Cited by 2,428Paleontology and Stratigraphy of FossilsGeology and Paleoclimatology ResearchGeological and Geochemical Analysis

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The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 100 million years

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Berner, R. A., Lasaga, A. C., Garrels, R. M.·1983·American Journal of Science

DOI 10.2475/ajs.283.7.641

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Abstract

A computer model has been constructed that considers the effects on the CO/sub 2/ level of the atmosphere, and the Ca, Mg, and HCO/sub 3/ levels of the ocean, of the following processes: weathering on the continents of calcite, dolomite, and calcium-and-magnesium-containing silicates; biogenic precipitation and removal of CaCO/sub 3/ from the ocean; removal of Mg from the ocean via volcanic-seawater reaction; and the metamorphic-magmatic decarbonation of calcite and dolomite (and resulting CO/sub 2/ degassing) as a consequence of plate subduction. Assuming steady state, values for fluxes to and from the atmosphere and oceans are first derived for the modern ocean-atmosphere system. Then the consequences of perturbing steady state are examined by deriving rate expressions for all transfer reactions. These rate expressions are constructed so as to reflect changes over the past 100 my. Results indicate that the CO/sub 2/ content of the atmosphere is highly sensitive to changes in seafloor spreading rate and continental land area, and, to a much lesser extent, to changes in the relative masses of calcite and dolomite. Consideration of a number of alternative seafloor spreading rate formulations shows that in all cases a several-fold higher CO/sub 2/ level for the Cretaceous atmosphere (65-100 mymore » BP) is obtained via the model. Assuming that CO/sub 2/ level and surface air temperature are positively correlated via an atmospheric greenhouse model, they authors predict Cretaceous paleotemperatures which are in rough general agreement with independent published data. Consequently, their results point to plate tectonics, as it affects both metamorphic-magmatic decarbonation and changes in continental land area, as a major control of world climate.« less

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Research works printed but not linked: 12

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Penman, D. E. (2016) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g37704.1 · Cited by 66
“…warming and hydrologic cycle intensification are thought to accelerate the chemical weathering of terrestrial silicate rocks, commonly generalized (Berner et al., 1983) as: CaCaSiO 2CO 3H O H SiO 2HCO3 2 2 4 4 3 2++ + → + +− CaCaSiO 2CO 3H O H SiO 2HCO3 2 2 4 4 3 2++ + → + +− , (1) in which…”
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Dissolved potassium isotopic composition of major world rivers
Wang, K., Peucker‐Ehrenbrink, B., Chen, H., Lee, H., & Hasenmueller, E. A. (2020) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2020.11.012 · Cited by 65
Continental drift, runoff, and weathering feedbacks: Implications from climate model experiments
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“To estimate the atmospheric CO 2 content at any particular time in the Phanerozoic, geochemists model the elements that can alter the Earth’s respiration rate [Walker et al., 1981; Berner et al., 1983; Garrels and Lerman, 1984; Budyko et al., 1987; Berner, 1994] .”
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Modelling the global carbon cycle for the past and future evolution of the earth system
Franck, S., Kossacki, K. J., & Bounama, C. (1999) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(99)00043-1 · Cited by 65
Biogenic chert and the Ordovician silica cycle
Kidder, D. L., & Tomescu, I. (2015) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.10.013 · Cited by 63
Coupled influence of precipitation and vegetation on millennial-scale erosion rates derived from 10Be
Mishra, A. K., Placzek, C., & Jones, R. E. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211325 · Cited by 63
Mapping the global variation in the efficiency of ocean alkalinity enhancement for carbon dioxide removal
Zhou, M., Tyka, M. D., Ho, D. T., Yankovsky, E., Bachman, S., Nicholas, T., Karspeck, A. R., & Long, M. C. (2025) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-024-02179-9 · Cited by 63
“OAE aims to accelerate natural rock weathering processes that regulate atmospheric CO 2 on millennial timescales 5,6 .”
Carbon dioxide degassing from Tuscany and Northern Latium (Italy)
Frondini, F., Caliro, S., Cardellini, C., Chiodini, G., Morgantini, N., & Parello, F. (2007) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.08.009 · Cited by 62
Atmospheric turbulence triggers pronounced diel pattern in karst carbonate geochemistry
Roland, M. E., Serrano-Ortíz, P., Kowalski, A. S., et al. (2013) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-10-5009-2013 · Cited by 62
“Under steady state conditions, CO2 is connected to soil carbonates via the following summarized carbonate weathering reaction (Berner et al., 1983; Kaufmann and 20 Dreybrodt, 2007): CaCO3(s) +CO2(aq) +H2O(aq) Ca 2+ (aq) +2HCO − 3(aq) (1)”
BackgroundInfluential
Role of upper-most crustal composition in the evolution of the Precambrian ocean–atmosphere system
Large, R. R., Mukherjee, I., Zhukova, I. A., Corkrey, R., Stepanov, A. S., & Danyushevsky, L. V. (2018) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.01.019 · Cited by 63
Reconciling Late Ordovician (440 Ma) glaciation with very high (14X) CO2 levels
Crowley, T. J., & Baum, S. K. (1995) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/94jd02521 · Cited by 62
Past CO2 Changes and Tropical Sea Surface Temperatures
Crowley, T. J. (1991) · Paleoceanography · doi:10.1029/91pa00432 · Cited by 62
Oxygen isotope ensemble reveals Earth’s seawater, temperature, and carbon cycle history
Isson, T. T., & Rauzi, S. (2024) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adg1366 · Cited by 61
Potential origins of 400–500 kyr periodicities in the ocean carbon cycle: A box model approach
Russon, T., Paillard, D., & Elliot, M. (2010) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2009gb003586 · Cited by 61
“which acts to remove both ALK and DIC from the system [Berner et al., 1983].”
BackgroundInfluential
Multiple causes of Earth's earliest global glaciation
Melezhik, V. A. (2006) · Terra Nova · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2006.00672.x · Cited by 60
“Weathering consumes CO2 at a rate that is thought to 134 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd maintain a long-term geochemical steady-state with respect to volcanic and other geological CO2 emissions (Berner et al., 1983).”
Background
Carbonate Preservation in Shallow Marine Environments: Unexpected Role of Tropical Siliciclastics
Best, M. M. R., Ku, T. C. W., Kidwell, S. M., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Geology · doi:10.1086/518051 · Cited by 61
Patterns and possible mechanisms of soil CO2 uptake in sandy soil
Fa, K., Zhang, Y., Wu, B., et al. (2015) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.163 · Cited by 61
Geologic constraints on the glacial amplification of Phanerozoic climate sensitivity
Park, J., & Royer, D. L. (2011) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/01.2011.01 · Cited by 60
Experimental determination of the solubility product of dolomite at 50–253 °C
Bénézeth, P., Berninger, U.-N., Bovet, N., Jacques Schott, A., & Oelkers, É. H. (2018) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2018.01.016 · Cited by 60
Sensitivity of climate and atmospheric CO2 to deep-ocean and shallow-ocean carbonate burial
Volk, T. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/337637a0 · Cited by 61
Early Cenozoic Decoupling of Climate and Carbonate Compensation Depth Trends
Greene, S. E., Ridgwell, A. J., Turner, S. K., Schmidt, D. N., Pälike, H., Thomas, E., Greene, L. K., & Hoogakker, B. A. A. (2019) · Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology · doi:10.1029/2019pa003601 · Cited by 59
“If this were not the case, even relatively small changes in volcanic outgassing would give rise to repeated and unbounded approximately million year timescale swings in pCO2 and climate (Berner et al., 1983; Berner & Caldeira, ©2019.”
Background
A review of measurement for quantification of carbon dioxide removal by enhanced weathering in soil
Clarkson, M. O., Larkin, C. S., Swoboda, P., Reershemius, T., Suhrhoff, T. J., Maesano, C. N., & Campbell, J. S. (2024) · Frontiers in Climate · doi:10.3389/fclim.2024.1345224 · Cited by 79
Modeling of water-rock interaction in the Mackenzie basin: Competition between sulfuric and carbonic acids
Beaulieu, E., Goddéris, Y., Labat, D., Roelandt, C., Calmels, D., & Gaillardet, J. (2011) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.07.020 · Cited by 59
“Always considered in long term climate studies (Berner et al., 1983 ; Berner and Kothavala, 2001 ; Donnadieu et al., 2006 ; Goddéris and François, 1995 ; Goddéris et al., 2003 ; Walker et al., 1981 ; Wallmann, 2001) the question whether this negative climatic loop is active at much shorter…”
Background
On the chemistry of the keggin Al13 polymer: kinetics of proton-promoted decomposition
Furrer, G., Gfeller, M., & Wehrli, B. (1999) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(99)00234-3 · Cited by 57
Etna's greenhouse pump
Gerlach, T. M. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/351352a0 · Cited by 60
Understanding the mechanisms and potential pathways of soil carbon sequestration from the biogeochemistry perspective
Feng, X., Dai, G., Liu, T., Jia, J., Zhu, E., Liu, C., Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Kang, E., Xiao, J., et al. (2024) · Science China Earth Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11430-024-1359-9 · Cited by 60
“…weathering process of terrestrial carbonate rocks is generally believed to impact global climate on a short timescale (hundreds to thousands of years), but it will not effectively remove atmospheric CO 2 on a longer timescale (thousands to billions of years; Berner et al., 1983; Li et al., 2018).”
The stable calcium isotopic composition of rivers draining basaltic catchments in Iceland
Hindshaw, R. S., Bourdon, B., von Strandmann, P. A. E. P., Vigier, N., & Burton, K. W. (2013) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.05.038 · Cited by 58
“Since the magnitude of silicate weathering is thought to provide an important negative feedback in the long-term carbon cycle (Walker et al., 1981; Berner et al., 1983), through the reaction of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) silicates with carbonic acid derived from atmospheric carbon dioxide, it…”
Background
Quantifying the impact of riverine particulate dissolution in seawater on ocean chemistry
Jones, M., Gíslason, S. R., Burton, K. W., Pearce, C. R., Mavromatis, V., von Strandmann, P. A. E. P., & Oelkers, É. H. (2014) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.03.039 · Cited by 59
“…alkali earth metals Ca and Mg transferred from the continents to the oceans during weathering, which consume atmospheric CO2 both during chemical weathering and the precipitation of carbonates (e.g. Walker et al., 1981; Berner et al., 1983; Berner, 2004; Berner and Kothavala, 2001; Wallmann, 2001).”
Background
Resources and energetics determined dinosaur maximal size
McNab, B. K. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0904000106 · Cited by 59
“and a spread of low latitude marine and terrestrial organisms to higher latitudes’’ (57).”
Background
Variations in the strontium isotope composition of seawater during the Paleocene and early Eocene from ODP Leg 208 (Walvis Ridge)
Hodell, D. A., Kamenov, G. D., Hathorne, E. C., Zachos, J. C., Röhl, U., & Westerhold, T. (2007) · Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems · doi:10.1029/2007gc001607 · Cited by 59
“Over long timescales, atmospheric CO2 is controlled by volcanic and metamorphic outgassing and consumption of CO2 during silicate weathering and organic carbon burial [Berner et al., 1983; Berner and Kothavala, 2001].”
Background
Chemical weathering of small catchments on the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau I: Water sources, solute sources and weathering rates
Jiang, H., Liu, W., Xu, Z., Zhou, X., Zheng, Z., Zhao, T., Zhou, L., Zhang, X., Xu, Y., & Liu, T. (2018) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.09.030 · Cited by 58
“Rock weathering is one of the most important processes that control the evolution of the Earth's surface and regulate global element cycling (Berner et al., 1983; Kasting, 1987; Berner, 1991; Louvat and Allègre, 1997; Gaillardet and Galy, 2008).”
Background
Geochemical mass balance and weathering rates of ultramafic schists in Amazonia
Freyssinet, P., & Farah, A.-S. (2000) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(99)00245-4 · Cited by 59
The temperature dependence of bytownite feldspar dissolution in neutral aqueous solutions of inorganic and organic ligands at low temperature (5–35°C)
Welch, S. A., & Ullman, W. J. (2000) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(99)00238-7 · Cited by 61

Authors: Berner, R. A., Lasaga, A. C., & Garrels, R. M.
Venue: American Journal of Science
Publisher: American Journal of Science (AJS)
Published: 1983-09-01
Volume: 283
Issue: 7
Pages: 641-683
ISSN: 0002-9599 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2475/ajs.283.7.641
OpenAlex: W2084849445
Cited by: 2,428
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 90 · 2025: 134 · 2024: 147 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 126 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 83 · 2012: 71
FWCI: 30.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: American Journal of Science (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
Keywords: carbonate-silicate cycle, atmospheric CO2, air-sea CO2 flux, continental weathering, plate subduction, seafloor spreading rates, greenhouse effect, paleoclimate

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The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 100 million years

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