Cited by 2,395Traumatic Brain Injury ResearchCognitive Functions and MemoryTraumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances

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Paced Auditory Serial-Addition Task: A Measure of Recovery from Concussion

Gronwall, D. M. A.·1977·Perceptual and Motor Skills

DOI 10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.367

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Abstract

The need for a measure of severity of concussion apart from duration of post-traumatic amnesia is examined. The paced auditory serial-addition test, a measure of rate of information processing, is presented as a convenient test for estimating individual performance during recovery. Procedures for administration and control data are given, and the programme used for managing the rehabilitation of concussion patients described.

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DELAYED RECOVERY OF INTELLECTUAL FUNCTION AFTER MINOR HEAD INJURY
Gronwall, D., & Wrightson, P. (1974) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91939-4 · Cited by 539
Self-citation
CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF CONCUSSION
Gronwall, D., & Wrightson, P. (1975) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(75)90288-3 · Cited by 394
Self-citation
The psychological effects of concussion
Gronwall, D., & Sampson, H. (1974) · Cited by 289
Self-citation
The Psychological Effects of Concussion
Walsh, K. W. (1975) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1975.tb106128.x · Cited by 287
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Hf, L., Linderoth, B., & Norlin, B. (1974) · PubMed · Cited by 109
Mental Sequelæ of Head Injury
Miller, H. (1966) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/003591576605900327 · Cited by 40
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Russell, W. R. (1966) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/003591576605900329 · Cited by 17
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Sampson, H. (1961) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049536108256002 · Cited by 7
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Landy, P. J. B. (1968) · PubMed · Cited by 5

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Cairns H., 1942, Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 35, 299
Gronwall D. M. A. Concussion; does intelligence help? N.Z. Psychol., 1976, in press. (a).
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“Attention/working memory was assessed by the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) (37); executive functions were assessed with the interference part of the Stroop Color-Word (C-W) test (38) and phonemic verbal fluency test (FAS); verbal memory functions were assessed with the California Verbal Learning Test (CV…”
Method
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Schlienz, N. J., Spindle, T. R., Cone, E. J., Herrmann, E. S., Bigelow, G. E., Mitchell, J. M., Flegel, R. R., LoDico, C., & Vandrey, R. G. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107969 · Cited by 99
“The Paced Serial Addition Task (PASAT; Herrmann et al., 2015, a computerized adaptation of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (Gronwall, 1977) was administered to assess working memory.”
Method
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Stegen, S., Stepanov, I. I., Cookfair, D. L., Schwartz, E. S., Hojnacki, D. W., Weinstock‐Guttman, B., & Benedict, R. H. B. (2009) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854040903266910 · Cited by 100
“The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) was also administered to assess auditory/verbal working memory (Gronwall, 1977).”
Method
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Sonder, J. M., Burggraaff, J., Knol, D. L., Polman, C. H., & Uitdehaag, B. M. J. (2013) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458513501570 · Cited by 99
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“One of the most commonly used measures of cognitive functioning in MS is the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), which taps into sustained and divided attention and working memory in addition to speed of information processing speed (Gronwall, 1977).”
Method
An Exploratory Human Laboratory Experiment Evaluating Vaporized Cannabis in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain From Spinal Cord Injury and Disease
Wilsey, B. L., Marcotte, T. D., Deutsch, R., Zhao, H. H., Prasad, H., & Phan, A. T. (2016) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2016.05.010 · Cited by 101
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“In this task, participants viewed a series of single digit numbers and tried to select the sum of the two numbers that were most recently presented on the screen (Gronwall, 1977).”
Background
MS Functional Composite
Kalkers, N. F., de Groot, V., Lazeron, R. H. C., Killestein, J., Adèr, H. J., Barkhof, F., Lankhorst, G. J., & Polman, C. H. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.54.6.1233 · Cited by 98
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Neal, T. M. S., Slobogin, C., Saks, M. J., Faigman, D. L., & Geisinger, K. F. (2019) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1177/1529100619888860 · Cited by 115
“Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test PASAT 1 0 Gronwall (1977)”
Method
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Randall, D. C., Viswanath, A., Bharania, P., Elsabagh, S., Hartley, D. E., Shneerson, J. M., & File, S. E. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000155816.21467.25 · Cited by 97
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Jacobson, R. R. (1995) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(95)00006-5 · Cited by 97
Working memory impairments in multiple sclerosis: Evidence from a dual-task paradigm.
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“Performance on this measure relies heavily on speed of information processing (Gronwall, 1977),”
BackgroundMethod
Cognition in Novice Ecstasy Users With Minimal Exposure to Other Drugs
Schilt, T., de Win, M. M. L., Koeter, M. W. J., Jager, G., Korf, D. J., van den Brink, W., & Schmand, B. A. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.6.728 · Cited by 101
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Kenny, J. T., Friedman, L., Findling, R. L., Swales, T. P., Strauss, M. E., Jesberger, J. A., & Schulz, S. C. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.11.1613 · Cited by 97
Diffusion-weighted imaging predicts cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis
Benedict, R. H. B., Bruce, J. M., Dwyer, M. G., Weinstock‐Guttman, B., Tjoa, C., Tavazzi, E., Munschauer, F. E., & Zivadinov, R. (2007) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458507075592 · Cited by 97
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Ghaffar, O., McCullagh, S., Ouchterlony, D., & Feinstein, A. (2006) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.07.018 · Cited by 100
“This test is a visual analogue of the paced auditory serial addition task [35].”
Method
African Americans show alterations in endogenous pain regulatory mechanisms and reduced pain tolerance to experimental pain procedures
Mechlin, M. B., Maixner, W., Light, K. C., Fisher, J. M., & Girdler, S. S. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000188466.14546.68 · Cited by 96
Validity of the Virtual Reality Stroop Task (VRST) in active duty military
Armstrong, C. M., Reger, G. M., Edwards, J., Rizzo, A., Courtney, C. G., & Parsons, T. D. (2012) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2012.740002 · Cited by 105
“The battery of neurocognitive tests included the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) version of the Color–Word Interference Test (Delis, Kramer, & Kaplan, 2001), the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT; Gronwall, 1977), the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics–Fourth Edition, TBI Battery…”
MethodInfluential
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Cadden, M. H., & Arnett, P. A. (2015) · International Journal of MS Care · doi:10.7224/1537-2073.2014-057 · Cited by 96
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Holdwick, D. J., & Wingenfeld, S. A. (1999) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/14.3.273 · Cited by 98
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Seidman, L. J., Doyle, A., Fried, R., Valera, E., Crum, K., & Matthews, L. (2004) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2003.12.005 · Cited by 95
“The tests that may turn out to be very useful include measures of inhibition such as the Stop-Signal test [18] and the multi-source interference test [120], tests of working memory such as the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test [121] and the Delayed Occulomotor Response Task [77], and problem-solving tasks such as To…”
Neuropsychological recovery in patients with moderate to severe head injury: 2 year follow-up
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“A total of 17 subtasks from eight neurocognitive tests (Delis, Kramer, Kaplan, & Ober, 1987; Gronwall, 1977; Heaton, Chelune, Talley, Kay, & Curtiss, 1993; Wechsler, 1981) were selected from a broader test battery.”
Method
Menstrual cycle and premenstrual syndrome: Modifiers of cardiovascular reactivity in women.
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Computer-based cognitive training for executive functions after stroke: a systematic review.
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“One particular working memory and attention measure (i.e., Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test; PASAT (Gronwall, 1977)) showed training eﬀects in all three studies that included this task as an outcome measure (Gray et al., 1992; Westerberg et al., 2007; Lundqvist et al., 2010).”
Method
Risky decision making assessed with the gambling task in adults with HIV.
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“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript Table 2 Neurocognitive Test Performance in HIV− and HIV+ Groups Cognitive domain/test HIV− HIV+ p Attention and executive ability Digit Span Backward 05.0 (00.4) 04.4 (00.2) NS Simple Reaction Time 247.6 (18.0) 299.0 (10.9) .02 Stroop…”
MethodInfluential
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“Cognitively impaired MS patients who participated in cognitive rehabilitation programs reportedly showed: (a) increased ICA-coherence in cognition-related networks, which corresponded to improved neuropsychological performance, less severe depression, and better quality of life (120), (b) increased FC of the ACC and r…”
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“…is a collection of previously published tests that includes the Rao (1991a, 1991b) adaptation of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) (Gronwall, 1977), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) (Smith, 1982), the California Verbal Learning Test second edition (CVLT-II) (Delis, Kaplan, &…”
Method
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“(1998b) have provided an equation which uses NART and age to estimate premorbid scores on the PASAT (Gronwall, 1977), a measure that is sensitive to the presence of attentional dysfunction following head injury (McMillan & Glucksman, 1987).”
Cognitive Rehabilitation for Military Service Members With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Clinical Trial
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‘Importance sampling’ in MS: Use of diffusion tensor tractography to quantify pathology related to specific impairment
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Neuropsychological deficits in multiple sclerosis after acute relapse
Foong, J., Rozewicz, L., Quaghebeur, G., Thompson, A. J., Miller, D. H., & Ron, M. A. (1998) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.64.4.529 · Cited by 92
Memory in multiple sclerosis: Contextual encoding deficits
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Authors: Gronwall, D. M. A.
Affiliations: Auckland City Hospital (NZ)
Corresponding author: Gronwall, D. M. A.
Venue: Perceptual and Motor Skills
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1977-04
Volume: 44
Issue: 2
Pages: 367-373
ISSN: 0031-5125 (ISSN-L)
1558-688X
DOI: 10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.367
OpenAlex: W2000399989
Cited by: 2,395
References: 10
Citations by year: 2026: 50 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 89 · 2016: 95 · 2015: 97 · 2014: 111 · 2013: 96 · 2012: 103
FWCI: 0.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Perceptual and Motor Skills (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
Keywords: concussion, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, concussion recovery, processing speed, post-traumatic amnesia, concussion severity, concussion rehabilitation, neuropsychological assessment
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Auditory Perception, Brain Concussion, Cognition, Convalescence, Humans, Mathematics, Middle Aged, Occupational Therapy, Psychological Tests, Time Factors

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Paced Auditory Serial-Addition Task: A Measure of Recovery from Concussion

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