Insulin Regulates Brain Function, but How Does It Get There?

A Paravascular Pathway Facilitates CSF Flow Through the Brain Parenchyma and the Clearance of Interstitial Solutes, Including Amyloid β

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Role of Brain Insulin Receptor in Control of Body Weight and Reproduction

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Intranasal Insulin Therapy for Alzheimer Disease and Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Clinical Trial

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Leptin enters the brain by a saturable system independent of insulin

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Brain-wide pathway for waste clearance captured by contrast-enhanced MRI

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Chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of insulin reduces food intake and body weight of baboons

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Cerebrospinal fluid leptin levels: Relationship to plasma levels and to adiposity in humans

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Hypothalamic insulin signaling is required for inhibition of glucose production

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Decreasing hypothalamic insulin receptors causes hyperphagia and insulin resistance in rats

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Insulin Action in AgRP-Expressing Neurons Is Required for Suppression of Hepatic Glucose Production

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Identification of insulin in rat brain.

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Decreasing hypothalamic insulin receptors causes hyperphagia and insulin resistance in rats

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Hyperinsulinemia Drives Diet-Induced Obesity Independently of Brain Insulin Production

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Intranasal Insulin as a Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review of Basic Research and Clinical Evidence

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Human Blood—Brain Barrier Insulin Receptor

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Insulin and leptin: dual adiposity signals to the brain for the regulation of food intake and body weight

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Glucose transporter expression in the central nervous system: relationship to synaptic function

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Segregation of Acute Leptin and Insulin Effects in Distinct Populations of Arcuate Proopiomelanocortin Neurons

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Differential Permeability of the Blood–Brain Barrier to Two Pancreatic Peptides: Insulin and Amylin

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Insulin gene expression and insulin synthesis in mammalian neuronal cells.

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Obesity induced by a high-fat diet is associated with reduced brain insulin transport in dogs.

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Differential sensitivity of men and women to anorexigenic and memory-improving effects of intranasal insulin

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Insulin in the Brain: Sources, Localization and Functions

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Brain Insulin Controls Adipose Tissue Lipolysis and Lipogenesis

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Cerebrospinal Fluid Insulin Levels Increase During Intravenous Insulin Infusions in Man*

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Megalin mediates the transport of leptin across the blood-CSF barrier

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Insulin's direct effects on the liver dominate the control of hepatic glucose production

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Differential expression of the two nonallelic proinsulin genes in the developing mouse embryo.

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Kinetics and specificity of insulin uptake from plasma into cerebrospinal fluid.

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The Effect of Insulin on In Vivo Cerebral Glucose Concentrations and Rates of Glucose Transport/Metabolism in Humans

Seaquist, E. R., Damberg, G., Tkáč, I., & Rolf Gruetter, A. (2001) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.10.2203 · Cited by 185 · see citing works

Evidence for entry of plasma insulin into cerebrospinal fluid through an intermediate compartment in dogs. Quantitative aspects and implications for transport.

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Postprandial administration of intranasal insulin intensifies satiety and reduces intake of palatable snacks in women

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No effect of insulin on glucose blood-brain barrier transport and cerebral metabolism in humans.

Hasselbalch, S. G., Knudsen, G. M., Videbæk, C. S., Pinborg, L. H., Schmidt, J. F., Holm, S., & Paulson, O. B. (1999) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.10.1915 · Cited by 172 · see citing works

Intranasal Insulin to Improve Memory Function in Humans

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Insulin regulates its own delivery to skeletal muscle by feed-forward actions on the vasculature

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A (3H)2-Deoxyglucose Method for Comparing Rates of Glucose Metabolism and Insulin Responses Among Rat Tissues In Vivo: Validation of the Model and the Absence of an Insulin Effect on Brain

Hom, F., Goodner, C. J., & Berrie, M. A. (1984) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.33.2.141 · Cited by 170 · see citing works

Megalin is an endocytic receptor for insulin.

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Low cerebrospinal fluid insulin levels in obese humans

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Genetically obese zucker rats have abnormally low brain insulin content

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Insulin II gene expression in rat central nervous system

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GABAergic Neurogliaform Cells Represent Local Sources of Insulin in the Cerebral Cortex

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Insulin Transport From Plasma Into the Central Nervous System Is Inhibited by Dexamethasone in Dogs

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Nitric oxide directly promotes vascular endothelial insulin transport

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Effect of intravenous glucose and euglycemic insulin infusions on short-term appetite and food intake

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Insulin-producing cells in the brain of adult Drosophila are regulated by the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor

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Insulin Signaling Stimulates Insulin Transport by Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells

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Caveolin-1 is required for vascular endothelial insulin uptake

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The vascular endothelial cell mediates insulin transport into skeletal muscle

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Insulin responses and glucose levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid during fasting and refeeding in the rat

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Evidence against a Physiologic Role for Acute Changes in CNS Insulin Action in the Rapid Regulation of Hepatic Glucose Production

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Reversal of Diet-Induced Obesity Increases Insulin Transport into Cerebrospinal Fluid and Restores Sensitivity to the Anorexic Action of Central Insulin in Male Rats

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Feeding-related immunoreactive insulin changes in the PVN-VMH revealed by microdialysis

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Interaction Between the Central and Peripheral Effects of Insulin in Controlling Hepatic Glucose Metabolism in the Conscious Dog

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Insulin Responses to a Fat Meal in Hypothalamic Microdialysates and Plasma

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Endothelial Cells Actively Concentrate Insulin During its Transendothelial Transport

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The Vascular Contribution to Insulin Resistance: Promise, Proof, and Pitfalls

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The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota–gut–brain communication

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Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health

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A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages

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Alzheimer's disease as type 3 diabetes: common pathophysiological mechanisms between Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes

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Impaired insulin action in the human brain: causes and metabolic consequences

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Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health

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Molecular pathophysiology of impaired glucose metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative DNA damage in Alzheimer's disease brain

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Emerging links between type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease

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Intranasal insulin

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GLP-1 mimetics and cognition.

Yaribeygi, H., Rashidy-Pour, A., Atkin, S. L., Jamialahmadi, T., & Sahebkar, A. (2021) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118645 · Cited by 96 · see citing works

State of the science on brain insulin resistance and cognitive decline due to Alzheimer's disease

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Role of DPP-4 and SGLT2 Inhibitors Connected to Alzheimer Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

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The neuronal insulin receptor in its environment

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Central Nervous Insulin Signaling in Sleep-Associated Memory Formation and Neuroendocrine Regulation

Feld, G. B., Wilhem, I., Benedict, C., Rüdel, B., Klameth, C., Born, J., & Hallschmid, M. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.312 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Metabolic and Cognitive Outcomes of Subchronic Once-Daily Intranasal Insulin Administration in Healthy Men

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The cellularity of ovine adipose tissue

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Peroxynitrite mediates muscle insulin resistance in mice via nitration of IRβ/IRS-1 and Akt

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Saturated fatty acids-induced miR-424–5p aggravates insulin resistance via targeting insulin receptor in hepatocytes

Min, K.-H., Yang, W., & Lee, W. (2018) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.084 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Characteristics of Insulin Receptors and Insulin Action in Human Myelogenous Leukemia Cell Line K-562

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Acute effects of insulin on surface insulin receptors in isolated hepatocytes. Evidence for a recycling pathway

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