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2022 National standards for diabetes self-management education and support

Open access
Davis, Jody, Fischl, Amy Hess, Beck, Joni, Browning, Lillian, Carter, Amy, Condon, Jo Ellen, Dennison, Michelle, Francis, Terri +14 more·2022·Diabetes Care
DOI 10.2337/dc21-2396
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Abstract

By the most recent estimates, 34.2 million people in the U.S. have diabetes (1).At the same time, 88 million people are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes.The U.S. also sees an increasing prevalence of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents (2).Thus, more than 122 million Americans are at risk for developing devastating complications associated with chronic hyperglycemia (1).Diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) is a critical element of care for all people with diabetes (PWD)."The purpose of DSMES is to give PWD the knowledge, skills, and confidence to accept responsibility for their self-management.This includes collaborating with their healthcare team, making informed decisions, solving problems, developing personal goals and action plans, and coping with emotions and life stresses" (3).DSMES interventions include activities that support PWD to implement and sustain the self-management behaviors and strategies to improve diabetes and related cardiometabolic conditions and quality of life on an ongoing basis.Despite progress in diabetes treatment modalities, glycemic and cardiometabolic outcomes continue to decline in the U.S. (4).Now, more than ever, the provision of DSMES is a vital component of the full treatment for diabetes.PWD are at risk for distress, life stress, and clinical depression, which can lead to poor health outcomes (5).The National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (hereinafter referred to as the National Standards) encourage the DSMES team to acknowledge and address the emotional burden of living with and managing diabetes-diabetes distress-and to consider the multitude of daily demands and decisions required of PWD, their families, and caregivers (6-9).To further illustrate, PWD generally visit their primary care physician (PCP)/other qualified healthcare professional two to four times per year, where the average appointment lasts 15-20 min and addresses four or more health conditions (10).This equates to the person with diabetes (PWD) spending less than 1% of their life with their healthcare professionals (10).Therefore, diabetes management decisions largely fall on PWD and/or caregivers, further highlighting the importance of increasing access to DSMES services that support ongoing self-management and decision making.The National Standards define timely, evidence-based, quality DSMES services that meet or exceed the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services quality standards.While the acronym DSMES is used in the literature and in current practice, it is important to note that the term diabetes self-management training (DSMT) is exclusively used when describing the Medicare benefit for diabetes self-management.The Medicare benefit for DSMT was established by the Balanced Budget Act (BBA) of 1997 with a final rule (65 FR 83130) published on 29 December 2000, implementing the BBA provisions and DSMT regulations (Title 42 of the Code of Federal Regulation sections 410.140 to 410.146).The DSMT benefit has reimbursement guidelines outside of the National Standards.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The 2022 National Standards update defines evidence-based, person-centered diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) across six standards, emphasizing reduced administrative burden, health equity, and flexible delivery. It reports low DSMES utilization and reaffirms benefits such as A1C reduction.

Key findings

  • DSMES lowers hemoglobin A1C by at least 0.6%, comparable to many diabetes medications but without side effects; greater A1C reductions are associated with more than 10 h of DSMES services.
  • Utilization is low: less than 5% of Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes and 6.8% of privately insured people with diagnosed diabetes have used DSMES services.
  • The revision updates six standards: support for DSMES services; population and service assessment; DSMES team; delivery and design; person-centered DSMES; and measuring/demonstrating outcomes. Referral is recommended at four critical times: diagnosis, annually and/or when not meeting treatment targets, when complicating factors develop, and when transitions in life or care occur.
  • Terminology changed from diabetes educator/CDE to Diabetes Care and Education Specialist/CDCES; technology can support equitable access to DSMES but is not a requirement for delivery.

Methods

  • Consensus revision by key stakeholders and experts approximately every 5 years; the 2021 group reviewed the current National Standards for appropriateness, relevance, and scientific basis and was tasked with reducing administrative burden.
  • Not an empirical study: no sample, data collection, or statistical analysis is reported; the document synthesizes current evidence and expert consensus, with a summary of changes in Supplementary Material 1.
  • The standards are described as applicable across care models, including solo practice, community, large practice, and technology-enabled models.

Limitations

  • The paper does not state a formal limitations section.
  • Evident: it is a consensus/guideline document rather than a systematic review or primary study; recommendations rely on cited evidence and expert consensus, and the paper states that some language is carried over from the 2017 National Standards.
  • Evident: the paper notes that structured DSMES programs do not benefit everyone and that delivery must be person-centered; no empirical testing of the 2022 standards themselves is reported.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2337/dc21-2396

Cites

122 of 122 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 55 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    Culturally tailored services have been shown to be effective in improving diabetes care outcomes.

    “Furthermore, culturally tailored services have been shown to be effective in improving diabetes care outcomes (59,65).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [59] Sinclair, 2020, Implementation outcomes of a culturally adapted diabetes self-management education intervention for Native Hawaiians and Pacific islanders, BMC Public Health source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [65] Funnell, 2005, Implementing an empowerment-based diabetes self-management education program, Diabetes Educ source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Support from sponsor organizations and internal leadership is crucial for the success of DSMES services.

    “Support from the sponsor organizations and internal leadership is crucial for the success of DSMES services.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Powers, 2020, Diabetes self-management education and support in adults with type 2 diabetes: a consensus report of the American Diabetes Association, the Association of Diabetes Care & Education Specialists, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Academy of PAs, the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, and the American Pharmacists Association, Diabetes Care source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation
    § 2022 National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support

    Numerous studies have proven that DSMES improves quality of life.

    “Numerous studies have proven the benefits of DSMES, which include improved clinical outcomes and quality of life, while reducing hospitalizations and healthcare costs (13,(15)(16)(17)(18)(19).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites 13,(15)(16)(17)(18)(19

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation
    § 2022 National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support

    DSMES teams in collaboration with primary care have been shown to be the most effective approach to overcome therapeutic inertia.

    “DSMES teams in collaboration with primary care have been shown to be the most effective approach to overcome therapeutic inertia (20).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Powell, 2021, Strategies for overcoming therapeutic inertia in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabetes Obes Metab source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    The ADCES7 Self-Care Behaviors is an evidence-based framework for diabetes care and education.

    “The ADCES7 Self-Care Behaviors (i.e., healthy coping, healthy eating, being active, taking medication, monitoring, reducing risk, and problem solving) is an evidence-based framework and outline to provide and document diabetes care and education that can be used in conjunction with the chosen curricula (79).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [79] American Association of Diabetes Educators, 2020, An effective model of diabetes care and education: revising the AADE7 Self-Care Behaviors, Diabetes Educ source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. 9
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 9

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 2022 National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support

    People with diabetes are at risk for distress, life stress, and clinical depression, which can lead to poor health outcomes.

    “PWD are at risk for distress, life stress, and clinical depression, which can lead to poor health outcomes (5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Mathiesen, 2018, Psychosocial interventions for reducing diabetes distress in vulnerable people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 2022 National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support

    DSMES services are not limited to fee-for-service billing to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and can utilize other financial models, such as value-based payments and collaboration with commercial payers for sustainability.

    “DSMES services are not limited to fee-for-service billing to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and can utilize other financial models, such as value-based payments and collaboration with commercial payers for sustainability (25,26).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [25] Kitsiou, 2017, Effectiveness of mHealth interventions for patients with diabetes: an overview of systematic reviews, PLoS One source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [26] Greenwood, 2021, A new taxonomy for technology-enabled diabetes self-management interventions: results of an umbrella review, J Diabetes Sci Technol

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 2022 National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support

    In the U.S., less than 5% of Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes and 6.8% of privately insured people with diagnosed diabetes have utilized DSMES services.

    “In the U.S., less than 5% of Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes and 6.8% of privately insured people with diagnosed diabetes have utilized DSMES services (12)(13)(14).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [12] Strawbridge, 2015, Use of Medicare’s diabetes self-management training benefit, Health Educ Behav source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [13] Strawbridge, 2017, One-year outcomes of diabetes self-management training among Medicare beneficiaries newly diagnosed with diabetes, Med Care source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [14] Li, 2014, Diabetes self-management education and training among privately insured persons with newly diagnosed diabetes—United States, 2011-2012, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Process outcomes indicate what a healthcare professional does to maintain or improve health.

    “Process outcomes indicate what a healthcare professional does to maintain or improve health (110).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [110] Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . Type of health care quality measures. Accessed 19 July 2021. Available from https://www.ahrq.gov/talkingquality/measures/types.html

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Addressing elements of social determinants of health are necessary for people with diabetes to achieve optimal self-management and are deemed essential to achieving health equity.

    “For DSMES services, SDOH must also be considered as process measures because addressing elements of SDOH are necessary for the PWD to achieve optimal self-management and are deemed essential to achieving health equity from the individual PWD, program, and population health perspectives (46).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [46] Hill-Briggs, 2020, Social determinants of health and diabetes: a scientific review, Diabetes Care source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Evidence-based examples of quality improvement methods include the Plan-Do-Study-Act model, Six Sigma, Lean, workflow mapping, the Re-AIM framework, and the Chronic Care Model.

    “Evidencebased examples of such methods include the Plan-Do-Study-Act model, Six Sigma, Lean, workflow mapping, the Re-AIM (127) framework, and the Chronic Care Model (128).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [127] RE-AIM – Reach Effectiveness Adoption Implementation Maintenance . Accessed 6 September 2021. Available from https://re-aim.org/

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [128] Stellefson, 2013, The chronic care model and diabetes management in US primary care settings: a systematic review, Prev Chronic Dis source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 2022 National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support

    Engagement in DSMES services lowers hemoglobin A1C by at least 0.6%, as much as many diabetes medications, with no side effects.

    “Engagement in DSMES services lowers hemoglobin A1C (A1C) by at least 0.6%, as much as many diabetes medications-however with no side effects (15).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Chrvala, 2016, Diabetes self-management education for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of the effect on glycemic control, Patient Educ Couns source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Process outcomes provide information to inform what will lead to desired behavioral and clinical outcomes improvement.

    “They provide information to inform what will lead to desired behavioral and clinical outcomes improvement (e.g., attendance at DSMES sessions, medication taking behaviors, or preventive services involvement) (126).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [126] Institute for Healthcare Improvement . Resources: How to improve. Accessed 21 July 2021. Available from https://www.ihi.org/resources/Pages/HowtoImprove/default.aspx

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 2022 National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support

    People with diabetes generally visit their primary care physician or other qualified healthcare professional two to four times per year, with the average appointment lasting 15-20 minutes and addressing four or more health conditions.

    “PWD generally visit their primary care physician (PCP)/other qualified healthcare professional two to four times per year, where the average appointment lasts 15-20 min and addresses four or more health conditions (10).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Berk, 2020, Time to care: primary care visit duration and value-based healthcare, Am J Med source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Family members, caregivers, and peers can be an effective resource for ongoing support but often don't know how to help.

    “Because family members, caregivers, and peers can be an effective resource for ongoing support but often don't know how to help, it can be beneficial to include family members and caregivers throughout the DSMES intervention (3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Powers, 2020, Diabetes self-management education and support in adults with type 2 diabetes: a consensus report of the American Diabetes Association, the Association of Diabetes Care & Education Specialists, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Academy of PAs, the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, and the American Pharmacists Association, Diabetes Care source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The Institute for Healthcare Improvement suggests the Model for Improvement as a framework to guide improvement work.

    “The Institute for Healthcare Improvement suggests the Model for Improvement as a framework to guide improvement work (126).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [126] Institute for Healthcare Improvement . Resources: How to improve. Accessed 21 July 2021. Available from https://www.ihi.org/resources/Pages/HowtoImprove/default.aspx

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 2022 National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support

    The provision of DSMES is a vital component of the full treatment for diabetes.

    “Now, more than ever, the provision of DSMES is a vital component of the full treatment for diabetes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    DSMES is an area well established for healthcare professionals to utilize a robust body of evidence to evaluate outcomes, reduce costs, and decrease health disparities while addressing and reducing health inequities.

    “DSMES is an area well established for healthcare professionals to utilize a robust body of evidence to evaluate outcomes, reduce costs, and decrease health disparities while addressing and reducing health inequities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Implementation science is an emerging and cost-effective way to study real world methods that promote integration of research and evidence into practice and policy.

    “On a final note, implementation science is an emerging and cost-effective way to study real world methods that promote integration of research and evidence into practice and policy (138).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [138] United States Department of Health and Human Services . Implementation science at a glance: a guide for cancer control practitioners. Accessed 15 October 2021. Available from https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/NCI-ISaaG-Workbook.pdf

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The ICC Framework (Identify, Configure, Collaborate) is a framework identified specifically for Diabetes Care and Education Specialists to address inequities and can be used as a practice model to aid in the incorporation of technology into their DSMES services.

    “is the ICC Framework (Identify, Configure, Collaborate) (132, 133).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [132] Greenwood, 2020, A framework for optimizing technology-enabled diabetes and cardiometabolic care and education: the role of the diabetes care and education specialist, Diabetes Educ source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [133] Scalzo, 2021, From the Association of Diabetes Care & Education Specialists: the role of the diabetes care and education specialist as a champion of technology integration, Sci Diabetes Self Manag Care source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention DSMES Technical Assistance Guide and accompanying toolkit provide guidance for planning and implementing activities to increase use of DSMES services and address quality improvement components.

    “The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention DSMES Technical Assistance Guide (129) and accompanying toolkit (130) also provide guidance for planning and implementing activities to increase use of DSMES services and address quality improvement components.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [129] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Diabetes self-management education and support technical assistance guide. Accessed 19 July 2021. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/programs/stateandlocal/resources/dsmes-technical-assistance-guide.html

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [130] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) toolkit. Accessed 21 July 2021. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/dsmes-toolkit/index.html

      Not checked in the free run.

16 of 16

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • In meta-analyses of people with diabetes (type 1 and 2), clinically meaningful HbA1C reductions have been reported for Mediterranean-style vs control diets (difference in HbA1C, −0.39% [95% CI, −0.58% to −0.20%]), the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension vs control diets (difference in HbA1C, −0.53% [95% CI, −0.62% to −0.43%]), and low- vs high-carbohydrate diets (difference in HbA1C at 6 mo, −

    “In meta-analyses of people with diabetes (type 1 and 2), clinically meaningful HbA1C reductions have been reported for Mediterranean-style vs control diets (difference in HbA1C, −0.39% [95% CI, −0.58% to −0.20%]), the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension vs control diets (difference in HbA1C, −0.53% [95% CI, −0.62% to −0.43%]), and low- vs high-carbohydrate diets (difference in HbA1C at 6 mo, −”

    From Diagnosis and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes in Adults (2025) · cites this paper as [25]

    The Conclusions list A1C and healthy eating as outcomes of diabetes self-management education, and the References cite a nutrition-therapy consensus report. Neither passage reports meta-analyses comparing Mediterranean, DASH, or low-carbohydrate diets, or the quoted HbA1C differences. Searches for those diet names and figures found no supporting passage in this paper. (LLM, conf=0.77)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Medicare reimburses diabetes self-management education and support when that service meets the national standards and is recognized by the American Diabetes Association through the Education Recognition Program or Association of Diabetes Care & Education Specialists.

    “Medicare reimburses DSMES when that service meets the national standards (2,43) and is recognized by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) through the Education Recognition Program (professional.diabetes.org/ diabetes-education) or Association of Diabetes Care & Education Specialists (diabeteseducator.org/practice/diabetes- education-accreditation-program).”

    From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:<i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [43]

  • Barriers to equitable access to diabetes self-management education and support may be addressed through telehealth delivery of care and other digital health solutions.

    “Barriers to equitable access to DSMES may be addressed through telehealth delivery of care and other digital health solutions (43).”

    From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:<i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [43]

  • Certification as a diabetes care and education specialist and/or board certification in advanced diabetes management demonstrates an individual's specialized training in and understanding of diabetes management and support.

    “Certification as a DCES (cbdce.org/)and/or board certification in advanced diabetes management (diabeteseducator. org/education/certification/bc_adm) demonstrates an individual's specialized training in and understanding of diabetes management and support (43), and engagement with qualified professionals has been shown to improve disease-related outcomes.”

    From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:<i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [43]

  • Engagement with qualified professionals has been shown to improve disease-related outcomes.

    “Certification as a DCES (cbdce.org/)and/or board certification in advanced diabetes management (diabeteseducator. org/education/certification/bc_adm) demonstrates an individual's specialized training in and understanding of diabetes management and support (43), and engagement with qualified professionals has been shown to improve disease-related outcomes.”

    From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:<i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [43]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

5 of the 127 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Rickert J . Patient-centered care: what it means and how to get there. Health Affairs Blog Accessed 24 January 2012. Available from https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog2012 0124.016506/full/ · DOI

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Authors
Davis, J., Fischl, A. H., Beck, J., Browning, L., Carter, A., Condon, J. E., Dennison, M., Francis, T., Hughes, P. J., Jaime, S., Lau, K. H. K., McArthur, T., McAvoy, K., Magee, M., Newby, O., Ponder, S. W., Quraishi, U., Rawlings, K., Socke, J., Stancil, M., Uelmen, S., & Villalobos, S.
Affiliations
  • Dignity Health (US)
  • University of Chicago Medical Center (US)
  • University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (US)
  • SWLA Center for Health Services, Crowley, LA
  • Eskenazi Health (US)
  • Anne Arundel Medical Center (US)
  • Oklahoma City Indian Clinic, Oklahoma City, OK
  • San Diego City College (US)
  • Samford University (US)
  • 11El Centro Regional Medical Center, El Centro, CA
  • Joslin Diabetes Center (US)
  • 13Cecelia Health, New York, NY
  • Yale New Haven Health System (US)
  • Georgetown University (US)
  • 16The Healthy Living Center Diabetes Education Program, Norfolk, VA
  • Baylor Scott & White Health (US)
  • American Diabetes Association (US)
  • 19Vida Health, San Francisco, CA
  • 20Healthy Interactions, Chicago, IL
  • Prisma Health (US)
  • 22Association of Diabetes Care & Education Specialists, Chicago, IL
  • 23Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL
Corresponding author
Uelmen, Sacha
ORCID
Venue
Diabetes Care
Publisher
American Diabetes Association
Published
2022-01-17
Volume
45
Issue
2
Pages
484-494
ISSN
0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.2337/dc21-2396
OpenAlex
W4205955093
Semantic Scholar
399a456267cb619e77b7fe250e5be7254a786d43
Cited by
191
References
127
Citations by year
2026: 48 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 10
FWCI
5.09
Type
journal article
Language
en
Update notices
correction (2022-03-01)
Open access
Licence
www.diabetesjournals.org/content/license (vor)
Locations
  • Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • American Diabetes Association
  • Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Chronic Disease Management Strategies
Keywords
diabetes self-management education and support, diabetes self-management education, Medicare benefits, quality standards, diabetes distress, patient-centered care, patient engagement, patient decision-making, patient-centered medical home, patient-centered care model
MeSH terms
Self-Management, Diabetes Mellitus, Educational Status, Humans, Self Care, Health Behavior

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