Cited by 2,395Traumatic Brain Injury ResearchCognitive Functions and MemoryTraumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances

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Paced Auditory Serial-Addition Task: A Measure of Recovery from Concussion

Gronwall, D. M. A.·1977·Perceptual and Motor Skills

DOI 10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.367

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Abstract

The need for a measure of severity of concussion apart from duration of post-traumatic amnesia is examined. The paced auditory serial-addition test, a measure of rate of information processing, is presented as a convenient test for estimating individual performance during recovery. Procedures for administration and control data are given, and the programme used for managing the rehabilitation of concussion patients described.

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DELAYED RECOVERY OF INTELLECTUAL FUNCTION AFTER MINOR HEAD INJURY
Gronwall, D., & Wrightson, P. (1974) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91939-4 · Cited by 539
Self-citation
CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF CONCUSSION
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Self-citation
The psychological effects of concussion
Gronwall, D., & Sampson, H. (1974) · Cited by 289
Self-citation
The Psychological Effects of Concussion
Walsh, K. W. (1975) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1975.tb106128.x · Cited by 287
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Hf, L., Linderoth, B., & Norlin, B. (1974) · PubMed · Cited by 109
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Miller, H. (1966) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/003591576605900327 · Cited by 40
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Russell, W. R. (1966) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/003591576605900329 · Cited by 17
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Sampson, H. (1961) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049536108256002 · Cited by 7
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Landy, P. J. B. (1968) · PubMed · Cited by 5

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Cairns H., 1942, Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 35, 299
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McDuff, S. G. R., Taich, Z. J., Lawson, J. D., Sanghvi, P. R., Wong, E. T., Barker, F. G., Hochberg, F. H., Loeffler, J. S., Warnke, P. C., Murphy, K. T., et al. (2013) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2013-305166 · Cited by 127
What speech can tell us: A systematic review of dysarthria characteristics in Multiple Sclerosis
Noffs, G., Perera, T., Kolbe, S., Shanahan, C. J., Boonstra, F. M. C., Evans, A. H., Butzkueven, H., van der Walt, A., & Vogel, A. P. (2018) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2018.06.010 · Cited by 127
Cognitive effects of modafinil in student volunteers may depend on IQ
Randall, D. C., Shneerson, J. M., & File, S. E. (2005) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2005.07.019 · Cited by 127
“Randall et al. (2005) also used the following tasks: Reaction Time, Pattern Recognition Memory and Spatial Working Memory (all sub-tests of CANTAB), Symbol Copying (Kornetsky et al., 1959), Digit Symbol Substitution Test and Digit Span (sub-tests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised; Wechsler, 1981), Digit…”
Factors Predicting Return to Work Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Discriminant Analysis
Drake, A., Gray, N., Yoder, S., Pramuka, M., & Llewellyn, M. (2000) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00001199-200010000-00004 · Cited by 127
Which Memory Processes are Affected in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea? An Evaluation of 3 Types of Memory
Naëgelé, B., Launois, S. H., Mazza, S., Feuerstein, C., Pépin, J., & Levy, P. A. (2006) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/29.4.533 · Cited by 124
Inhibitory Changes After Age 60 and Their Relationship to Measures of Attention and Memory
Persad, C. C., Abeles, N., Zacks, R. T., & Denburg, N. L. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/57.3.p223 · Cited by 126
“— A recorded tape presented a string of numbers at predetermined intervals, and the task was to add each number to the number that was presented just before it, saying the total out loud (Gronwall, 1977; Lezak, 1995).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a 5-year clinical and MR study
Ingle, G. T. (2003) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awg261 · Cited by 127
“The following clinical measures were obtained at single visits at baseline, years 1, 2 and 5: Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) (Kurtzke, 1983), timed 10 m walk, nine hole peg test (Goodkin et al., 1988) and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, 3 s version (PASAT 3) (Gronwall, 1977).”
BackgroundMethod
The 50 and 100-Item Short Forms of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT): Demographically Corrected Norms and Comparisons with the Full PASAT in Normal and Clinical Samples
Diehr, M. C., Cherner, M., Wolfson, T. J., Miller, S. W., Grant, I., Heaton, R. K., & Ce, T. H. N. R. (2003) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.25.4.571.13876 · Cited by 126
Cognitive and motor functioning in patients with multiple sclerosis: Neuropsychological predictors of walking speed and falls
D’Orio, V. L., Foley, F. W., Armentano, F., Picone, M. A., Kim, S., & Holtzer, R. (2012) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2012.02.003 · Cited by 125
“Neuropsychological testing data included the specified measures from the following tests, all of which have been described in detail in prior publications and are reported to be valid and reliable measures of different cognitive capacities inMS: the total immediate recall on the first five trials of the second edition…”
Method
Cerebral Activation Patterns During Working Memory Performance in Multiple Sclerosis Using fMRI
Chiaravalloti, N. D., Hillary, F. G., Ricker, J. H., Christodoulou, C., Kalnin, A., Liu, W.-C., Steffener, J., & DeLuca, J. (2005) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/138033990513609 · Cited by 125
“Impairment in working memory was defined as performance on the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT; Gronwall, 1977), falling two or more standard deviations below the mean of healthy controls in published normative data.”
Method
The association between cognitive impairment and quality of life in patients with early multiple sclerosis
Glanz, B. I., Healy, B. C., Rintell, D. J., Jaffin, S. K., Bakshi, R., & Weiner, H. L. (2010) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2009.11.004 · Cited by 124
Biphasic patterns of memory deficits following moderate-dose partial-brain irradiation: neuropsychologic outcome and proposed mechanisms.
Armstrong, C. L., Ruffer, J. E., Corn, B. W., DeVries, K., & Mollman, J. E. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.1995.13.9.2263 · Cited by 124
Persisting effects of minor head injury observable during hypoxic stress
Ewing, R., McCarthy, D., Gronwall, D., & Wrightson, P. (1980) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688638008403789 · Cited by 124
Self-citation
Behavioral assessment of impulsivity in pathological gamblers with and without substance use disorder histories versus healthy controls
Ledgerwood, D. M., Alessi, S. M., Phoenix, N., & Petry, N. M. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.06.011 · Cited by 123
“The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT; Brown et al., 2002; Gronwall, 1977) is a mental arithmetic task presented in three levels of increasing duration and difficulty and was used as a distress tolerance task.”
Working Memory Failures in Children with Arithmetical Difficulties
Passolunghi, M. C., & Cornoldi, C. (2008) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040701566662 · Cited by 123
“The patient had a memory span of three digits, but a normal ability to solve auditorily presented multidigit addition and subtraction problems and to execute the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (Gronwall, 1977).”
Background
Headaches among Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom veterans with mild traumatic brain injury associated with exposures to explosions
Ruff, R. L. (2008) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2008.02.0028 · Cited by 125
“tracking were assessed with the Stroop Color Name and Color Word Tests [30–31] and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test [32–33].”
Method
Neuropsychiatric diagnosis and management of chronic sequelae of war-related mild to moderate traumatic brain injury
Halbauer, J. D., Ashford, J. W., Zeitzer, J. M., Adamson, M. M., Lew, H. L., & Yesavage, J. A. (2009) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2008.08.0119 · Cited by 130
““Divided Attention” test: Trail Making Test, parts A and B [82], RT Dual Task [83–84], Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task or PASAT (modified from Gronwall and Sampson [85–88]).”
Method
A prospective examination of distress tolerance and early smoking lapse in adult self-quitters
Brown, R. A., Lejuez, C. W., Strong, D. R., Kahler, C. W., Zvolensky, M. J., Carpenter, L. L., Niaura, R., & Price, L. H. (2009) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp041 · Cited by 158
Cognitive rehabilitation group intervention for breast cancer survivors: results of a randomized clinical trial
Ercoli, L. M., Petersen, L., Hunter, A. M., Castellon, S. A., Kwan, L. C., Kahn-Mills, B. A., Embree, L. M., Cernin, P. A., Leuchter, A. F., & Ganz, P. A. (2015) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3769 · Cited by 122
“The assessment battery included the Brief Visual Memory TestRevised[19], the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) [20], verbal fluency tests [21], the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, [22], and Trail Making Tests [23].”
Method
Driving with distraction in Parkinson disease
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Neurostimulation as an intervention for treatment resistant depression: From research on mechanisms towards targeted neurocognitive strategies
Raedt, R. D., Vanderhasselt, M., & Baeken, C. (2014) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.10.006 · Cited by 135
Biological correlates of intimate partner violence perpetration
Pinto, L. A., Sullivan, E. L., Rosenbaum, A., Wyngarden, N., Umhau, J. C., Miller, M. W., & Taft, C. T. (2010) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2010.07.001 · Cited by 137
“ences were found on the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT; Gronwall, 1977), the TMT Part B (Reitan, 1958), and the Stroop”
Method
The winner takes it all: The effect of in-game success and need satisfaction on mood repair and enjoyment
Rieger, D., Wulf, T., Kneer, J., Frischlich, L., & Bente, G. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.037 · Cited by 139
“Yet, we induced frustration via the PASAT (Gronwall, 1977), which is – due to its stressful speed and irresolvability – likely to affect primarily the mood dimension of anger, which is characterized by a high arousal and a negative valence (Russell, 2003).”
BackgroundMethod
The cognitive effects of opioids
Ersek, M. T., Cherrier, M. M., Overman, S. S., & Irving, G. A. (2004) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2003.11.002 · Cited by 120
Examination of the Construct Validity of Impact™ Computerized Test, Traditional, and Experimental Neuropsychological Measures
Maerlender, A., Flashman, L. A., Kessler, A., Kumbhani, S. R., Greenwald, R., Tosteson, T. D., & McAllister, T. W. (2010) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2010.516072 · Cited by 120
Relationship of lesion location to cognitive outcome following microelectrode-guided pallidotomy for Parkinson's disease: Support for the existence of cognitive circuits in the human pallidum
Lombardi, W. J. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.4.746 · Cited by 120
Multiple sclerosis: Empirical literature for the clinical health psychologist
Mohr, D. C., & Cox, D. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.1042 · Cited by 176
Multiple white matter tract abnormalities underlie cognitive impairment in RRMS
Yu, H. J., Christodoulou, C., Bhise, V. V., Greenblatt, D., Patel, Y., Serafin, D., Maletić‐Savatić, M., Krupp, L., & Wagshul, M. E. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.053 · Cited by 124
Disordered eating behaviour is associated with blunted cortisol and cardiovascular reactions to acute psychological stress
Ginty, A. T., Phillips, A. C., Higgs, S., Heaney, J. L. J., & Carroll, D. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.004 · Cited by 118
“There was no significant difference between performance on the PASAT ( p = .78).”
MethodInfluential
Effects of age and IQ on paced auditory serial addition task (PASAT) performance
Brittain, J. L., Marche, J. A. L., Reeder, K. P., Roth, D. L., & Boll, T. J. (1991) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854049108403300 · Cited by 119
Information provision for people with multiple sclerosis
Köpke, S., Solari, A., Khan, F., Heesen, C., & Giordano, A. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008757.pub2 · Cited by 118
Divided attention impairments after traumatic brain injury
Park, N. W., Moscovitch, M., & Robertson, I. H. (1999) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(99)00034-2 · Cited by 122
“One task is the paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT), [16,44], an important clinical test, which has been shown to chart recovery [18], and to predict return to work [6] following a head injury.”
Background
Somatic Malingering on the MMPI and MMPI-2 in Personal Injury Litigants
Larrabee, G. J. (1998) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1076/clin.12.2.179.2008 · Cited by 118
Predicting employment status in multiple sclerosis patients: the utility of the MS functional composite
Honarmand, K., Akbar, N., Kou, N., & Feinstein, A. (2010) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-010-5736-8 · Cited by 117
The influence of cognitive control training on stress reactivity and rumination in response to a lab stressor and naturalistic stress
Hoorelbeke, K., Koster, E. H. W., Vanderhasselt, M., Callewaert, S., & Demeyer, I. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.03.010 · Cited by 130

Authors: Gronwall, D. M. A.
Affiliations: Auckland City Hospital (NZ)
Corresponding author: Gronwall, D. M. A.
Venue: Perceptual and Motor Skills
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1977-04
Volume: 44
Issue: 2
Pages: 367-373
ISSN: 0031-5125 (ISSN-L)
1558-688X
DOI: 10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.367
OpenAlex: W2000399989
Cited by: 2,395
References: 10
Citations by year: 2026: 50 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 89 · 2016: 95 · 2015: 97 · 2014: 111 · 2013: 96 · 2012: 103
FWCI: 0.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Perceptual and Motor Skills (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
Keywords: concussion, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, concussion recovery, processing speed, post-traumatic amnesia, concussion severity, concussion rehabilitation, neuropsychological assessment
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Auditory Perception, Brain Concussion, Cognition, Convalescence, Humans, Mathematics, Middle Aged, Occupational Therapy, Psychological Tests, Time Factors

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Paced Auditory Serial-Addition Task: A Measure of Recovery from Concussion

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