Cited by 2,395Traumatic Brain Injury ResearchCognitive Functions and MemoryTraumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances

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Paced Auditory Serial-Addition Task: A Measure of Recovery from Concussion

Gronwall, D. M. A.·1977·Perceptual and Motor Skills

DOI 10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.367

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Abstract

The need for a measure of severity of concussion apart from duration of post-traumatic amnesia is examined. The paced auditory serial-addition test, a measure of rate of information processing, is presented as a convenient test for estimating individual performance during recovery. Procedures for administration and control data are given, and the programme used for managing the rehabilitation of concussion patients described.

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Crossref · 10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.367

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DELAYED RECOVERY OF INTELLECTUAL FUNCTION AFTER MINOR HEAD INJURY
Gronwall, D., & Wrightson, P. (1974) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91939-4 · Cited by 539
Self-citation
CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF CONCUSSION
Gronwall, D., & Wrightson, P. (1975) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(75)90288-3 · Cited by 394
Self-citation
The psychological effects of concussion
Gronwall, D., & Sampson, H. (1974) · Cited by 289
Self-citation
The Psychological Effects of Concussion
Walsh, K. W. (1975) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1975.tb106128.x · Cited by 287
Causes of the post-concussional syndrome.
Hf, L., Linderoth, B., & Norlin, B. (1974) · PubMed · Cited by 109
Mental Sequelæ of Head Injury
Miller, H. (1966) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/003591576605900327 · Cited by 40
Mental Sequelæ of Head Injury
Russell, W. R. (1966) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/003591576605900329 · Cited by 17
Effcts of practice on paced performance
Sampson, H. (1961) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049536108256002 · Cited by 7
The post-traumatic syndrome in closed head injuries accident neurosis.
Landy, P. J. B. (1968) · PubMed · Cited by 5

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Cairns H., 1942, Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 35, 299
Gronwall D. M. A. Concussion; does intelligence help? N.Z. Psychol., 1976, in press. (a).
Gronwall D. M. A. Performance changes during recovery from closed head injury. Proc. Austral. Assn Neurol., 1976, in press. (b).
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Lidvall H. F., 1974, Acta Neurol. Scand., 50

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“One of the most widely used measures of PS in MS is the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT; Gronwall, 1977).”
Method
Methylphenidate and Memory and Attention Adaptation Training for Persistent Cognitive Symptoms after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
McDonald, B. C., Flashman, L. A., Arciniegas, D. B., Ferguson, R. J., Xing, L., Harezlak, J., Sprehn, G. C., Hammond, F. M., Maerlender, A., Kruck, C. L., et al. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.261 · Cited by 67
“ABT, Attention Builders Training; BLT, Brown Location Test; CVLT, California Verbal Learning Test-II; MAAT, Memory and Attention Adaptation Training; MPH, methylphenidate; PASAT, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test.”
Influential
Impairment of social cognition in multiple sclerosis: Amygdala atrophy is the main predictor
Batista, S., d’Almeida, O. C., Afonso, A., Freitas, S., Macário, C., Sousa, L., Castelo-Branco, M. S., Santana, I. J., & Cunha, L. (2016) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458516680750 · Cited by 66
Neural Activation Patterns During Working Memory Tasks and OSA Disease Severity: Preliminary Findings
Archbold, K. H., Borghesani, P. R., Mahurin, R. K., Kapur, V. K., & Landis, C. A. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.27388 · Cited by 66
Cognitive correlates of 1H MRSI–detected hippocampal abnormalities in temporal lobe epilepsy
Martin, R. C., Sawrie, S. M., Hugg, J. W., Gilliam, F. G., Faught, E., & Kuzniecky, R. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.53.9.2052 · Cited by 67
Working Memory Training in College Students With ADHD or LD
Gropper, R. J., Gotlieb, H., Kronitz, R., & Tannock, R. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054713516490 · Cited by 67
“WM = working memory; LD = learning disabilities; ES = effect size; CANTAB = Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery (Fray, Robbins, & Sahakian, 1996); WAIS-IV= Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Fourth Edition (Wechsler, 2008); PASAT = Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (Gronwall, 1977).”
Method
Predicting neuropsychological abnormalities in multiple sclerosis
Benedict, R. H. B., & Zivadinov, R. (2006) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2005.05.020 · Cited by 73
“As the sample was smaller, there was less statistical power—only PASAT, SDMT and BDI-FS were significantly correlated with self-report MSNQ. Correlations between cognitive tests and informant-report MSNQs were very similar to baseline results.”
White Matter Microstructure and Cognition in Non-neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Filley, C. M., Kozora, E., Brown, M. S., Miller, D. E., West, S. G., Arciniegas, D. B., Grimm, A., & Zhang, L. (2009) · Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology · doi:10.1097/wnn.0b013e318190d174 · Cited by 66
Memory impairments in posttraumatic stress disorder are related to depression
Johnsen, G. E., Kanagaratnam, P., & Asbjørnsen, A. E. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.04.007 · Cited by 67
Advancing theory and application of cognitive research in sport: Using representative tasks to explain and predict skilled anticipation, decision-making, and option-generation behavior
Belling, P. K., Suss, J., & Ward, P. (2014) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.08.001 · Cited by 66
“Meanwhile, the developm ent of situational representations of the type described b y LTWM theory may provide the best explanation for skilled performance during assessment-phase decision making . Accordingly, in this part of the experiment, we e xamined skilled and less-skilled soccer players’ performanc e on an optio…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Acupuncture for Treatment of Insomnia in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury
Zollman, F. S., Larson, E. B., Wasek-Throm, L. K., Cyborski, C. M., & Bode, R. K. (2011) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0b013e3182051397 · Cited by 66
Household Everyday Functioning in the Internet Age: Online Shopping and Banking Skills Are Affected in HIV−Associated Neurocognitive Disorders
Woods, S. P., Iudicello, J. E., Morgan, E. E., Verduzco, M., Smith, T. V., & Cushman, C. (2017) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617717000431 · Cited by 65
“com); (3) Attention/Working Memory: PASAT-50 (Gronwall, 1977) and the one-back (accuracy) and two-back (accuracy) subtests from the CogState; (4) Learning: Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) Total 1-3 (Brandt & Benedict, 2001), Brief Visuospatial Memory Test – Revised (BVMT-R) Total 1–3 (Benedict, 1997), an…”
Method
Technological aids for the rehabilitation of memory and executive functioning in children and adolescents with acquired brain injury
Linden, M., Hawley, C., Blackwood, B., Evans, J. J., Anderson, V. A., & O’Rourke, C. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011020.pub2 · Cited by 65
Influence of Cognitive Function on Speech and Articulation Rate in Multiple Sclerosis
Rodgers, J. D., Tjaden, K., Feenaughty, L., Weinstock‐Guttman, B., & Benedict, R. H. B. (2012) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617712001166 · Cited by 65
“An information processing speed composite, as measured by the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), was the strongest predictor among cognitive tests.”
MethodInfluential
A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Voxel-Based Morphometry Study of Regional Gray Matter Atrophy in Patients With Benign Multiple Sclerosis
Mesaroš, Š., Rovaris, M., Pagani, E., Pulizzi, A., Caputo, D., Ghezzi, A., Bertolotto, A., Capra, R., Falautano, M., Martinelli, V., et al. (2008) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.65.9.1223 · Cited by 65
Paced Visual Serial Addition Test: An Alternative Measure of Information Processing Speed
Fos, L. A., Greve, K. W., South, M. B., Mathias, C. W., & Benefield, H. (2000) · Applied Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15324826an0703_4 · Cited by 65
“Key words: PVSAT, PASAT, assessment, attention, traumatic brain injury The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT; Gronwall, 1977; Gronwall & Sampson, 1974) is valued as a measure of working memory and information processing speed (Gronwall, 1977; Gronwall & Sampson, 1974; Lezak, 1995) and has proven particularly…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Social Support, Social Intimacy, and Cardiovascular Reactions to Acute Psychological Stress
Phillips, A. C., Gallagher, S. M., & Carroll, D. (2009) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-008-9077-0 · Cited by 66
The Buffer Effect of Therapy Dog Exposure on Stress Reactivity in Undergraduate Students
Fiocco, A. J., & Hunse, A. M. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14070707 · Cited by 70
“Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) [31].”
Method
Course of attention and memory after common whiplash: a two-years prospective study with age, education and gender pair-matched patients
Stefano, G. D., & Radanov, B. P. (1995) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1995.tb07019.x · Cited by 64
A Deficit for Arithmetical Procedures: Lack of Knowledge or Lack of Monitoring?
Semenza, C., Miceli, L., & Girelli, L. (1997) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70231-4 · Cited by 65
Short term Memory Impairment and Arithmetical Ability
Butterworth, B. L., Cipolotti, L., & Warrington, E. K. (1996) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/713755603 · Cited by 65
“Analysis of his calculation skills revealed a normal ability to so lve aud itorily presented multid igit addition and subtraction problems such as 173 + 68 and to execute the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (Sampson, 1956, 1958; Gronwall, 1977).”
Method
Remediation of attentional difficulties following brain injury: three experimental single case studies
Gray, J. M., & Robertson, I. H. (1989) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699058909004548 · Cited by 65
Cognitive correlates of supratentorial atrophy on MRI in multiple sclerosis
Edwards, S. G. M., Liu, C., & Blumhardt, L. D. (2001) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0404.2001.00270.x · Cited by 64
Research on cognitive complaints and cognitive functioning in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): What conclusions can we draw?
Wearden, A. J., & Appleby, L. (1996) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(96)00131-6 · Cited by 65
Randomized clinical trial of melatonin after night-shift work: Efficacy and neuropsychologic effects
Wright, S. W., Lawrence, L. M., Wrenn, K. D., Haynes, M. L., Welch, L. W., & Schlack, H. M. (1998) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(98)70010-1 · Cited by 64
Neuropsychological Assessment of Driving Capacity
Wolfe, P. L., & Lehockey, K. A. (2016) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acw050 · Cited by 68
“The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT; Gronwall, 1977) comprised the cognitive distraction task.”
Functional outcomes, functional capacity, and cognitive impairment in schizotypal personality disorder
McClure, M. M., Harvey, P. D., Bowie, C. R., Iacoviello, B. M., & Siever, L. J. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.12.012 · Cited by 64
“The PASAT is a test of auditory verbal working memory that has been well described and validated in general (Gronwall, 1977; Stuss et al., 1988), and in this population (Mitropoulou et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethod
Social identity influences stress appraisals and cardiovascular reactions to acute stress exposure
Gallagher, S. M., Meaney, S., & Muldoon, O. T. (2013) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12056 · Cited by 72
“The PASAT has been shown in numerous studies to consistently perturb the cardiovascular system (e.g. Phillips et al. 2009, van Zanten et al. 2009) and to demonstrate good test-retest reliability (Willemsen et al. 1998).”
Influential
The effects of cognitive abilities on driving in people with Parkinson's disease
Radford, K., Lincoln, N. B., & Lennox, G. G. (2003) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638280310001629633 · Cited by 64
Multimodal exercise training in multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial in persons with substantial mobility disability
Sandroff, B. M., Bollaert, R. E., Pilutti, L. A., Peterson, M. L., Baynard, T., Fernhall, B., McAuley, E., & Motl, R. W. (2017) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2017.07.016 · Cited by 64
Cognitive Flexibility Training: A Large-Scale Multimodal Adaptive Active-Control Intervention Study in Healthy Older Adults
Buitenweg, J. I. V., van de Ven, R. M., Prinssen, S., Murre, J. M. J., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00529 · Cited by 68
“As an outcome measure, we calculated the mean percentage correct of both versions (Gronwall, 1977).”
Method
Information provision for people with multiple sclerosis
Köpke, S., Solari, A., Rahn, A. C., Khan, F., Heesen, C., & Giordano, A. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008757.pub3 · Cited by 67
Memory, mood and measurement in hypothyroidism
Mennemeier, M., Garner, R. D., & Heilman, K. M. (1993) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688639308402598 · Cited by 64
Changes of the MS functional composite and EDSS during and after treatment of relapses with methylprednisolone in patients with multiple sclerosis
Patzold, T., Schwengelbeck, M., Ossege, L. M., Malin, J. P., & Sindern, E. (2002) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0404.2002.1o135.x · Cited by 64
“The T25W (7, 8), the 9HPT (9) and the PASAT (3 min version) (10, 11) were administered as described previously (3, 15).”
Method

Authors: Gronwall, D. M. A.
Affiliations: Auckland City Hospital (NZ)
Corresponding author: Gronwall, D. M. A.
Venue: Perceptual and Motor Skills
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1977-04
Volume: 44
Issue: 2
Pages: 367-373
ISSN: 0031-5125 (ISSN-L)
1558-688X
DOI: 10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.367
OpenAlex: W2000399989
Cited by: 2,395
References: 10
Citations by year: 2026: 50 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 89 · 2016: 95 · 2015: 97 · 2014: 111 · 2013: 96 · 2012: 103
FWCI: 0.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Perceptual and Motor Skills (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
Keywords: concussion, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, concussion recovery, processing speed, post-traumatic amnesia, concussion severity, concussion rehabilitation, neuropsychological assessment
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Auditory Perception, Brain Concussion, Cognition, Convalescence, Humans, Mathematics, Middle Aged, Occupational Therapy, Psychological Tests, Time Factors

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Paced Auditory Serial-Addition Task: A Measure of Recovery from Concussion

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