Cited by 2,395Traumatic Brain Injury ResearchCognitive Functions and MemoryTraumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances

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Paced Auditory Serial-Addition Task: A Measure of Recovery from Concussion

Gronwall, D. M. A.·1977·Perceptual and Motor Skills

DOI 10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.367

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Abstract

The need for a measure of severity of concussion apart from duration of post-traumatic amnesia is examined. The paced auditory serial-addition test, a measure of rate of information processing, is presented as a convenient test for estimating individual performance during recovery. Procedures for administration and control data are given, and the programme used for managing the rehabilitation of concussion patients described.

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DELAYED RECOVERY OF INTELLECTUAL FUNCTION AFTER MINOR HEAD INJURY
Gronwall, D., & Wrightson, P. (1974) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91939-4 · Cited by 539
Self-citation
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Self-citation
The psychological effects of concussion
Gronwall, D., & Sampson, H. (1974) · Cited by 289
Self-citation
The Psychological Effects of Concussion
Walsh, K. W. (1975) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1975.tb106128.x · Cited by 287
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Miller, H. (1966) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/003591576605900327 · Cited by 40
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Russell, W. R. (1966) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/003591576605900329 · Cited by 17
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Sampson, H. (1961) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049536108256002 · Cited by 7
The post-traumatic syndrome in closed head injuries accident neurosis.
Landy, P. J. B. (1968) · PubMed · Cited by 5

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Cairns H., 1942, Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 35, 299
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“…procedure consisting of seven sub-tests that result in a summary score, and additionally with the speci®c Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite Scale (MSFC; Fischer et al., 1999), with the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT; Gronwall and Sampson, 1974; Gronwall, 1977) as an integral part.”
Method
Evaluation of Attention Process Training and Brain Injury Education in Persons with Acquired Brain Injury
Sohlberg, M. M., McLaughlin, K. A., Pavese, A., Heidrich, A., & Posner, M. I. (2000) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/1380-3395(200010)22:5;1-9;ft656 · Cited by 326
“…following completion of each experimental condition: (1) Trail Making Test (Reitan & Wolfson, 1985); (2) Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT; Gronwall, 1977); (3) Gordon Diagnostic Vigilance and Distraction (Gordon, 1986); (4) Controlled Oral Word Association Task (COWAT; Benton & Hamsher,…”
Method
The validity of d prime as a working memory index: Results from the “Bergen n -back task”
Haatveit, B. C., Sundet, K. S., Hugdahl, K., Ueland, T., Melle, I. S., & Andreassen, O. A. (2010) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803391003596421 · Cited by 328
“monitoring recovery after traumatic brain injury (Gronwall, 1977) and the n-back task for localizing brain regions responsible for working memory processing in functional neuroimaging studies (Callicott et al.”
Method
The cognition battery of the NIH toolbox for assessment of neurological and behavioral function: validation in an adult sample
Weintraub, S., Dikmen, S. S., Heaton, R. K., Tulsky, D. S., Zelazo, P. D., Slotkin, J., Carlozzi, N. E., Bauer, P. J., Wallner-Allen, K., Fox, N., et al. (2014) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617714000320 · Cited by 342
“Gronwall, D.M. (1977). Paced auditory serial-addition task: A measure of recovery from concussion.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Long-term neuropsychological outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury
Vanderploeg, R. D., Curtiss, G., & Belanger, H. G. (2005) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617705050289 · Cited by 329
“All participants completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, of which the following scores were used in the current study: (1) preenlistment (GTT-pre) and current (GTT-current) scores of the General Technical Test (Montague et al., 1957); (2) dominant hand Grooved Pegboard Test (Matthews & Klove, 1964) perfo…”
MethodInfluential
Basal ganglia, thalamus and neocortical atrophy predicting slowed cognitive processing in multiple sclerosis
Batista, S., Zivadinov, R., Hoogs, M., Bergsland, N., Heininen‐Brown, M., Dwyer, M. G., Weinstock‐Guttman, B., & Benedict, R. H. B. (2011) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-011-6147-1 · Cited by 308
“Auditory and visual IPS was assessed using the gold standard Rao adaptations [20] of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) [21] and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) [22], respectively.”
Method
Neocortical atrophy, third ventricular width, and cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis.
Benedict, R., Bruce, J. M., Dwyer, M., Abdelrahman, N., Hussein, S., Weinstock-Guttman, B., Garg, N., Munschauer, F., & Zivadinov, R. (2006) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.63.9.1301 · Cited by 323
VIII. NIH toolbox cognition battery (CB): composite scores of crystallized, fluid, and overall cognition
Akshoomoff, N., Beaumont, J. L., Bauer, P. J., Dikmen, S. S., Gershon, R. C., Mungas, D., Slotkin, J., Tulsky, D., Weintraub, S., Zelazo, P. D., et al. (2013) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/mono.12038 · Cited by 299
“…& Kaplan, 2001) Color-Word Interference score, an average of total learning scores from the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (Benedict, 1997) and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (Rey, 1964), and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (Gronwall, 1977; first channel only).”
The Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests: normative values allow application in multiple sclerosis clinical practice
Boringa, J., Lazeron, R. H. C., Reuling, I. E. W., Adèr, H. J., Pfennings, L. E. M. A., Lindeboom, J., de Sonneville, L. M. J., Kalkers, N. F., & Polman, C. H. (2001) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/135245850100700409 · Cited by 297
Gray and white matter brain atrophy and neuropsychological impairment in multiple sclerosis
Sanfilipo, M., Benedict, R., Weinstock-Guttman, B., & Bakshi, R. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000201238.93586.d9 · Cited by 305
Neuropsychological functioning in adolescent marijuana users: Subtle deficits detectable after a month of abstinence
Lisdahl, K. M., Hanson, K. L., Schweinsburg, A. D., Cohen‐Zion, M., Nagel, B. J., & Tapert, S. F. (2007) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617707071032 · Cited by 307
“As indicated in Table 2, this approach resulted in eight composite scores: (1) Psychomotor Speed: ) Digit Symbol total score, Arithmetic total score, and Digit Span backwards score; and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) 2-second trial total score (Gronwall, 1974).”
Method
Effects of changes in hemoglobin level on quality of life and cognitive function in inflammatory bowel disease patients
Wells, C., Lewis, S., Barton, R. J., & Corbett, S. S. (2006) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1097/01.mib.0000196646.64615.db · Cited by 287
Untitled work
(2000) · doi:10.1002/1531-8249(200012)48:6
Memory and information processing capacity after closed head injury.
Gronwall, D., & Wrightson, P. (1981) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.44.10.889 · Cited by 286
Self-citation
Effect of Cognitive Rehabilitation on Outcomes for Persons with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review
Carney, N., Chesnut, R. M., Maynard, H., Mann, N. C., Patterson, P., & Helfand, M. (1999) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00001199-199906000-00008 · Cited by 282
Changes in attention and information-processing speed following severe traumatic brain injury: A meta-analytic review.
Mathias, J. L., & Wheaton, P. (2007) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.21.2.212 · Cited by 308
Brain metabolite changes in cortical grey and normal-appearing white matter in clinically early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
Chard, D., Griffin, C., McLean, M., Kapeller, P., Kapoor, R., Thompson, A., & Miller, D. (2002) · Brain : a journal of neurology · doi:10.1093/brain/awf240 · Cited by 288
Alterations in the Functional Anatomy of Working Memory in Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Schweitzer, J. B., Faber, T. L., Grafton, S. T., Tune, L. E., Hoffman, J. M., & Kilts, C. D. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.2.278 · Cited by 276
Efficacy of Inhaled Cannabis on Painful Diabetic Neuropathy
Wallace, M. S., Marcotte, T. D., Umlauf, A., Gouaux, B., & Atkinson, J. H. (2015) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.03.008 · Cited by 276
“Attention, working memory, and information processing speedweremeasured using the PacedAuditory Serial Attention Test (PASAT).(25) In this test, a set of randomized digits was serially presented via tape recording.”
Method
Cognitive control interventions for depression: A systematic review of findings from training studies
Koster, E. H. W., Hoorelbeke, K., Onraedt, T., Owens, M., & Derakshan, N. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.02.002 · Cited by 289
Neuropsychological effects of bilateral STN stimulation in Parkinson disease
Smeding, H. M. M., Speelman, J. D., Koning-Haanstra, M., Schuurman, P. R., Nijssen, P. C. G., van Laar, T., & Schmand, B. A. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000234881.77830.66 · Cited by 278
Compensatory cortical activation observed by fMRI during a cognitive task at the earliest stage of multiple sclerosis
Audoin, B., Ibarrola, D., Ranjeva, J., Sylviane Confort-gouny, A., Irina Malikova, A., Ali‐Chérif, A., Pelletier, J., & Cozzone, P. J. (2003) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.10128 · Cited by 265
“, 2002], a visual entry version of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) [Gronwall, 1977].”
Method
Factors related to employment status changes in individuals with multiple sclerosis
Smith, M., & Arnett, P. A. (2005) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/1352458505ms1204oa · Cited by 269
Psychometrics and normative data for the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite: replacing the PASAT with the Symbol Digit Modalities Test
Drake, A. S., Weinstock‐Guttman, B., Morrow, S., Hojnacki, D. W., Munschauer, F. E., & Benedict, R. (2009) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458509354552 · Cited by 264
Efficacy, safety and tolerability of an orally administered cannabis extract in the treatment of spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study
Vaney, C., Heinzel‐Gutenbrunner, M., Jobin, P., Tschopp, F., Gattlen, B., Hagen, U., Schnelle, M., & Reif, M. (2004) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/1352458504ms1048oa · Cited by 266
Guidelines for Neuropsychological Research in Multiple Sclerosis
Peyser, J. M., Rao, S. M., LaRocca, N. G., & Kaplan, E. (1990) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1990.00530010120030 · Cited by 263
Reliable screening for neuropsychological impairment in multiple sclerosis
Benedict, R. H. B., Cox, D., Thompson, L. L., Foley, F., Weinstock‐Guttman, B., & Munschauer, F. E. (2004) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/1352458504ms1098oa · Cited by 261
Is neuropsychological testing useful in the management of sport-related concussion?
RANDOLPH, C. C., McCrea, M., & Barr, W. (2005) · PubMed Central · Cited by 258
Concentration and Memory Deficits in Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Grace, G. M., Nielson, W. R., Hopkins, M., & Berg, M. A. (1999) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.21.4.477.876 · Cited by 267
“Paced Auditory Serial Additions Test (PASAT; Gronwall, 1977) This is a serial-addition test of sustained auditory concentration sensitive to information-processing deficits.”
Method
Guidelines for Return to Contact Sports After a Cerebral Concussion
Cantu, R. C. (1986) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1986.11709197 · Cited by 254
Word retrieval in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Abrahams, S., Goldstein, L. H., Simmons, A., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S., Giampietro, V., & Leigh, P. N. (2004) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh170 · Cited by 251
“In addition a variation of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT; Gronwall, 1977) was administered, which assesses speed of information processing.”
Method
Guanfacine treatment of comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Tourette's syndrome: preliminary clinical experience
CHAPPELL, P. B., RIDDLE, M. A., SCAHILL, L., LYNCH, K. A., SCHULTZ, R., ARNSTEN, A., LECKMAN, J. F., & COHEN, D. J. (1995) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199509000-00010 · Cited by 250
The social psychology of responses to trauma: social identity pathways associated with divergent traumatic responses
Muldoon, O. T., Haslam, S. A., Haslam, C., Cruwys, T., Kearns, M. L., & Jetten, J. (2019) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2020.1711628 · Cited by 286
“Thus Gallagher, Meaney, and Muldoon (2014) found that communication from an ingroup member that the Trier Stress Test (Gronwall, 1977) was “challenging” rather than “stressful”, led to reduced perceptions of stress, cardiac reactivity, and better cognitive performance (N = 104; see also Häusser,…”
Background
Cogmed working memory training: Does the evidence support the claims?
Shipstead, Z., Hicks, K. L., & Engle, R. W. (2012) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2012.06.003 · Cited by 249
Evaluating elements of executive functioning as predictors of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)
JEFFERSON, A., PAUL, R., OZONOFF, A., & COHEN, R. (2006) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2006.03.007 · Cited by 248
Structural brain abnormalities in multiple sclerosis patients with major depression
Feinstein, A., Roy, P., Lobaugh, N., Feinstein, K., O’Connor, P., & Black, S. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000110316.12086.0c · Cited by 294
Cognitive effects of one season of head impacts in a cohort of collegiate contact sport athletes
McAllister, T. W., Flashman, L. A., Maerlender, A., Greenwald, R. M., Beckwith, J. G., Tosteson, T. D., Crisco, J. J., Brolinson, P. G., Duma, S. M., Duhaime, A.-C., et al. (2012) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182582fe7 · Cited by 245
“Sum rotational acceleration, rads/s2, mean (SD) 22,795 (34,230) 79,683 (90,382) 836,796 (763,168)”
Does working memory training generalize?
Shipstead, Z., Redick, T. S., & Engle, R. W. (2010) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb-50-3-4-245 · Cited by 242
“The adaptive-span group did show performance increases that were significantly larger than those of control patients on PASAT (rapid summation of numbers; Gronwall, 1977) and Ruff 2&7 (searching for the numbers 2 and 7 among various distractors; Ruf et al.”
Background

Authors: Gronwall, D. M. A.
Affiliations: Auckland City Hospital (NZ)
Corresponding author: Gronwall, D. M. A.
Venue: Perceptual and Motor Skills
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1977-04
Volume: 44
Issue: 2
Pages: 367-373
ISSN: 0031-5125 (ISSN-L)
1558-688X
DOI: 10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.367
OpenAlex: W2000399989
Cited by: 2,395
References: 10
Citations by year: 2026: 50 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 89 · 2016: 95 · 2015: 97 · 2014: 111 · 2013: 96 · 2012: 103
FWCI: 0.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Perceptual and Motor Skills (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
Keywords: concussion, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, concussion recovery, processing speed, post-traumatic amnesia, concussion severity, concussion rehabilitation, neuropsychological assessment
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Auditory Perception, Brain Concussion, Cognition, Convalescence, Humans, Mathematics, Middle Aged, Occupational Therapy, Psychological Tests, Time Factors

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Paced Auditory Serial-Addition Task: A Measure of Recovery from Concussion

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