.05.005 · Cited by 306
Effects of β-alanine supplementation on exercise performance: a meta-analysis
Hobson, R. M., Saunders, B., Ball, G., Harris, R. C., & Sale, C. (2012) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-011-1200-z · Cited by 305
Inductive Reasoning: A Training Approach
Klauer, K. J., & Phye, G. D. (2008) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654307313402 · Cited by 330
Woolf, K., POTTS, H. W. W., & McManus, I. C. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d901 · Cited by 303
Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in complex mental disorders: update of a meta-analysis
Leichsenring, F., & Rabung, S. (2011) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.082776 · Cited by 312
Depressive realism: a meta-analytic review
Moore, M. T., & Fresco, D. M. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.05.004 · Cited by 291
Sheridan, S. M., Smith, T. E., Kim, E. M., Beretvas, S. N., & Park, S. (2019) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654318825437 · Cited by 378
A quantitative review of cognitive deficits in depression and Alzheimer-type dementia
CHRISTENSEN, H., GRIFFITHS, K., MACKINNON, A., & JACOMB, P. (1997) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617797006310 · Cited by 299
A meta-analysis of treatments for perinatal depression
Sockol, L. E., Epperson, C. N., & Barber, J. P. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.03.009 · Cited by 287
Review: Alleviating loneliness in young people – a meta‐analysis of interventions
Eccles, A. M., & Qualter, P. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12389 · Cited by 285
Self–other agreement in job performance ratings: A meta-analytic test of a process model.
Heidemeier, H., & Moser, K. (2009) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.94.2.353 · Cited by 296
Fitting Categorical Models to Effect Sizes from a Series of Experiments
Hedges, L. V. (1982) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.3102/10769986007002119 · Cited by 296
Self-citationVillinger, K., Wahl, D. R., Boeing, H., Schupp, H. T., & Renner, B. (2019) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12903 · Cited by 310
Strain, P. S., & Bovey, E. H. (2011) · Topics in Early Childhood Special Education · doi:10.1177/0271121411408740 · Cited by 313
Does Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Improve Healthy Working Memory?: A Meta-analytic Review
Mancuso, L., Ilieva, I. P., Hamilton, R. H., & Farah, M. J. (2016) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00956 · Cited by 302
Suls, J. M., & Wan, C. K. (1989) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.57.3.372 · Cited by 292
Hopping, skipping or jumping to conclusions? Clarifying the role of the JTC bias in delusions
Fine, C., Gardner, M. R., Craigie, J., & Gold, I. (2006) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800600750597 · Cited by 291
Luo, H., Li, G., Feng, Q., Yang, Y., & Zuo, M. (2021) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12538 · Cited by 311
Christensen, R., Lorenzen, J. K., Svith, C. R., Bartels, E. M., Melanson, E. L., Saris, W. H., Tremblay, A., & Astrup, A. (2009) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2009.00599.x · Cited by 290
Koen, J. D., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2014) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-014-9266-5 · Cited by 312
Arenas, D. J., Thomas, A., Wang, J., & DeLisser, H. M. (2019) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-019-05202-4 · Cited by 293
Does Incidental Disgust Amplify Moral Judgment? A Meta-Analytic Review of Experimental Evidence
Landy, J. F., & Goodwin, G. P. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615583128 · Cited by 300
Detecting Selection Bias in Meta-Analyses with Multiple Outcomes: A Simulation Study
Fernández‐Castilla, B., Declercq, L., Jamshidi, L., Beretvas, S. N., Onghena, P., & Noortgate, W. V. D. (2019) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2019.1582470 · Cited by 312
Coll, M.-P., Hobson, H., Bird, G., & Murphy, J. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.012 · Cited by 262
Evaluation of various estimators for standardized mean difference in meta‐analysis
Lin, L., & Aloe, A. M. (2021) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.8781 · Cited by 297
Becker, B. J. (2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012691360-6/50018-5 · Cited by 287
Ex-offender employment programs and recidivism: A meta-analysis
Visher, C. A., Winterfield, L., & Coggeshall, M. B. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-005-8127-x · Cited by 302
A global meta-analysis of the ecological impacts of nonnative crayfish
Twardochleb, L. A., Olden, J., & Larson, E. (2013) · Freshwater Science · doi:10.1899/12-203.1 · Cited by 284
Rohling, M. L., Binder, L. M., Demakis, G. J., Larrabee, G. J., Ploetz, D. M., & Langhinrichsen‐Rohling, J. (2011) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2011.565076 · Cited by 308
A practitioner's guide to meta‐analysis
Durlak, J. A., & Lipsey, M. W. (1991) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf00938026 · Cited by 286
Is bilingualism related to a cognitive advantage in children? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Gunnerud, H. L., ten Braak, D., Reikerås, E. K. L., Donolato, E., & Melby‐Lervåg, M. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000301 · Cited by 330
Want, S. C. (2009) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.07.008 · Cited by 319
Null hypothesis significance testing: On the survival of a flawed method.
Krueger, J. I. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.56.1.16 · Cited by 288
Efficacy of Drug Treatment in Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder: a Meta-Analytic Review
Piccinelli, M. P., Pini, S., Bellantuono, C., & Wilkinson, G. (1995) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.166.4.424 · Cited by 282
Strain, E. M. A., Olabarría, C., Mayer‐Pinto, M., Cumbo, V. R., Morris, R. L., Bugnot, A. B., Dafforn, K. A., Heery, E. C., Firth, L. B., Brooks, P. R., et al. (2017) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12961 · Cited by 282
Kuester, A., Niemeyer, H., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.11.004 · Cited by 261
Socio-Cognitive Scaffolding with Computer-Supported Collaboration Scripts: a Meta-Analysis
Vogel, F., Wecker, C., Kollar, I., & Fischer, F. (2017) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-016-9361-7 · Cited by 278
Understanding the effect size and its measures
Ialongo, C. (2016) · Biochemia Medica · doi:10.11613/bm.2016.015 · Cited by 297
Extensive Reading Interventions for Students With Reading Difficulties After Grade 3
Wanzek, J., Vaughn, S. R., Scammacca, N. K., Metz, K. L., Murray, C. S., Roberts, G., & Danielson, L. C. (2013) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654313477212 · Cited by 285
Kalandadze, T., Norbury, C., Nærland, T., & Næss, K.-A. B. (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316668652 · Cited by 281
Rogora, M., Frate, L., Carranza, M. L., Freppaz, M., Stanisci, A., Bertani, I., Bottarin, R., Brambilla, A., Canullo, R., Carbognani, M., et al. (2017) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.155 · Cited by 277
Metadata
- Authors
- Hedges, L. V.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hedges, Larry V.
- ORCID
- Hedges, Larry V.
- Venue
- Journal of Educational Statistics
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1981
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 107
- ISSN
- 0362-9791 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2059527510
- Cited by
- 5,695
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 623 · 2025: 486 · 2024: 543 · 2023: 414 · 2022: 463 · 2021: 405 · 2020: 359 · 2019: 306 · 2018: 264 · 2017: 222 · 2016: 198 · 2015: 175 · 2014: 169 · 2013: 132 · 2012: 118
- FWCI
- 61.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Educational Statistics (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Spencer Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- effect size, exact distribution, small sample bias, minimum variance unbiased estimator, measurement error, measurement error correction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
