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The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 100 million years
Open accessAbstract
A computer model has been constructed that considers the effects on the CO/sub 2/ level of the atmosphere, and the Ca, Mg, and HCO/sub 3/ levels of the ocean, of the following processes: weathering on the continents of calcite, dolomite, and calcium-and-magnesium-containing silicates; biogenic precipitation and removal of CaCO/sub 3/ from the ocean; removal of Mg from the ocean via volcanic-seawater reaction; and the metamorphic-magmatic decarbonation of calcite and dolomite (and resulting CO/sub 2/ degassing) as a consequence of plate subduction. Assuming steady state, values for fluxes to and from the atmosphere and oceans are first derived for the modern ocean-atmosphere system. Then the consequences of perturbing steady state are examined by deriving rate expressions for all transfer reactions. These rate expressions are constructed so as to reflect changes over the past 100 my. Results indicate that the CO/sub 2/ content of the atmosphere is highly sensitive to changes in seafloor spreading rate and continental land area, and, to a much lesser extent, to changes in the relative masses of calcite and dolomite. Consideration of a number of alternative seafloor spreading rate formulations shows that in all cases a several-fold higher CO/sub 2/ level for the Cretaceous atmosphere (65-100 mymore » BP) is obtained via the model. Assuming that CO/sub 2/ level and surface air temperature are positively correlated via an atmospheric greenhouse model, they authors predict Cretaceous paleotemperatures which are in rough general agreement with independent published data. Consequently, their results point to plate tectonics, as it affects both metamorphic-magmatic decarbonation and changes in continental land area, as a major control of world climate.« less
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“The precipitation of carbonate minerals as a consequence of silicate weathering contributes to the stabilization of atmospheric CO 2 over geological time periods 4,7 and also contributes to the formation of pedogenic carbonates in both natural 8 and artificial soils 9 over much shorter time scales.”
From Rapid Removal of Atmospheric CO2 by Urban Soils (2015) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“If the Ca or Mg in the carbonate is derived from silicate weathering, and weathering products, this process provides a means of effectively capturing and fixing atmospheric CO 2 .[4][5][6]”
From Rapid Removal of Atmospheric CO2 by Urban Soils (2015) · cites this paper as [4]
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Isotopic approaches for quantifying the rates of marine burial diagenesis
Fantle, M. S., Maher, K., & DePaolo, D. J. (2010) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1029/2009rg000306 · Cited by 94
“[76] Constraining the rates at which silicates dissolve and precipitate is crucial to resolving the magnitude of CO2 24 of 38 uptake and/or release from the marine system on geological time scales [Berner et al., 1983; Kump et al., 2000; McCauley and DePaolo, 1997].”
BackgroundConvective hydrothermal C02 emission from high heat flow regions
Kerrick, D. M., McKibben, M. A., Seward, T. M., & Caldeira, K. (1995) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/0009-2541(94)00148-2 · Cited by 94
Model simulations of Cretaceous climates: the role of geography and carbon dioxide
Barron, E. J., Fawcett, P. J., Pollard, D., et al. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1254-3_12 · Cited by 94
Saltzman, B., & Verbitsky, M. Y. (1993) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/bf00208010 · Cited by 94
Mujalli, G. R., Hartmann, J., Börker, J., Gaillardet, J., & Calmels, D. (2018) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.01.030 · Cited by 97
“Nevertheless, soil CO2 when dissolved in water, represents the major hydronium ion supply in the weathering system, and it is consumed through weathering reactions (Berner et al., 1983; Calmels et al., 2014; Walker et al., 1981).”
BackgroundPangea B and the Late Paleozoic Ice Age
Kent, D. V., & Giovanni Muttoni, A. (2020) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109753 · Cited by 97
The Cretaceous world: plate tectonics, palaeogeography and palaeoclimate
Scotese, C. R., Vérard, C., Burgener, L., Elling, R. P., & Kocsis, Á. T. (2024) · Geological Society London Special Publications · doi:10.1144/sp544-2024-28 · Cited by 107
Oceanic minerals: Their origin, nature of their environment, and significance
Kastner, M. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.7.3380 · Cited by 93
Giambalvo, E. R., Steefel, C. I., Fisher, A. T., et al. (2002) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(01)00878-x · Cited by 94
Enhanced carbonate and silicate weathering accelerates recovery from fossil fuel CO2 perturbations
Lenton, T. M., & Britton, C. (2006) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2005gb002678 · Cited by 93
“However, it is well known that the rate of weathering reactions increase with temperature, precipitation and with CO2 concentration in soil [Berner et al., 1983; Walker et al., 1981; White and Blum, 1995].”
BackgroundMa, L., Teng, F., Jin, L., et al. (2015) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.01.010 · Cited by 93
Kerrick, D. M., & Caldeira, K. (1993) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/0009-2541(93)90325-d · Cited by 93
Steady- and non-steady-state carbonate-silicate controls on atmospheric CO2
Sundquist, E. T. (1991) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/0277-3791(91)90026-q · Cited by 93
Tipper, E. T., Gaillardet, J., Galy, Α., Louvat, P., Bickle, M. J., & Capmas, F. (2010) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2009gb003574 · Cited by 91
“[2] The global biogeochemical cycle of carbon is intimately coupled to that of the base metal calcium (Ca) [e.g., Walker et al., 1981; Berner et al., 1983; Holland, 1984].”
BackgroundOllivier, P. R. L., Hamelin, B., & Radakovitch, O. (2009) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2009.10.037 · Cited by 91
Proterozoic oxygen rise linked to shifting balance between seafloor and terrestrial weathering
Mills, B. J. W., Lenton, T. M., & Watson, A. J. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1321679111 · Cited by 92
“However, changes in chemical weathering fluxes are constrained in several existing biogeochemical models (12, 13), due to a simplified view of the carbon cycle wherein the rate of CO2 removal via silicate weathering and carbonate deposition (plus any excess of organic carbon burial over oxidative weathering) must equa…”
BackgroundChemical weathering and CO2 consumption in the Xijiang River basin, South China
Gao, Q., Tao, Z., Huang, X., Nan, L., Yu, K., & Wang, Z. (2008) · Geomorphology · doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.11.010 · Cited by 92
Climate change during the last 150 million years: reconstruction from a carbon cycle model
Tajika, E. (1998) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(98)00121-6 · Cited by 92
“both the past 100 Ma [3,4,9,15,16] and the Phanerozoic [5–7].”
BackgroundMethodLeaf Evolution: Gases, Genes and Geochemistry
Beerling, D. J. (2005) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mci186 · Cited by 92
Experimental investigation of Mg isotope fractionation during mineral dissolution and clay formation
Ryu, J.-S., Vigier, N., Decarreau, A., Lee, S., Lee, K., Song, H., & Petit, S. (2016) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.02.006 · Cited by 94
Spatial continuous integration of Phanerozoic global biogeochemistry and climate
Mills, B. J. W., Yannick Donnadieu, A., & Goddéris, Y. (2021) · Gondwana Research · doi:10.1016/j.gr.2021.02.011 · Cited by 93
“…for regulating atmospheric CO 2 , O 2 and marine sulfate concentrations over long timescales (Walker et al., 1981; Lenton and Watson, 2004; Bolton et al., 2006; Wortmann and Paytan, 2012), and also for driving complex effects on the carbon isotope record (Daines et al., 2017; Shields and…”
BackgroundHunt, J. A., Zafu, A., Mather, T. A., Pyle, D. M., & Barry, P. H. (2017) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1002/2017gc006975 · Cited by 89
“Quantifying the long-term carbon budget from the solid-earth is important for our understanding of long-term geological feedbacks, environmental change, and mass extinction events (e.g., Berner et al., 1983; Self et al., 2006; Wignall, 2001).”
BackgroundWerner, C. A., Brantley, S. L., & Boomer, K. B. (2000) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/1999jb900331 · Cited by 90
Carbon dioxide emissions from Deccan Volcanism and a K/T boundary Greenhouse Effect
Caldeira, K., & Rampino, M. R. (1990) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/gl017i009p01299 · Cited by 90
Bowman, A. R., & Bralower, T. J. (2005) · Marine Geology · doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2005.02.010 · Cited by 89
Water: Is There a Global Crisis?
Oelkers, É. H., Hering, J. G., & Zhu, C. (2011) · Elements · doi:10.2113/gselements.7.3.157 · Cited by 91
Direct Observation of Microbial Inhibition of Calcite Dissolution
Lüttge, A., & Conrad, P. G. (2004) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.70.3.1627-1632.2004 · Cited by 92
“Life continues to imprint its profound signature on the earth’s surface, and the literature records a growing number of attempts to understand the nature of its role at scales ranging from global to microscopic (2, 3, 10, 31).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Berner, R. A., Lasaga, A. C., & Garrels, R. M.
- Venue
- American Journal of Science
- Publisher
- American Journal of Science (AJS)
- Published
- 1983-09-01
- Volume
- 283
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 641-683
- ISSN
- 0002-9599 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2084849445
- Cited by
- 2,428
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 90 · 2025: 134 · 2024: 147 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 126 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 83 · 2012: 71
- FWCI
- 30.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Keywords
- carbonate-silicate cycle, atmospheric CO2, air-sea CO2 flux, continental weathering, plate subduction, seafloor spreading rates, greenhouse effect, paleoclimate
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