The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Are births underreported in rural China? Manipulation of statistical records in response to China’s population policies
Open accessAbstract
Under the current family planning policy in China, the criterion for evaluating all parties involved in the birth planning system provides an incentive for everyone to see that the policy is met, either in reality through strict enforcement of family planning regulations, or statistically through manipulation of statistical records. We investigate underreporting of births in four rural counties of northern China, using data from a 1992 sample survey featuring a reproductive history. To clarify the mechanisms of underreporting, we focus on the ways in which reporting errors may affect the distribution of first births by time since marriage. The results of our investigation suggest that in three of the four counties, first-birth intervals are lengthened by underreporting of girl babies and by replacing them with second births reported as first births.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“A study carried out in rural Sichuan province in 1990 reported a doubling of maternal deaths for unapproved pregnancies as compared with those receiving government sanction. 11”
From The Effect of China's One-Child Family Policy after 25 Years (2005) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Kass, R. E., & Raftery, A. E. (1995) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1995.10476572 · Cited by 12,558
Self-citationBayesian model selection in social research
Raftery, A. E. (1995) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.2307/271063 · Cited by 6,823
Self-citationEvent History Analysis : Regression for Longitudinal Event Data
Allison, P. (1984) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412984195 · Cited by 2,883
World development report 1993 : investing in health
Berkley, S., Bobadilla, J., Hecht, R., Hill, K., Jamison, D. T. T., Murray, C. J. L., Musgrove, P., Saxenian, H., & Tan, J. (1993) · Cited by 2,402
Computing Bayes Factors by Combining Simulation and Asymptotic Approximations
DiCiccio, T., Kass, R., Raftery, A., & Wasserman, L. (1997) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1997.10474045 · Cited by 2,029
Self-citationWorld Development Report 1990.
Todaro, M. P., & Bank, W. (1990) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.2307/1972979 · Cited by 1,752
van Meter, K. M. (1994) · Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique · doi:10.1177/075910639404200102 · Cited by 688
Fertility, Biology, and Behavior: An Analysis of the Proximate Determinants
Bongaarts, J., & Potter, R. G. (1984) · Studies in Family Planning · doi:10.2307/1965489 · Cited by 586
Causes and Implications of the Recent Increase in the Reported Sex Ratio at Birth in China
Zeng, Y., Ping, T., Gu, B., Yi, X., Li, B., & Yongpiing, L. (1993) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.2307/2938438 · Cited by 512
Five Decades of Missing Females in China
Coale, A. J., & Banister, J. (1994) · Demography · doi:10.2307/2061752 · Cited by 447 · cited 6×
“(8) Finally, some of the patterns we predict could be produced just as well by unreported fetal losses (miscarriages and stillbirths), which are often omitted from pregnancy histories for reasons other than deliberate responses to policy (Coale and Banister 1994).”
Influential
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 55 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Aird, 1986, Coercion in Family Planning: Causes, Methods, and Consequences, 184
- Banister, 1989, A New Survey of Infant Mortality in China: A Research Note
- 1991, 1990 nian renkou pucha ziliao (Data From the 1990 Census of Population of Ciqixian). Renkou pucha bangongshi
- Cui, 1990, “Guanyu renkou tongji zhiliang wenti de tantao, Renkou yu jingji (Population and Economics), 2, 31
- Feng, 1992, “Zhongguo de 28 ge difang jihua shengyu tiaoli zongshu, Renkou Yanjiu (Population Research), 4, 28
- Gray, 1979, Biological Factors Other Than Nutrition and Lactation Which May Influence Natural Fertility: A Review, 219
- Ji, 1991, Jihua shengyu tongji baobiao shuifen wenti yuanyin ji duice” (Reasons and Countermeasures for the Problem of Underreporting in Family Planning Statistics), Renkou yanjiu (Population Research), 3, 59
- Johansson, 1991, On Intriguing Sex Ratios Among Live Births in China in the 1980s, Journal of Official Statistics, 7, 25
- Sun, 1993, Zhongguo disici renkou pucha quanguo ji bufen shengqu siwang loubao yanjiu” (Study of the Nonreported Deaths of the Whole Country and of Some Provinces in China’s Fourth Population Census), Zhongguo renkou kexue (China Population Science), 2, 20
- Taffel, 1984, Characteristics of Asian Births: United States, 1980, Monthly Vital Statistics Report, 32, 1
- Tu, 1992, The Baseline Survey for the Project on Introducing New Contraceptives in Rural China. Part I: Preliminary Findings of the Survey
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mascarenhas, M., Flaxman, S. R., Boerma, T., Vanderpoel, S., & Stevens, G. A. (2012) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001356 · Cited by 2,357
The Effect of China's One-Child Family Policy after 25 Years
Hesketh, T., Lu, L., & Xing, Z. W. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmhpr051833 · Cited by 596
Abnormal sex ratios in human populations: Causes and consequences
Hesketh, T. M., & Xing, Z. W. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0602203103 · Cited by 541
Investigating the Links to Improved Student Learning: Final Report of Research Findings
Louis, K. S., Leithwood, K. A., Wahlstrom, K. L., & Anderson, S. E. (2010) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 413
Zhu, W. X., Li, L., & Hesketh, T. M. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b1211 · Cited by 384
“Some of the evidence for this sex imbalance in China has been challenged, because accurate population based figures have been difficult to obtain.”
BackgroundChina's Below‐Replacement Fertility: Government Policy or Socioeconomic Development?
Cai, Y. (2010) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2010.00341.x · Cited by 266
Ding, Q. J., & Hesketh, T. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38775.672662.80 · Cited by 185
Child Underreporting, Fertility, and Sex Ratio Imbalance in China
Goodkind, D. M. (2011) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-010-0007-y · Cited by 181
“Moreover, following a 1991 central decree (Xinhua 1991), such penalties were increasingly enforced against officials who failed to limit fertility in their jurisdictions (Aird 2004 ;G oodkind2004; Greenhalgh, Zhu, and Li 1994 ;M erli1998; Merli and Raftery 2000; Scharping 2003; Smith et al. 1997; Tan 1998 ;Z eng1996).”
BackgroundInfluentialChina's Family Planning Policy: An Overview of Its Past and Future
Attané, I. (2002) · Studies in Family Planning · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2002.00103.x · Cited by 142
China’s fertility change: an analysis with multiple measures
Yang, S., Jiang, Q., & Sánchez‐Barricarte, J. J. (2022) · Population Health Metrics · doi:10.1186/s12963-022-00290-7 · Cited by 145
Reexamining China's Fertility Puzzle: Data Collection and Quality over the Last Two Decades
Zhang, G., & Zhao, Z. (2006) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2006.00119.x · Cited by 134
China's Below‐Replacement Fertility: Recent Trends and Future Prospects
Morgan, S. P., Zhigang, G., & Hayford, S. R. (2009) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2009.00298.x · Cited by 134
How far has fertility in China really declined?
Retherford, R. D., Choe, M. K., Chen, J., Xiru, L., & Hongyan, C. (2005) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2005.00052.x · Cited by 116
China's New Demographic Reality: Learning from the 2010 Census
Cai, Y. (2013) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00608.x · Cited by 113
“The implementation of the one-child policy since 1980 has further exacerbated the problem of underenumeration (Goodkind 2004; Merli and Raftery 2000; Zeng et al. 1996).”
BackgroundChina’s family planning policies and their labor market consequences
Wang, F., Zhao, L., & Zhao, Z. (2016) · Journal of Population Economics · doi:10.1007/s00148-016-0613-0 · Cited by 115
Marriage Squeeze, Never-Married Proportion, and Mean Age at First Marriage in China
Jiang, Q., Feldman, M. W., & Li, S. (2013) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-013-9283-8 · Cited by 97
Li, B., & Zhang, H. (2016) · Journal of Comparative Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jce.2016.09.004 · Cited by 93
“For example, on the one hand, an adverse effect of family size on children’s outcomes is evidenced by Rosenzweig and Wolpin (1980) for India, by Stafford (1987) and Cáeres-Delpiano (2006) for the US, by Lee (2008) for South Korea, and by Millimet and Wang (2011) for Indonesia.”
BackgroundBayesian demography 250 years after Bayes
Bijak, J., & Bryant, J. R. (2016) · Population studies · doi:10.1080/00324728.2015.1122826 · Cited by 74
China's missing children: The 2000 census underreporting surprise
Goodkind, D. M. (2004) · Population Studies · doi:10.1080/0032472042000272348 · Cited by 72
Majumder, N., & Ram, F. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115441 · Cited by 72
Song, S., & Burgard, S. A. (2008) · Population Studies · doi:10.1080/00324720802313553 · Cited by 67
The demographic factor in China's transition
Wang, F., & Mason, A. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511754234.006 · Cited by 75
Determinants of High Sex Ratio among Newborns: A Cohort Study from Rural Anhui Province, China
Wu, Z., Viisainen, K., & Hemminki, E. (2006) · Reproductive Health Matters · doi:10.1016/s0968-8080(06)27222-7 · Cited by 65
Demographic Consequences of Gender Discrimination in China: Simulation Analysis of Policy Options
Jiang, Q., Li, S., & Feldman, M. W. (2011) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-011-9203-8 · Cited by 58
“China’s family planning policies and their implementation motivate staff involved to underreport ( Merli and Raftery 2000; Lavely 2001); most statistics are underreported (Attane ´ and Sun 1998; Banister 2004), so the data quality is flawed.”
BackgroundUse of maternal health services in rural China
Short, S. E., & Zhang, F. (2004) · Population Studies · doi:10.1080/0032472032000175446 · Cited by 58
Delayed Registration and Identifying the “Missing Girls” in China
Shi, Y., & Kennedy, J. J. (2016) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741016001132 · Cited by 58
Wang, B., & Davidson, P. (2006) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224490609552321 · Cited by 53
Illegal births and legal abortions – the case of China
Hemminki, E., Wu, Z., Cao, G., & Viisainen, K. (2005) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/1742-4755-2-5 · Cited by 54
Sex-Selective Abortions, Fertility, and Birth Spacing
Pörtner, C. C. (2015) · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-7189 · Cited by 50
Family Planning and Women's Lives in Rural China
Hardee, K., Xie, Z., & Gu, B. (2004) · International Family Planning Perspectives · doi:10.1363/3006804 · Cited by 46
Time trends and regional differences in maternal mortality in China from 2000 to 2005
Gao, Y., Ronsmans, C., & An, L. (2009) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.08.060426 · Cited by 42
Low fertility and concurrent birth control policy in China
Jiang, Q., & Liu, Y. (2016) · The History of the Family · doi:10.1080/1081602x.2016.1213179 · Cited by 47
Son preference, use of maternal health care, and infant mortality in rural China, 1989–2000
Chen, J., Xie, Z., & Liu, H. (2007) · Population Studies · doi:10.1080/00324720701340194 · Cited by 51
Goodkind, D. M. (2015) · Population Studies · doi:10.1080/00324728.2015.1103565 · Cited by 37
Song, S., & Burgard, S. A. (2011) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146511410886 · Cited by 35
Child Adoption in Contemporary Rural China
Zhang, W. (2006) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x05283096 · Cited by 33
Kofanov, D., Kozlov, V., Libman, A., & Zakharov, N. (2020) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123422000527 · Cited by 34
“The research on bureaucratic information manipulation in autocracies so far has focused primarily on the case of China (Fisman and Wang 2017; Merli and Raftery 2000; Wallace 2016; Zhou and Zeng 2018), where governmental incentives for local bureaucrats not only played an essential role in ensuring…”
BackgroundInfluentialBelow Replacement Fertility Preferences in Shanghai
Merli, M. G., & Morgan, S. P. (2011) · Population (English Edition) · doi:10.3917/pope.1103.0519 · Cited by 30
Self-citationChina’s Demographic Future Under the New Two-Child Policy
Xianling, Z., Guo, F., & Zhai, Z. (2019) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-019-09519-0 · Cited by 30
Kennedy, J. J., & Shi, Y. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190917425.001.0001 · Cited by 30
Masculine sex ratios, population age structure and the potential spread of HIV in China
Merli, M. G., & Hertog, S. (2010) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2010.22.3 · Cited by 29
“We use an existing deterministic model, built upon a two-sex cohort component population projection, first developed by Palloni and Lamas (1991) to simulate the heterosexual spread of HIV.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationIs prenatal sex selection associated with lower female child mortality?
Kashyap, R. (2018) · Population Studies · doi:10.1080/00324728.2018.1442583 · Cited by 28
“For those constrained by the fertility restrictions in the 1980s, son preference likely manifested itself either in the systematic under-reporting of daughters (Merli and Raftery 2000; Goodkind 2011) or the potential intensification of postnatal excess female mortality at low birth parities.”
BackgroundChen, J., & Yang, H. (2015) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-015-1102-7 · Cited by 22
“In rural China, births are underreported, and many families have not adhered to CFPP, raising more than two children (Merli and Raftery 2000).”
BackgroundChildbearing preferences, reform of family planning restrictions and the Low Fertility Trap in China
Gietel‐Basten, S., & Gu, B. (2013) · Cited by 22
Omissions of Births in DHS Birth Histories in Sub-Saharan Africa: Measurement and Determinants
Schoumaker, B. D. (2011) · DIAL (Catholic University of Leuven) · Cited by 22
Pörtner, C. C. (2021) · Demography · doi:10.1215/00703370-9580703 · Cited by 21
The effects of artificial gender imbalance
Hesketh, T. M., & Min, J. M. (2012) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/embor.2012.62 · Cited by 21
Challenges and Opportunities Facing China’s Urban Development in the New Era
Han, R., & Linna, W. (2013) · China Perspectives · doi:10.4000/chinaperspectives.6149 · Cited by 20
Liu, P., & Raftery, A. E. (2020) · The Annals of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1214/19-aoas1294 · Cited by 18
“For example, (Cai (2008), Retherford et al. (2005), Yi (1996)) and (Merli and Raftery (2000)) attempted to correct estimates of TFR in 2000.”
Self-citationGrech, V. (2015) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.10.014 · Cited by 18
A retrospective and predictive study of fertility rates in China from 2003 to 2018
Wang, M. (2019) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01460 · Cited by 17
5. A Spatial and Statistical Examination of Child Sex Ratio in China and India
Guilmoto, C. Z. (2005) · Institut Français de Pondichéry eBooks · doi:10.4000/books.ifp.4510 · Cited by 15
Particles, Pollutions and PricesPreprint
Hu, X., Li, O. Z., & Lin, Y. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2525980 · Cited by 16
Zhao, X., & Basnyat, I. (2019) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2019.1683953 · Cited by 19
Vortherms, S. A. (2018) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741018001716 · Cited by 13
China’s Long Road toward Recognition of Below-Replacement Fertility
Wang, F. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-21482-5_2 · Cited by 11
Korinek, K., Chen, F., Alva, S., & Entwisle, B. (2006) · Journal of Comparative Family Studies · Cited by 11
Sex ratio imbalances among children at micro-level: China and India compared.
Guilmoto, C. Z., & Oliveau, S. (2007) · HAL · Cited by 11
Population sex imbalance in China before the One-Child Policy
Babiarz, K. S., Ma, P., Song, S., & Miller, G. (2019) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2019.40.13 · Cited by 10
Introducing New Contraceptives in Rural China: A Field Experiment
Smith, H. L. (2005) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716205274513 · Cited by 10
Sex Selective Abortions, Fertility and Birth SpacingPreprint
Pörtner, C. C. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1615833 · Cited by 10
PATTERNS AND VARIATION IN THE SEX RATIO AT BIRTH IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Poston, D. L., Wu, J. J., & Kim, H. G. (2003) · Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University) · Cited by 9
Demographic shifts and the spread of HIV in China.
Hertog, S., Mg, M., Johnson, K. L., Sa, G., Armecin, G., Pop-Eleches, C., Miller, G., Urdinola, P., Jg, Z., Thirumurthy, H., et al. (2007) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · Cited by 9
Dynamics between Regional Sex Ratios at Birth and Sex Ratios at Prime Marriageable Ages in China
Xiong, W. (2022) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/padr.12476 · Cited by 8
The Limits and Consequences of Population Policy: Evidence from China's Wan Xi Shao CampaignPreprint
Babiarz, K. S., Ma, P., Miller, G., & Song, S. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.3386/w25130 · Cited by 8
“…quality is warranted.27 Under-reporting of births and under-enumeration of living children (and living girls in particular) during the 1980s and 1990s is well documented in the demography literature (Cai and Lavely, 2003; Goodkind, 2011; Merli and Raftery, 2000; Yi, 1996; Zhang and Zhao, 2006).”
The Re-emergence of “Missing Women” in China
Bulte, E., Hsieh, C., Tu, Q., & Wang, R. (2021) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741021000503 · Cited by 7
“11 Merli and Raftery 2000.”
Sibling Availability, Sibling Sorting, and Subjective Health Among Chinese Adults
Wang, H., Verdery, A. M., & Margolis, R. (2024) · Demography · doi:10.1215/00703370-11376831 · Cited by 6
Social Conditions and Infant Mortality in China: A Test of the Fundamental Cause Perspective:
Song, S., & Burgard, S. A. (2008) · Cited by 5
Overestimated SRB and Missing Girls in China
Li, M., & Jiang, Q. (2021) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2021.756364 · Cited by 5
“…October 2021 | Volume 6 | Article 7563641 OPINION published: 26 October 2021 doi: 10.3389/fsoc.2021.756364 Health Commission) was usually manipulated downward as the SRB was an important indicator in the family planning performance evaluation (Merli and Raftery, 2000; Zhang and Zhao, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialZhang, G. (2004) · ANU Open Research (Australian National University) · doi:10.25911/5d7a2c2d8fee4 · Cited by 5
Religious Geography and County‐Level Sex Ratios in China
Tong, Y., Sennott, C. A., & Yang, F. (2020) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.1111/jssr.12697 · Cited by 3
Thirty-year mystery of birth and fertility in China
Qiao, X. (2024) · China Population and Development Studies · doi:10.1007/s42379-024-00154-7 · Cited by 4
Bevölkerungspolitik im Kontext ökologischer Generationengerechtigkeit
Tremmel, J. C. (2005) · Deutscher Universitätsverlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-82200-0 · Cited by 4
Bevölkerungspolitik im Kontext ökologischer Generationengerechtigkeit
Tremmel, J. C. (2005) · doi:10.18419/opus-5464 · Cited by 4
State policy and contraceptive choices: evidence from China 1979–2012
Wang, C., & Liao, T. F. (2019) · Asian Population Studies · doi:10.1080/17441730.2018.1560656 · Cited by 3
“…the loosened policy period of 1995–2012 (Wang, 2012b, 2014a, 2014b).4 This two-period division follows earlier published works (Peng, 1997, p. 144; Zhang, 2007, p. 207) and has been widely used in many published studies (Li et al., 2008; Marston & Cleland, 2003; Merli & Raftery, 2000; Wang, 2014b).”
MethodChina's One Child Policy and Male Surplus as a Source of Demand for Sex Trafficking to China
Hall, A. T. (2010) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 3
Population Policy as a Means for Bio-Politics: The Cases of Romania and China
Önder Erol, P. (2019) · Khazar journal of humanities and social sciences · doi:10.5782/2223-2621.2019.22.1.21 · Cited by 2
Gender-Biased Sex Selection in Asia: Motives, Methods, Magnitudes
Rahm, L. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20234-7_2 · Cited by 1
Migrant Women and the Distribution of their Income in Hubei Province, China
Janiec-Grygo, M., & Basu, P. (2009) · Espace populations sociétés · doi:10.4000/eps.3794 · Cited by 1
Data Uncertainties in China’s Population
Jiang, Q., Li, X., & Sánchez‐Barricarte, J. J. (2015) · Asian Social Science · doi:10.5539/ass.v11n13p200 · Cited by 1
“For this reason, the National Bureau of Statistics has been upwards adjusted the number of births reported annually; in the 1990s and early 2000s, scholars were concerned that NBS underestimated the number of people born in the 1990s (Merli & Raftery, 2000; Attané, 2001).”
BackgroundCoercive Policies Impair Survey Measurement: Evidence from Sanitation Policy in IndiaPreprint
Vyas, S., & Franz, N. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4997356 · Cited by 1
Daniels, J. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.333.7564.373
Below Replacement Fertility Preferences in Shanghai
Merli, M. G., & Morgan, S. P. (2012) · Population (English Edition) · doi:10.3917/popu.1103.0601
Self-citationHuman Sex Ratio and Family Size for a Selected Sample from the China Population in 2008
Wang, Z., & Gray, E. (2009) · Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science · doi:10.3101/1098-7096-70.1.63
Khan, N. (2010) · ResearchSpace (University of KwaZulu-Natal)
Zhang, G., & Zhao, Z. (2005)
Bissinger, R. L. (2007) · Advances in Neonatal Care · doi:10.1097/01.anc.0000304960.14428.99
Administrative Challenges of Population Policy
Trogen, P. C., & Felker, L. S. (2009) · Public administration and public policy · doi:10.1201/noe0824723699-c28
Bariagaber, H., & Keetile, M. (2016) · Sociology Study · doi:10.17265/2159-5526/2016.12.002
Historical Underreporting and the Identification of the “Missing Girls”
Kennedy, J. J., & Shi, Y. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190917425.003.0002
Kennedy, J. J., & Shi, Y. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190917425.003.0007
Kennedy, J. J., & Shi, Y. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190917425.003.0004
Street-Level Birth Control and Mutual Noncompliance
Kennedy, J. J., & Shi, Y. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190917425.003.0001
Villagers, Daughters, and the Voices of the “Missing”
Kennedy, J. J., & Shi, Y. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190917425.003.0005
Kennedy, J. J., & Shi, Y. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190917425.003.0003
Kennedy, J. J., & Shi, Y. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190917425.003.0006
Hide the Girls! One-Child Policy and Its Educational Consequences on the 'Unwanted' BirthsPreprint
Zhang, C. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3508287
“6 Actually, previous studies by demographers have well documented that the Chinese family underreports or delays the hukou registration of unplanned girls (Banister, 1991; Cai and Lavely, 2003; Goodkind, 2004, 2011; Johansson and Arvidsson, 1994; Merli, 1998; Merli and Raftery, 2000; Shi and Kennedy, 2016; Zeng et al.…”
InfluentialThe Cultural Revolution and the Timing of First Marriage in China
Li, X., & Zhou, D. (2021) · Canadian Studies in Population · doi:10.1007/s42650-021-00046-y
An Ethical Assessment of the Legitimacy of Anti-natalistic Birth Policies
Tremmel, J. C. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-77084-8_8
Metadata
- Authors
- Merli, M. G., & Raftery, A. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Venue
- Demography
- Publisher
- Duke University Press
- Published
- 2000-02-01
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 109-126
- ISSN
- 0070-3370 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-7790
- OpenAlex
- W2018447293
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Demography (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Rockefeller Foundation
- University of Pennsylvania
- University of Washington
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › China's Socioeconomic Reforms and Governance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Keywords
- statistical manipulation, family planning policy, one-child policy, rural China, first birth interval, sex-selective abortion, reproductive history
- MeSH terms
- China, Data Collection, Family Planning Services, Female, Forms and Records Control, Humans, Infant Mortality, Infant, Newborn, Male, Population Control, Public Policy, Regression Analysis, Rural Population, Sex Ratio, Proportional Hazards Models
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
