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The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 100 million years
Open accessAbstract
A computer model has been constructed that considers the effects on the CO/sub 2/ level of the atmosphere, and the Ca, Mg, and HCO/sub 3/ levels of the ocean, of the following processes: weathering on the continents of calcite, dolomite, and calcium-and-magnesium-containing silicates; biogenic precipitation and removal of CaCO/sub 3/ from the ocean; removal of Mg from the ocean via volcanic-seawater reaction; and the metamorphic-magmatic decarbonation of calcite and dolomite (and resulting CO/sub 2/ degassing) as a consequence of plate subduction. Assuming steady state, values for fluxes to and from the atmosphere and oceans are first derived for the modern ocean-atmosphere system. Then the consequences of perturbing steady state are examined by deriving rate expressions for all transfer reactions. These rate expressions are constructed so as to reflect changes over the past 100 my. Results indicate that the CO/sub 2/ content of the atmosphere is highly sensitive to changes in seafloor spreading rate and continental land area, and, to a much lesser extent, to changes in the relative masses of calcite and dolomite. Consideration of a number of alternative seafloor spreading rate formulations shows that in all cases a several-fold higher CO/sub 2/ level for the Cretaceous atmosphere (65-100 mymore » BP) is obtained via the model. Assuming that CO/sub 2/ level and surface air temperature are positively correlated via an atmospheric greenhouse model, they authors predict Cretaceous paleotemperatures which are in rough general agreement with independent published data. Consequently, their results point to plate tectonics, as it affects both metamorphic-magmatic decarbonation and changes in continental land area, as a major control of world climate.« less
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“The precipitation of carbonate minerals as a consequence of silicate weathering contributes to the stabilization of atmospheric CO 2 over geological time periods 4,7 and also contributes to the formation of pedogenic carbonates in both natural 8 and artificial soils 9 over much shorter time scales.”
From Rapid Removal of Atmospheric CO2 by Urban Soils (2015) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“If the Ca or Mg in the carbonate is derived from silicate weathering, and weathering products, this process provides a means of effectively capturing and fixing atmospheric CO 2 .[4][5][6]”
From Rapid Removal of Atmospheric CO2 by Urban Soils (2015) · cites this paper as [4]
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Dellinger, M., Gaillardet, J., Bouchez, J., Calmels, D., Louvat, P., Dosseto, A., Gorge, C., Alanoca, L., & Maurice, L. (2015) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2015.04.042 · Cited by 362
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Berner, R. A. (1998) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0192 · Cited by 301
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Carbon mineralization: From natural analogues to engineered systems
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“…geologic timescales [Galy and France-Lanord, 1999], particularly to reconstruct the past CO2 evolution which is thought to be controlled by silicate rock weathering and its related transfer of dissolved inorganic carbon to oceans [Berner et al., 1983; Gaillardet et al., 1999; Millot et al., 2002].”
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“At global scales, weathering influences the chemistry of the oceans and the regulation of atmospheric CO2 concentrations over geologic time scales (e.g. Walker et al., 1981; Berner et al., 1983).”
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“trolling factor on the carbonatemineralogy of the oceans (Berner et al., 1983; Albarede and Michard, 1986; Wilkinson and Algeo, 1989; Tipper et al., 2006b).”
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“…(CO2 ATM-SOIL) to the total riverine alkalinity reaches 100% in the case of silicate hydrolysis (Garrels and Mackenzie, 1971; Walker et al., 1981; Berner et al., 1983), in contrast to carbonate bedrock, whose contribution may not exceed 50%, according to the stoichiometric coefficients of the…”
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“This long-term cooling trend is generally assumed to reflect, at least in part, reduced greenhouse-forcing accompanying declining levels in atmospheric carbon dioxide [Berner et al., 1983; Raymo, 1991; Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Zachos et al., 2001a].”
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“This organic carbon discharge into the oceans from rivers is a key link in the global carbon cycle, particularly over geological timescales [ Kempe , 1979; Berner et al. , 1983; Degens et al. , 1984; Amiotte-Suchet et al. , 2003; Richey , 2004].”
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“The timescale of this cycle is hundreds of thousands to a million years and is sensitive to Tsurf (see, e.g., Walker et al. 1981, Berner et al. 1983).”
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“The combined effects of lower ocean crust production rates and associated decrease in CO2 degassing (Berner et al., 1983) could have caused the observed shift in the benthic carbon isotope values.”
BackgroundCO 2 ‐induced change in a coupled ocean‐atmosphere model and its paleoclimatic implications
Manabe, S., & Bryan, K. (1985) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jc090ic06p11689 · Cited by 242
Selvaraj, K., & Chen, C. A. (2005) · The Journal of Geology · doi:10.1086/498102 · Cited by 245
Stable carbon isotopes of amorphous kerogens from Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks
Lewan, M. D. (1986) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(86)90121-3 · Cited by 241
Neoproterozoic glaciation in the Earth System
Fairchild, I. J., & Kennedy, M. J. (2007) · Journal of the Geological Society · doi:10.1144/0016-76492006-191 · Cited by 244
“A CO2 fall inducing glaciation would lead to a negative feedback (7) whereby the coverage of land area by large ice sheets and the lower temperatures reduce chemical reaction rates of silicate weathering (Berner et al. 1983; Schrag et al. 2002), restoring CO2 to the atmosphere.”
BackgroundOelkers, É. H., & Schott, J. (2001) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(00)00564-0 · Cited by 245
Habitable Planets with High Obliquities
Williams, D. M., & Kasting, J. F. (1997) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.1997.5759 · Cited by 234
“…zenith angle through We adopted the weathering dependence on temperature the Fresnel reflectance formulas for water (see Appendix). suggested by Berner et al. (1983), Other surfaces were assigned albedos consistent with observations (Kondrat’ev 1969) and by making assumptions W(T) 5 [1 1…”
BackgroundMethodOrganic carbon in shelf seas: sinks or sources, processes and products
de Haas, H., van Weering, T. C. E., & de Stigter, H. (2002) · Continental Shelf Research · doi:10.1016/s0278-4343(01)00093-0 · Cited by 238
Large and active CO2 uptake by coupled carbonate weathering
Liu, Z., Macpherson, G. L., Groves, C. G., Martin, J. B., Yuan, D., & Zeng, S. (2018) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.05.007 · Cited by 236
Dellinger, M., Gaillardet, J., Bouchez, J., Calmels, D., Galy, V., Hilton, R. G., Louvat, P., & France‐Lanord, C. (2014) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.05.061 · Cited by 238
“On geological timescales, they 82 control the evolution of climate through the consumption of atmospheric carbon dioxide 83 (Berner et al., 1983; Gaillardet et al., 1999b; Raymo et al., 1988; Walker et al., 1981), 84 3 shape the Earth’s surface through chemical denudation and soil…”
BackgroundFilippelli, G. M. (2002) · Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry · doi:10.2138/rmg.2002.48.10 · Cited by 247
Mortatti, J., & Probst, J. (2003) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(02)00349-2 · Cited by 231
“…to produce dissolved inorganic carbon (mainly HCO3 ÿ) is largely reported in the literature (Garrels and Mackenzie, 1971; Holland, 1978; Gac, 1980; Berner et al., 1983; Tardy, 1986; Meybeck, 1987; Probst, 1992; Probst et al., 1994, 1997; Amiotte Suchet and Probst, 1995; Mortatti et al., 1997;…”
BackgroundSupercontinents and superplume events: distinguishing signals in the geologic record
Condie, K. (2004) · Physics of The Earth and Planetary Interiors · doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2003.04.002 · Cited by 236
Bralower, T. J., Cobabe, E. A., Clement, B. M., et al. (1999) · Cited by 234
Welch, S. A., & Ullman, W. J. (1996) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(96)00134-2 · Cited by 236
Chong, L., & Yang, S. (2010) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/02.2010.03 · Cited by 233
Guo, Y., Yang, S., Su, N., Li, C., Yin, P., & Wang, Z. (2018) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2018.02.015 · Cited by 237
Foraminiferal boron isotope ratios as a proxy for surface ocean pH over the past 21 Myr
Spivack, A. J., You, C.-F., & Smith, H. J. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/363149a0 · Cited by 233
Jeandel, C., & Oelkers, É. H. (2014) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.12.001 · Cited by 240
Atmospheric CO2 sink: Silicate weathering or carbonate weathering?
Liu, Z., Dreybrodt, W., & Liu, H. (2011) · Applied Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.03.085 · Cited by 230
“carbonate weathering at the earth’s surface are important in longterm global CO2 balances (Berner et al., 1983).”
BackgroundInfluentialHistory of carbonate ion concentration over the last 100 million years
Tyrrell, T., & Zeebe, R. (2004) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2004.02.018 · Cited by 255
An expanded record of Early Cambrian carbon cycling from the Anti-Atlas Margin, Morocco
Maloof, A. C., Schrag, D. P., Crowley, J. L., & Bowring, S. A. (2005) · Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences · doi:10.1139/e05-062 · Cited by 234
“to the positive temperature and moisture dependence of chemical weathering rates (Berner et al. 1983).”
BackgroundCarbonate minerals in the global carbon cycle
Martin, J. B. (2017) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.11.029 · Cited by 220
von Strandmann, P. A. E. P., Opfergelt, S., Lai, Y.-J., Sigfússon, B., Gíslason, S. R., & Burton, K. W. (2012) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.05.035 · Cited by 227
“The chemical weathering of Ca–Mg silicates is one of Earth’s primary long-term sinks of atmospheric CO2 (Berner, 2004; Berner et al., 1983; Walker et al., 1981).”
Street‐Perrott, F. A., & Barker, P. A. (2008) · Earth Surface Processes and Landforms · doi:10.1002/esp.1712 · Cited by 230
“…silicates is neglected in steady-state geochemical models because the resulting drawdown of atmospheric CO2 is deemed to be balanced by equivalent CO2-liberating processes involving seawater–basalt reactions and reverse weathering of marine sediments (Berner et al., 1983; Berner and Berner, 1996).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Berner, R. A., Lasaga, A. C., & Garrels, R. M.
- Venue
- American Journal of Science
- Publisher
- American Journal of Science (AJS)
- Published
- 1983-09-01
- Volume
- 283
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 641-683
- ISSN
- 0002-9599 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2084849445
- Cited by
- 2,428
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 90 · 2025: 134 · 2024: 147 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 126 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 83 · 2012: 71
- FWCI
- 30.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Keywords
- carbonate-silicate cycle, atmospheric CO2, air-sea CO2 flux, continental weathering, plate subduction, seafloor spreading rates, greenhouse effect, paleoclimate
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