Cited by 2,395Traumatic Brain Injury ResearchCognitive Functions and MemoryTraumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Paced Auditory Serial-Addition Task: A Measure of Recovery from Concussion

Gronwall, D. M. A.·1977·Perceptual and Motor Skills

DOI 10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.367

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Abstract

The need for a measure of severity of concussion apart from duration of post-traumatic amnesia is examined. The paced auditory serial-addition test, a measure of rate of information processing, is presented as a convenient test for estimating individual performance during recovery. Procedures for administration and control data are given, and the programme used for managing the rehabilitation of concussion patients described.

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Crossref · 10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.367

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DELAYED RECOVERY OF INTELLECTUAL FUNCTION AFTER MINOR HEAD INJURY
Gronwall, D., & Wrightson, P. (1974) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91939-4 · Cited by 539
Self-citation
CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF CONCUSSION
Gronwall, D., & Wrightson, P. (1975) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(75)90288-3 · Cited by 394
Self-citation
The psychological effects of concussion
Gronwall, D., & Sampson, H. (1974) · Cited by 289
Self-citation
The Psychological Effects of Concussion
Walsh, K. W. (1975) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1975.tb106128.x · Cited by 287
Causes of the post-concussional syndrome.
Hf, L., Linderoth, B., & Norlin, B. (1974) · PubMed · Cited by 109
Mental Sequelæ of Head Injury
Miller, H. (1966) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/003591576605900327 · Cited by 40
Mental Sequelæ of Head Injury
Russell, W. R. (1966) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/003591576605900329 · Cited by 17
Effcts of practice on paced performance
Sampson, H. (1961) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049536108256002 · Cited by 7
The post-traumatic syndrome in closed head injuries accident neurosis.
Landy, P. J. B. (1968) · PubMed · Cited by 5

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Cairns H., 1942, Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 35, 299
Gronwall D. M. A. Concussion; does intelligence help? N.Z. Psychol., 1976, in press. (a).
Gronwall D. M. A. Performance changes during recovery from closed head injury. Proc. Austral. Assn Neurol., 1976, in press. (b).
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“Gronwall DMA (1977).”
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Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: Effects on Cardiac Vagal Control and Craving Under Stress
Carroll, H. A., & Lustyk, M. K. B. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0791-1 · Cited by 35
Within session practice effects on the PASAT in clients with multiple sclerosis
Barker-Collo, S. L. (2004) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2004.03.007 · Cited by 35
“While these changes in raw score performances indicate similar practice effects to those reported for other neurologically impaired samples, comparisons indicate that those with MS cannot be considered similar to normal controls (i.e.,Gronwall, 1977).”
MethodResultInfluential
Post-concussion syndrome and the coping hypothesis
Marsh, N. V., & Smith, M. (1995) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699059509008214 · Cited by 35
A Paradigm Shift in Memory Rehabilitation
Mateer, C. A., & Sohlberg, M. M. (1988) · Springer series in neuropsychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8751-0_8 · Cited by 36
The Cerebral Cost of Breathing: An fMRI Case-Study in Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome
Sharman, M., Galléa, C., Lehongre, K., Damien Galanaud, E., Nicolas, N., Similowski, T., Cohen, L., Straus, C., & Naccache, L. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107850 · Cited by 34
“The patient was tested with the 3 seconds version of the PASAT test [37] used to probe working memory and sustained executive attention (for a recent review see [38]).”
Method
White matter tract abnormalities are associated with cognitive dysfunction in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
Meijer, K., Muhlert, N., Cercignani, M., Sethi, V., Ron, M., Thompson, A., Miller, D. H., Chard, D., Geurts, J., & Ciccarelli, O. (2016) · Multiple Sclerosis · doi:10.1177/1352458515622694 · Cited by 35
Cognitive Fatigue, Sleep and Cortical Activity in Multiple Sclerosis Disease. A Behavioral, Polysomnographic and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Investigation
Borragán, G., Gilson, M., Atas, A., Slama, H., Lysandropoulos, A. P., Schepper, M. D., & Peigneux, P. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00378 · Cited by 35
“Furthermore, to improve signal quality, noisy channels were automatically detected and removed from the analysis using an automated algorithm based on correlation analysis (Guerrero-Mosquera et al., 2016).”
Method
Perceived social support mediates the association between attachment and cardiovascular reactivity in young adults
McMahon, G., Creaven, A., & Gallagher, S. M. (2019) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13496 · Cited by 34
“An adapted version of the Trier Social Stress Task (Kirschbaum et al., 1993) which incorporated a maths task (the paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT; Gronwall, 1977) and a speech task was used within the current study to elicit stress responses.”
Method
Recognition of Blinks Activity Patterns during Stress Conditions Using CNN and Markovian Analysis
Korda, A. I., Giannakakis, G. A., Ventouras, E.-C., Asvestas, P. A., Smyrnis, N., Kostas Marias, A., & Matsopoulos, G. K. (2021) · Signals · doi:10.3390/signals2010006 · Cited by 34
“A second mental task used was the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) [11], which is a neuropsychological test with arithmetic operations for assessing attentional processing.”
Method
Disruption of caudate working memory activation in chronic blast-related traumatic brain injury
Newsome, M. R., Durgerian, S., Mourany, L., Scheibel, R. S., Lowe, M. J., Beall, E. B., Koenig, K. A., Parsons, M. W., Troyanskaya, M., Reece, C., et al. (2015) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2015.04.024 · Cited by 38
“Within the blast group, higher postconcussive symptom severity scores were related to decreasedmetabolism in the posterior cingulate cortex, while poorer performance on the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (Gronwall, 1977), a task involving sustained attention, cognitive processing speed, and workingmemory, was ass…”
Background
Impairments in fine-motor coordination and speed of information processing predict declines in everyday functioning in hepatitis C infection
Vigil, O., Posada, C., Woods, S. P., Atkinson, J. H., Heaton, R. K., Perry, W., Hassanein, T., Grant, I., Letendre, S. L., & Ce, T. H. N. R. (2008) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390701802354 · Cited by 34
Complex Cognitive Disruption in Motor Neuron Disease
Moretti, R., Torre, P., Antonello, R. M., Carraro, N., Cazzato, G., & Bava, A. (2002) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000063600 · Cited by 34
Validity of the minimal assessment of cognitive function in multiple sclerosis (MACFIMS) in the Italian population
Migliore, S., Ghazaryan, A., Simonelli, I., Pasqualetti, P., Landi, D., Palmieri, M. G., Moffa, F., Rinaldi, P., Vernieri, F., & Filippi, M. M. (2016) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-016-2578-x · Cited by 34
Fitness training for cardiorespiratory conditioning after traumatic brain injury
Hassett, L. M., Moseley, A. M., Tate, R. L., & Harmer, A. R. (2008) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006123.pub2 · Cited by 34
The relationship between sexual abuse and mild traumatic brain injury
Raskin, S. A. (1997) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/026990597123287 · Cited by 34
Treatment of Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis
Pierson, S. H., & Griffith, N. M. (2006) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/2006/545860 · Cited by 34
“In a Cuban study, Interferonalpha2b recombinant improved cognitive impairment in relapsing remitting MS. Subjects were treated and followed for 2 years and performance was measured on the Luria, WAIS, Benton, and PASAT-3.”
BackgroundInfluential
Disaster‐related posttraumatic stress symptoms and sustained attention: Evaluation of depressive symptomatology and sleep disturbances as mediators
Meewisse, M., Nijdam, M. J., de Vries, G., Gersons, B. P. R., Kleber, R. J., van der Velden, P. G., Roskam, A.-J. R., Christiaanse, B., Drogendijk, A. N., & Olff, M. (2005) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20037 · Cited by 34
“tention and speed of processing, the Dutch version of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT; Aarnoudse, Van den Burg, & Saan, 1995; Gronwall, 1977) was used.”
Cognitive impairment in heart failure with Cheyne-Stokes respiration
Staniforth, A., Kinnear, W. J. M., & Cowley, A. J. (2001) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heart.85.1.18 · Cited by 34
“The rate of information processing and level of attention were assessed using the two second and four second paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT).”
Method
Effects of Stress on Economic Decision-Making: Evidence from Laboratory ExperimentsPreprint
Delaney, L. D., Fink, G., & Harmon, C. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2420705 · Cited by 34
“Subjects were exposed to three principal tasks: A color STROOP test (Jensen & Rohwer, 1966), the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) (Gronwall 1977) and a series of forward and backward digit span tests (Humstone (1919), Schroeder et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethod
Attention to emotional information is associated with cytokine responses to psychological stress.
Maydych, V., Claus, M., Watzl, C., & Kleinsorge, T. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00687 · Cited by 33
“In the high-stress condition, the PASAT was applied (Gronwall, 1977).”
Method
Problematic Internet Use, Excessive Alcohol Consumption, Their Comorbidity and Cardiovascular and Cortisol Reactions to Acute Psychological Stress in a Student Population
Bibbey, A., Phillips, A., Ginty, A., & Carroll, D. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.4.2015.006 · Cited by 15
“For the cardiovascular measures, averages of each period were calculated; baseline, stress (combined average of Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test and Speech), and recovery.”
MethodInfluential
Allocation of Attentional Resources toward a Secondary Cognitive Task Leads to Compromised Ankle Proprioceptive Performance in Healthy Young Adults
Yasuda, K., Sato, Y., Iimura, N., & Iwata, H. (2014) · Rehabilitation Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2014/170304 · Cited by 33
“The cognitive task was a computerized version of the auditory serial subtraction task (ASST), in which participants were instructed to continuously subtract a selected number from a randomly selected two-digit number [13, 19].”
Method
Effect of type of cue, type of response, time delay and two different ongoing tasks on prospective memory functioning after acquired brain injury
Raskin, S. A., Buckheit, C., & Waxman, A. R. (2011) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2011.632908 · Cited by 32
“The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT; Gronwall, 1977) was used as a measure of working memory.”
Obstructive sleep apnea
Hoth, K. F., Zimmerman, M. E., Meschede, K., Arnedt, J. T., & Aloia, M. S. (2012) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-012-0769-0 · Cited by 33
“Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT [12]) A measure of attention, vigilance, and complex mental manipulation.”
Method
An initial validation of the Virtual Reality Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test in a college sample
Parsons, T. D., & Courtney, C. G. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.10.006 · Cited by 33
Disengagement from tasks as a function of cognitive load and depressive symptom severity
Bowie, C. R., Milanovic, M., Tran, T. B., & Cassidy, S. (2016) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2016.1267617 · Cited by 40
“The PASAT (Gronwall, 1977) is a test of verbal (auditory) working memory.”
Background
The Rationale for Monitoring Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis: Practical Issues for Clinicians
Bakirtzis, C., Ioannidis, P., Messinis, L., Nasios, G., Konstantinopoulou, E., Papathanasopoulos, P., & Grigoriadis, N. (2018) · The Open Neurology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874205x01812010031 · Cited by 35
“PASAT’s practice effects limit its use in longitudinal monitoring [50].”
Method
Neuropsychological Testing
Stebbins, G. T. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-141603618-0.10027-x · Cited by 33
The effect of computer-based cognitive flexibility training on recovery of executive function after stroke: rationale, design and methods of the TAPASS study
van de Ven, R. M., Schmand, B. A., Groet, E., Veltman, D. J., & Murre, J. M. J. (2015) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-015-0397-y · Cited by 36
Relationship of cognitive impairment to psychiatric symptoms in multiple sclerosis
Figved, N., Benedict, R. H. B., Klevan, G., Myhr, K.-M., Nyland, H., Landrø, N., Jp, L., & Aarsland, D. (2008) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458508092262 · Cited by 33
“These subjects also exhibited impaired performance on PASAT and SDMT and had more intrusions, although the performance on the memory scores did not differ significantly (Table 1).”
MethodInfluential
Daytime Functioning in Primary Insomnia: Does Attentional Focus Contribute to Real or Perceived Impairment?
Semler, C. N., & Harvey, A. G. (2006) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15402010bsm0402_2 · Cited by 32
“Part 2 involved the administration of the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWA; Benton & Hemsher, 1989; Spreen & Strauss, 1991), the digit span subscale of the WAIS–III (Wechsler, 1997), the 30-min recall trial of the CFT, the recall and recognition trials for Lists A and B of the AVLT, and the Paced Auditory S…”
Method
Semantic fluency and executive functions as candidate endophenotypes for the early diagnosis of schizophrenia in Han Chinese
Hu, M., Chen, J., Li, L., Zheng, Y., Wang, J., Guo, X., Wu, R., & Zhao, J. (2011) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2011.07.037 · Cited by 33
Magnetic resonance imaging correlates of clinical outcomes in early multiple sclerosis
Maghzi, A., Revirajan, N., Julian, L. J., Spain, R., Mowry, E. M., Liu, S., Jin, C., Green, A., McCulloch, C. E., Pelletier, D., et al. (2014) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2014.07.003 · Cited by 33
“(Brochet, Deloire, 2008, Drake, Weinstock-Guttman, 2010, Gronwall, 1977, Huijbregts et al. , 2004, Tombaugh, 2006) Moreover, SDMT has a better predictive validity, correlates well with EDSS changes, and baseline BPF correlates with changes of SDMT over 5 years.”
Background
Reliability of a cognitive endpoint for use in a multiple sclerosis pharmaceutical trial
Erlanger, D. M., Kaushik, T., Caruso, L. S., Benedict, R. H. B., Foley, F., Wilken, J. A., Cadavid, D., & DeLuca, J. (2014) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2014.03.009 · Cited by 33
“First developed by Gronwall to assess patients recovering from concussion [39], the PASAT requires patients to monitor a series of 61”
The effect of a paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT) intervention on the profile of volatile organic compounds in human breath: a pilot study
Turner, M. A., Bandelow, S., Edwards, L., Patel, P., Martin, H. J., Wilson, I. D., & Thomas, C. L. P. (2013) · Journal of Breath Research · doi:10.1088/1752-7155/7/1/017102 · Cited by 33
Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate improves processing speed and memory in cognitively impaired MS patients: a phase II study
Morrow, S. A., Smerbeck, A., Patrick, K., Cookfair, D., Weinstock-Guttman, B., & Benedict, R. H. B. (2013) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-012-6663-7 · Cited by 40
Demographically Adjusted Normative Standards for New Indices of Performance on the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT)
Gonzalez, R., Grant, I., Miller, S. W., Taylor, M. J., Schweinsburg, B. C., Carey, C. L., Woods, S. P., Norman, M. A., Rippeth, J. D., Martin, E. M., et al. (2006) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854040590967559 · Cited by 25
“The original version presents the same series of 61 pseudorandom numbers for each of the four trial blocks (Gronwall & Wrightson, 1974; Gronwall, 1977).”
BackgroundMethod
The Effect of Duloxetine Treatment on Cognition in Patients With Fibromyalgia
Mohs, R., Mease, P., Arnold, L. M., Wang, F., Ahl, J., Gaynor, P. J., & Wohlreich, M. M. (2012) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31825b9855 · Cited by 23
“Others have assessed concentration and memory using the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (28) and found lower performance in patients with fibromyalgia as compared with healthy individuals (26,29), and one study found no impairment (21).”
Method

Authors: Gronwall, D. M. A.
Affiliations: Auckland City Hospital (NZ)
Corresponding author: Gronwall, D. M. A.
Venue: Perceptual and Motor Skills
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1977-04
Volume: 44
Issue: 2
Pages: 367-373
ISSN: 0031-5125 (ISSN-L)
1558-688X
DOI: 10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.367
OpenAlex: W2000399989
Cited by: 2,395
References: 10
Citations by year: 2026: 50 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 89 · 2016: 95 · 2015: 97 · 2014: 111 · 2013: 96 · 2012: 103
FWCI: 0.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Perceptual and Motor Skills (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
Keywords: concussion, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, concussion recovery, processing speed, post-traumatic amnesia, concussion severity, concussion rehabilitation, neuropsychological assessment
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Auditory Perception, Brain Concussion, Cognition, Convalescence, Humans, Mathematics, Middle Aged, Occupational Therapy, Psychological Tests, Time Factors

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Paced Auditory Serial-Addition Task: A Measure of Recovery from Concussion

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