Plasma glucose and insulin response to macronutrients in nondiabetic and NIDDM subjects

Nuttall, Frank Q; Gannon, Mary C

doi:10.2337/diacare.14.9.824

Cited by 152Diabetes Management and ResearchDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsDiet, Metabolism, and Disease

Plasma glucose and insulin response to macronutrients in nondiabetic and NIDDM subjects

Nuttall, Frank Q, Gannon, Mary C·1991·Diabetes Care

DOI 10.2337/diacare.14.9.824

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Abstract

Information on the metabolic response in people with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) to ingested individual macronutrients is limited. Available information is reviewed herein. The major absorbed products of carbohydrate-containing foods are glucose, fructose, and galactose. The quantitative effect of these on the plasma glucose and insulin response is different for each. In addition, available data indicate that the glucose and particularly the insulin response is different from that in nondiabetic people. The quantitative effect of dietary proteins and fats on the circulating glucose and insulin concentrations in nondiabetic and NIDDM subjects also has been reviewed. Neither has a significant effect on the glucose concentration. Protein stimulates insulin secretion, and this is relatively more prominent in people with NIDDM. A strong synergistic interaction with glucose on insulin secretion is present, but this is absent in nondiabetic people. Ingested fat does not independently stimulate insulin secretion. However, when ingested with carbohydrate, it may have a considerable effect on the plasma glucose and/or insulin response to that carbohydrate, and the responses are different in nondiabetic and NIDDM subjects. This is probably not due to altered carbohydrate absorption. Intestinal hormones undoubtedly are playing a large role in the insulin secretory response in all of these studies, but this remains to be completely elucidated. Overall, the data indicate that the metabolic response to various foods determined in people with NIDDM may be different than that in nondiabetic people. In our opinion, much more information is required before dietary recommendations for NIDDM subjects can be made based on solid scientific data.

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Dietary protein affects insulin secretion.
“In addition, dietary protein affects insulin secretion (53) and satiety (54).”
From A Lower-Carbohydrate, Higher-Fat Diet Reduces Abdominal and Intermuscular Fat and Increases Insulin Sensitivity in Adults at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes (2015) · cites this paper as [53]

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Authors: Nuttall, F. Q., & Gannon, M. C.
Affiliations: University of Minnesota (US)
ORCID: Gannon, Mary C
Venue: Diabetes Care
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Published: 1991-09-01
Volume: 14
Issue: 9
Pages: 824-838
ISSN: 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
1935-5548
DOI: 10.2337/diacare.14.9.824
OpenAlex: W1977145711
Cited by: 152
References: 82
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 2.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
Keywords: type 2 diabetes, plasma glucose response, insulin secretion, macronutrients, carbohydrate digestion, fructose, galactose, dietary protein, dietary fat, intestinal hormones
MeSH terms: Insulin Secretion, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Dietary Proteins, Humans, Insulin, Models, Biological, Reference Values

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Plasma glucose and insulin response to macronutrients in nondiabetic and NIDDM subjects

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