Cited by 133Diabetes Management and ResearchClinical Laboratory Practices and Quality ControlDiabetes Management and Education

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Rapid Changes in Postprandial Blood Glucose Produce Concentration Differences at Finger, Forearm, and Thigh Sampling Sites

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Ellison, John M., Stegmann, Janet M., Colner, Sandra L., Michael, Ragui H., Sharma, Manoj K., Ervin, Kenneth R., Horwitz, David L.·2002·Diabetes Care

DOI 10.2337/diacare.25.6.961

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE—To compare pre- and postmeal capillary blood glucose concentrations measured at the finger, forearm, and thigh in adults with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—For phase 1, capillary blood glucose concentrations were measured at six time points (premeal and at ∼60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min postmeal) using a blood glucose monitoring system and technician-obtained samples collected from finger, forearm, and thigh sites of 42 adults with diabetes. The finger samples were also tested with a laboratory instrument. For phase 2, ∼14 weeks later, the testing procedures were repeated with 38 subjects from the original study population. RESULTS—Meter finger results were accurate at all time points. Alternate sites tended to produce lower glucose readings compared to finger readings at times when glucose was increasing rapidly (60 and 90 min postmeal). Forearm-to-finger differences correlated with rates of glucose change (r = 0.56, P < 0.001), as did the thigh-to-finger differences (r = 0.52, P < 0.001). Other factors, such as subject age, BMI, diabetes type, and insulin dependence did not have a significant impact on site differences. When the testing procedures were repeated with the same subjects, the pattern of site differences was consistent, although individual results were variable. CONCLUSIONS—Changes in blood glucose immediately after a meal may be identified at finger sites before detection at forearm or thigh sites. Alternate site testing appears to be a useful option for routine self-monitoring before meals; however, patients and clinicians should recognize that results may be different from fingertip results when glucose levels are changing rapidly.

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Authors: Ellison, J. M., Stegmann, J. M., Colner, S. L., Michael, R. H., Sharma, M. K., Ervin, K. R., & Horwitz, D. L.
Affiliations: LifeScan, Milpitas, California
ORCID: Horwitz, David L.
Venue: Diabetes Care
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Published: 2002-06-01
Volume: 25
Issue: 6
Pages: 961-964
ISSN: 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
1935-5548
DOI: 10.2337/diacare.25.6.961
OpenAlex: W2154078343
Semantic Scholar: e98ef81443d8253dc4e47cf37f2bfa46dd424c26
Cited by: 133
References: 12
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 8.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: American Diabetes Association
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Medical Laboratory Technology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
Keywords: postprandial blood glucose, capillary blood glucose, forearm, thigh, self-monitoring of blood glucose, meter accuracy, diabetes mellitus
MeSH terms: Adult, Blood Glucose, Blood Specimen Collection, Capillaries, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Fingers, Forearm, Humans, Leg, Male, Middle Aged, Regression Analysis, Time Factors, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Reproducibility of Results, Postprandial Period

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Rapid Changes in Postprandial Blood Glucose Produce Concentration Differences at Finger, Forearm, and Thigh Sampling Sites

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