Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus
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MELLITUS -Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels.Several pathogenic processes are involved in the development of diabetes.These range from autoimmune destruction of the -cells of the pancreas with consequent insulin deficiency to abnormalities that result in resistance to insulin action.The basis of the abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in diabetes is deficient action of insulin on target tissues.Deficient insulin action results from inadequate insulin secretion and/or diminished tissue responses to insulin at one or more points in the complex pathways of hormone action.Impairment of insulin secretion and defects in insulin action frequently coexist in the same patient, and it is often unclear which abnormality, if either alone, is the primary cause of the hyperglycemia.Symptoms of marked hyperglycemia include polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, sometimes with polyphagia, and blurred vision.Impairment of growth and susceptibility to certain infections may also accompany chronic hyperglycemia.Acute, life-threatening consequences of uncontrolled diabetes are hyperglycemia with ketoacidosis or the nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome.Long-term complications of diabetes include retinopathy with potential loss of vision; nephropathy leading to renal failure; peripheral neuropathy with risk of foot ulcers, amputations, and Charcot joints; and autonomic neuropathy causing gastrointes-The information that follows is based largely on the reports of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes (
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Type 1 diabetes represents 5-10% of all diabetes cases globally.
“T1D accounts for 5–10% of the total cases of diabetes worldwide1”
From Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [1]
As currently defined, GDM includes a subgroup with more severe hyperglycemia similar to that seen in preexisting diabetes that presents special issues concerning management during pregnancy and postpartum follow-up.
“As currently defined (1,2), GDM includes a subgroup with more severe hyperglycemia (similar to that seen in preexisting diabetes) that presents special issues concerning management during pregnancy and postpartum follow-up.”
From International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Recommendations on the Diagnosis and Classification of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy (2010) · cites this paper as [1]
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- Authors
- American Diabetes Association
- Corresponding author
- American Diabetes Association
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2009-01-01
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- Supplement_1
- Pages
- S62-S67
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- PMC
- PMC2613584
- OpenAlex
- W4213092833
- Cited by
- 1,817
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 131 · 2023: 173 · 2022: 199 · 2021: 170 · 2020: 126 · 2019: 104 · 2018: 119 · 2017: 97 · 2016: 77 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 47.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Keywords
- diabetes mellitus, diagnosis, classification, hyperglycemia, insulin secretion, insulin resistance, islet autoimmunity, diabetes complications, diabetic ketoacidosis, retinopathy, kidney disease, peripheral neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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