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The dolomite problem; control of precipitation kinetics by temperature and saturation state
Open accessAbstract
The mineral dolomite and the uncertainties surrounding its origin have attracted the attention of earth scientists for over a century. The core of the dolomite problem is the apparent paradox posed by the paucity of dolomite in modern marine depositional environments versus its relative abundance in the sedimentary rock record. Solving this problem requires knowledge of the conditions under which the mineral forms and the rate of precipitation under those conditions. As a working hypothesis, it is suggested that the precipitation rate of dolomite may be quantified and modeled in a manner similar to other carbonate minerals through application of a rate law that represents the rate as a simple function of saturation index, r = k (Omega - 1) ^n^ . This hypothesis is tested in a series of experiments by measuring the steady state rate of dolomite precipitation in a dolomite-seeded flow reactor through analysis of reacted fluid chemistry. By varying temperature from approx 100 degrees to 200 degrees C and saturation index (Omega ) from near saturation to approximately 100, sufficient data were collected to solve for the reaction order and Arrhenius rate constant (k = A exp {-(epsilon ~A~ /RT)}) of this rate law. The dolomite produced in these experiments was variable in composition but typically a calcium-rich protodolomite, forming syntaxial overgrowths on the seed material. At the highest supersaturations obtained, formation of distinct nucleation centers was observed. These experiments do confirm a strong temperature dependence for the precipitation reaction (activation energy epsilon ~A~ = 31.9 kcal mol (super -1) ) and moderate dependency on saturation index (n = 2.26, log A = 1.05). The experimental findings of this paper suggest that the abundance of dolomite in the sedimentary rock record reflects, at least in part, environmental changes in temperature and seawater chemistry over geologic time.
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TL;DR
This paper tests whether dolomite precipitation can be described by a simple saturation-state rate law, using seeded flow-reactor experiments at elevated temperatures. It finds a strong temperature dependence and moderate saturation-state dependence, implying that dolomite abundance in the rock record may partly reflect past changes in temperature and seawater chemistry.
Key findings
- Dolomite precipitation rates fit an Arrhenius-type rate law, with activation energy of 31.9 ± 1.6 kcal mol⁻¹ from total-alkalinity data, reaction order n = 2.26, and log A = 1.05 for the selective fit; the extrapolated 25°C rate constant is 10⁻²²·³.
- The precipitated phase was typically calcium-rich protodolomite, commonly 55–58 mol percent CaCO₃, forming syntaxial overgrowths on seed grains; distinct nucleation centers appeared only at high supersaturation, around log(Ω − 1) ≥ 2.
- Magnesian calcite, about 15 mol percent MgCO₃, competed with dolomite and appeared to precipitate at dolomite’s expense, even driving dissolution of newly formed dolomite; the paper found no evidence that magnesian calcite acted as a precursor.
- Model extrapolations indicate that observing enough dolomite growth at 25°C would require roughly 10¹ to 10² years, making direct laboratory synthesis at surface temperatures impractical, while reaction times at about 50°C are still long but less unreasonable.
Methods
- A dolomite-seeded, circulating flow reactor was used with about 5 g of seed dolomite, temperatures from 115° to 196°C, input solutions of CaCl₂, MgCl₂, and NaHCO₃ under varied pCO₂, and a recycle ratio up to about 100.
- Steady-state precipitation rates were calculated from differences between input and output solution chemistry, mainly total alkalinity and total divalent cations, normalized to seed surface area; solids were analyzed by XRD, SEM/EDS, and BET or geometric surface-area estimates.
- An aqueous speciation model using SUPCRT92/HKF thermodynamics computed saturation states with respect to ideal dolomite, and regressions solved for activation energy, reaction order, and the pre-exponential factor.
Limitations
- Stated: the Arrhenius treatment assumes terms other than temperature are invariant, but this is not exact; saturation states were calculated relative to ideal dolomite even though the growing phase was likely more soluble and less ordered; high solid-to-solution ratios caused saturation indices to fall as temperature rose, so the reported activation energy is probably a minimum.
- Stated: the dataset is small, surface-area estimates are uncertain, geometric and BET areas were mixed, possible Fe/Ni/Cr contamination had unknown kinetic effects, and coprecipitating phases could reduce the area available for dolomite growth.
- Evident from the text: the experiments were conducted far above Earth-surface temperatures, so the 25°C conclusions depend on extrapolation; the rate law does not explicitly account for Mg/Ca ratio or ionic strength, and variability in product composition and cation ordering may affect rates.
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Claims the paper makes
76 Own result · 52 Own interpretation · 20 No full text of the sources · 19 Own method · 13 No basis given · 11 Sources not found · 5 Not checked yet
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“moderate dependency on saturation index (n ؍ 2.26, log A ؍ 1.05)”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- The authors state this as an assumption: The precipitation rate of dolomite can be described by a rate law of the form r = k(Ω − 1)^n.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The rate constant k has an Arrhenius form.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“moderate dependency on saturation index (n ؍ 2.26, log A ؍ 1.05)”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- The authors state this as an assumption: The precipitation rate of dolomite can be described by a rate law of the form r = k(Ω − 1)^n.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The rate constant k has an Arrhenius form.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These experiments do confirm a strong temperature dependence for the precipitation reaction (activation energy ⑀ A ؍ 31.9 kcal mol ؊1 )”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > Abstract
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- The authors state this as an assumption: The precipitation rate of dolomite can be described by a rate law of the form r = k(Ω − 1)^n.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The rate constant k has an Arrhenius form.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the highest supersaturations obtained, formation of distinct nucleation centers was observed.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > Abstract
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In the paper
“Coprecipitated phases, including calcite, magnesian calcite, and magnesite (MgCO 3 ), were also identified by SEM/EDS and XRD.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“Solutions are undersaturated at these temperatures with respect to all carbonate mineral phases except dolomite and magnesite.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
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In the paper
“X-ray powder diffraction data carefully collected from reacted seed materials indicated no phase other than dolomite present”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
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In the paper
“EDS analysis of these areas showed them to range from 52 to 59 percent CaCO 3 in good agreement with the range of data from fluid chemistry.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“There is no indication that any phase other than dolomite precipitated in these runs.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
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In the paper
“Although comparison of differences in total alkalinity (⌬A T ) and total divalent cations (⌬M 2ϩ ) indicates a good mass balance (fig.6, top left)”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“The dolomite produced in these experiments was variable in composition but typically a calcium-rich protodolomite, forming syntaxial overgrowths on the seed material.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > Abstract
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In the paper
“Dolomite heteronuclei were somewhat more calcium-rich, having between 53.2 to 58.5 percent”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“Backscatter SEM also shows some contrast between newly crystallizing dolomite and magnesian calcite, allowing the two phases to be distinguished (fig.5, top row).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“This experiment (run Ti01) is the only one in which magnesite developed, and magnesite was observed only epitaxially, that is, not in apparent crystallographic continuity either with the dolomite substrate or dolomite phase overgrowths thereof.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“SEM/EDS analysis indicated these to be µm-sized particles of Fe, Ni, or Cr, probably contributed from the preheater tubing loop.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“Dolomite heteronuclei were somewhat more calcium-rich, having between 53.2 to 58.5 percent CaCO 3 , with some spot analyses encountering compositions slightly greater than 60 percent CaCO 3 .”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“Syntaxial overgrowth of the substrate in this run was visible as the infilling of etch pits and the formation of a bumpy, irregular surface, compositionally indistinguishable under EDS from unreacted substrate material.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“The run at 170°C shows an incremental uptake of calcium and magnesium; however, the total alkalinity data indicate dissolution at this temperature.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
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In the paper
“These inclusions were not observed in reacted grains and presumably dissolved during reaction.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“Syntaxial growth of new dolomite predominates in all samples except those reacted at high supersaturation, where it is also accompanied by coprecipitated phases (magnesian calcite and magnesite).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“Growth was most commonly developed as thinly aggregated terraces (fig.3, top row).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“Samples retrieved after lengthy reaction times at high temperatures were also typically discolored with small flecks of material.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“Acid washing prior to reaction resulted in dissolution in the form of rounding of interfacial angles, subhedral boundaries, and development of etch pits (fig.2).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“SEM imaging also indicated a trace contribution of Fe and Mn in the form of oxide and silicate inclusions.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
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In the paper
“At high supersaturations, in addition to what may be secondary nuclei forming on the seed surface, larger rhombic crystals form via the aggregation of submicro-sized nuclei.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
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In the paper
“This effect is at least partly borne out by these data, in which the log ratefoot_3 is a strong function of saturation index, which in turn mostly reflects the change in carbonate ion availability.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
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In the paper
“Spot EDS analyses of what is clearly new dolomite to run Ti10 (170°-196°C, fig. 3) do show it to be calcium-rich in composition, in agreement with the fluid chemistry data.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
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In the paper
“The variation in these EDS analyses also suggests variability in the surface composition, and although part of this variability may be an artifact of the instrument's semi-quantitative resolution, the data were nonetheless fairly reproducible.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
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In the paper
“They are not simply magnesian calcites-ϳ15 mol percent magnesian calcite did form but is identifiable from XRD and SEM data as a distinct, although clearly metastable, phase.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
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In the paper
“Regression of all data (including those derived from the literature) causes the order to diminish to 1.88 but increases the log frequency term by more than an order of magnitude to 2.09.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
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In the paper
“The time required shortens considerably if the starting concentration of MgCl 2 is increased to 0.05 m; however, tens of years are still required at 25°C.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
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In the paper
“Although the approach to a steady state reaction was variable in duration and direction, no distinct trends could be found in terms of evolution in composition of the newly precipitating solid.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
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In the paper
“The growth of magnesian calcites (ϳ15 mole percent MgCO 3 ) where observed appears to outcompete dolomite for available dissolved components, and thus largely buffers dolomite precipitation subsequent to its appearance.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
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In the paper
“Modern dolomite does indeed exist but is common only in certain environments: (1) marginal, restricted, hypersaline regimes such as the Coorong lakes of South Australia (Alderman, 1959), supratidal lagoons on the island of Bonaire, Netherland Antilles (Deffeyes, Lucia, and Weyl, 1965), and the sabkhas of the Persian Gulf (Wells, 1962)”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Alderman, 1959
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Deffeyes, Lucia, and Weyl, 1965
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wells, 1962 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In a preliminary effort to place the few laboratory data available into a meaningful framework, Arvidson and Mackenzie (1997) computed dolomite growth rates and solution saturation states from published dolomite synthesis experiments.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Arvidson and Mackenzie (1997) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The relationship between these two independent pieces of information was expressed as a rate law consistent with the hypothesis that the rate of dolomite precipitation is a function of temperature and solution composition.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Arvidson and Mackenzie (1997) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In more recent work, Malone, Baker, and Burns (1996) observed that the rate of recrystallization of initially disordered (Ca,Mg)-carbonates was a strong function of temperature, and temperature increases produced corresponding increases in MgCO 3 and cation ordering.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Malone, Baker, and Burns (1996) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This rate is exceedingly slow, and dolomite crystals growing at this rate would require 200 Ma to acquire an edge length of 1 mm.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Dolomite is also found in environments ranging from the shallow subtidal (Mazzullo, Bischoff, and Teal, 1995) to supratidal (Carballo, Land, and Miser, 1987).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mazzullo, Bischoff, and Teal, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carballo, Land, and Miser, 1987 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“We also concluded that relatively modest increases in temperature and seawater saturation state could potentially give rise to large increases in the overall rate of dolomite precipitation and a substantial convergence of the relative rates of calcite and dolomite.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Arvidson and Mackenzie (1997) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, rates cannot be meaningfully compared without simultaneous measurement of prevailing physico-chemical conditions.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It should be emphasized that these materials, despite their metastability, are distinct from magnesium calcite, and this was the purpose of Graf and Goldsmith's (1956) original introduction of the term protodolomite.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Graf and Goldsmith's (1956) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Precipitation rates computed from this model agreed closely with age estimates in case studies of sabkha and organogenic dolomite of Recent to Pleistocene age.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Arvidson and Mackenzie (1997) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In adsorption experiments at room temperature and fixed pCO 2 , Brady, Krumhansl, and Papenguth (1996) concluded that dehydration and carbonation of magnesium was the most probable rate-limiting step at low temperatures.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brady, Krumhansl, and Papenguth (1996) source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The value of 31.9 kcal mol Ϫ1 is also lower than the value of 42.1 kcal mol Ϫ1 obtained from an analysis of unpublished data from Gaines (1968, rates computed from 220° 250°C; see also Arvidson and Mackenzie, 1997) which in turn is lower still than the only published value of 49 kcal mol Ϫ1 , determined from rates at temperatures from 252° to 295°C by Katz and Matthews (1977).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gaines (1968) also observed an increase in MgCO 3 with increasing temperature (220°-250°C), although the same effect in his experiments could be observed at fixed temperature (200 and 220°C) as the ratio of magnesium to calcium in solution was increased from 0.5 to 1.0 (his table 2, p. 30).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gaines (1968)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The alignment of magnesian calcite and dolomite rhombs suggests an underlying crystallographic control by the substrate.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the precision in total alkalinity measurements was often poorer (ϳ0.3 percent) than that of total divalent cations (Ͻ0.1 percent), most experiments were conducted in solutions whose total cation concentration was an order of magnitude greater than the total alkalinity.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This leverage often made total alkalinity the quantity of choice in rate calculations.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which suggests that precipitation of magnesian calcite can occur at the expense of dolomite and apparently can also drive dissolution of newly formed, soluble dolomite.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The stoichiometry of recrystallized dolomite also tends to improve with increasing temperature, and the composition of first-formed dolomite phases at any temperature tends to be richer in calcium compared to subsequent phases (50°-200°C, Malone, Baker, and Burns, 1996).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Malone, Baker, and Burns, 1996 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is thus possible that the lower activation energy observed reflects a reduced energy barrier to forming calcian dolomities.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thereactor used in these experiments is similar in design to flow reactors used in solubility and kinetic studies of other minerals and is capable of measuring slow precipitation reactions at moderately elevated temperature and confining pressure.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To some extent this variability could be related to the conditions of the experiment, as described below.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there was no indication from surface imaging that they interfered with growth of new material.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ICP-ES analysis of reacted solutions from a single run at 150°C could not detect these elements.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Had the reactor been capable of maintaining a truly constant saturation index independent of temperature and reaction rate, measured rates at the higher temperatures would most likely have been higher still, giving a greater slope in figure 9, and thus a higher computed activation energy.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Last, changes in the dominant reaction mechanism with temperature may give rise to corresponding changes in activation energy, visible as changes in slope in figure 9.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data agreed with additional EGTA/ EDTA determinations of Ca and Mg in the seed dolomite.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Energies using the divalent cation data yield substantially lower energies, larger uncertainties, and poorer fits and can be safely discarded on the basis that they are less than calcite (on a per mole-CO 3 basis).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increases in the rate by virtue of temperature also brought about increased consumption of reactants, which in turn served to depress the ion activity product and in turn probably depressed the rate.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The computed d-spacing of the primary 510146 1 and secondary diffraction peaks agreed with the entry for ideal dolomite obtained from the JCPDF database to the precision of the instrument.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Initial testing of the reactor by mounting surface thermocouples showed thermal gradients of less than 1°C over the reaction volume during recycle operation at temperatures up to ϳ200°C.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > METHODS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data (with few exceptions) reflect a more or less constant ratio of calcium to magnesium and thus are inadequate to evaluate how the rate may be influenced by changes in cation ratio, or by other influences such as ionic strength”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is indeed likely that both the cation disorder and solubility of the surface dolomite phase of these experiments are higher than the underlying substrate”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, this may simply reflect the difficulty of resolving phases insufficiently different in composition.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This observation is direct contrast to earlier synthesis work, discussed in Arvidson and Mackenzie (1997), in which dolomite is formed through reaction of CaCO 3 and (Ca,Mg)Cl 2 solutions.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Arvidson and Mackenzie (1997) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Lippmann (1973) has carried this model somewhat further in postulating that it is the influence of ''activated'' carbonate ions that accelerate the rate of magnesite growth.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lippmann (1973)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No provision is made for errors in saturation state calculations.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The growth of sedimentary dolomite under conditions of greatly elevated alkalinity concentrations, for example by way of sulfate reduction, thus may not be purely a matter of grossly elevated supersaturations and implies additional dependencies, perhaps on the ratio of Mg 2ϩ to Ca 2ϩ activity, not explicitly described by the rate law in its current form.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Note however, that the time required for reaction at ϳ50°C, although still lengthy, are not unreasonable, in qualitative agreement with the results of Malone, Baker, and Burns (1996).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Malone, Baker, and Burns (1996) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These layers closely resemble those developed in published calcite growth kinetics experiments (compare figs. 3 and 4 with 9, Shiraki and Brantley, 1995) and imply a mechanism of polynuclear growth, in which the surfaces accrete through the growth, spread, and coalescence of multiple nucleation points.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Shiraki and Brantley, 1995 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, poor cation ordering and excess calcium are hallmarks of Holocene dolomite as well, as discussed in Arvidson (1998).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Arvidson (1998)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a 0.5 m matrix of NaCl, decrease in activity coefficients and increased complexation retard the rate further.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Errors for all rates (except those computed from published hydrothermal bomb experiments) have been estimated by combining the titration errors with the uncertainty in the activation energy value using standard propagation of error.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the rate of dolomite growth is fundamentally limited by the incorporation of magnesium in the MgCO 3 layer, then one would expect its activation energy to be related to those of the magnesium-bearing single carbonates.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The rate of dolomite growth is fundamentally limited by the incorporation of magnesium in the MgCO3 layer.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The values obtained by regression for these parameters are sensitive to errors in the observables (rates and saturation indices), and the computed model rate will thus also be sensitive to the parameter values chosen from the regression analysis.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that data judged to be of poor quality, either because of problems with the reactor itself or because of uncertainties regarding the effect of coprecipitating phases, were excluded from this treatment.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Based on these compositions, comparison of activation energy, and evidence of dissolution in certain runs, the dolomite forming in these experiments is most likely protodolomite, sensu Graf and Goldsmith (1956), with a solubility greater than that of the underlying dolomite substrate.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Graf and Goldsmith (1956) source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comparison of these energies with those estimated from a comparison of hydration enthalpies of Ca 2ϩ versus Mg 2ϩ suggests that Mg 2ϩ dehydration is a major component of activation energy, with the remaining energy involved in cation ordering.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“raising the possibility that such developments are twins with shared axes.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Extrapolations to laboratory conditions suggest infeasibly long reaction times at 25°, but with significant improvement at slightly higher temperatures.”
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · hedged
“The times estimated for 25°C reactions (10 1 to 10 2 yrs) suggest that direct laboratory observation under these conditions is infeasible.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > RELEVANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TO NATURAL CARBONATE MINERALS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, if the abundance of dolomite reflects its absolute precipitation rate in the environment, the high sensitivity of the rate to changes in temperature and seawater chemistry raises the possibility that past environmental shifts have altered the fluxes of magnesium to carbonate versus basalt reservoirs.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The abundance of dolomite reflects its absolute precipitation rate in the environment.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Although the control and history of seawater composition has long been of interest, recent work tends to be largely dismissive of the importance of dolomite (Hardie, 1996;Stanley and Hardie, 1998).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The precipitation rate of dolomite can be described by a rate law of the form r = k(Ω − 1)^n.
“As a working hypothesis, it is suggested that the precipitation rate of dolomite may be quantified and modeled in a manner similar to other carbonate minerals through application of a rate law that represents the rate as a simple function of saturation index, r ؍ k(⍀ ؊ 1) n .”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The rate constant k has an Arrhenius form.
“The rate constant k is assumed to have an Arrhenius form,”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The reactive surface area S is equivalent to the total surface area of the seed material.
“S, hereafter assumed equivalent to total surface area”
The paper relies on this without support.
The meager distribution of Recent dolomite contrasts strongly with its common abundance in ancient sedimentary rocks of marine origin, producing the dolomite problem.
“The meager distribution of Recent dolomite contrasts strongly with its common abundance in ancient sedimentary rocks of marine origin, leading to the paradox commonly referred to as the ''dolomite problem.''”
The paper relies on this without support.
Surface seawater is strongly oversaturated with respect to ideal dolomite, and yet there is little evidence of widespread dolomite precipitation in modern, open marine sediments.
“Surface seawater is strongly oversaturated with respect to ideal dolomite (CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 ), and yet there is little evidence of widespread dolomite precipitation in modern, open marine sediments.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a general consensus that the dearth of Recent dolomite reflects a kinetic control.
“There is a general consensus that the dearth of Recent dolomite reflects a kinetic control, but there are very few measurements of rates of dolomite growth from either field or laboratory settings.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Corrections for pH electrode drift can be made by assuming the slope and intercept are linear functions of time.
“Corrections due to drift in the electrode's calibration were made by assuming the slope and intercept to be linear functions of time t, and interpolating pH(t) appropriately.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The terms represented by the ellipsis in eq (8) are invariant over the experimental temperature span.
“The ellipsis in eq (8) encumbers terms assumed to be invariant over this span of temperature.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The reaction is driven by the distance from equilibrium with respect to ideal dolomite, not by a phase rendered more soluble by calcium enrichment and cation disordering.
“Second, we have made the assumption that it is the distance from equilibrium with respect to ideal dolomite and not a phase rendered more soluble by calcium enrichment and cation disordering that drives this reaction.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The mechanism of growth is identical in magnesite and calcite, and thus the values for frequency factor and reaction order are identical.
“If we assume that the mechanism of growth is identical in both minerals (and thus that the values for frequency factor and reaction order are identical)”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Dolomite growth can be viewed as a process of constructing alternating layers of calcite and magnesite.
“If dolomite growth is viewed as a process of constructing alternating layers of calcite and magnesite”
The authors state this as an assumption.
At a given temperature, dehydration of calcium requires less energy than magnesium.
“If, at a given temperature, dehydration of calcium requires less energy than magnesium”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The rate of dolomite growth is fundamentally limited by the incorporation of magnesium in the MgCO3 layer.
“If the rate of dolomite growth is fundamentally limited by the incorporation of magnesium in the MgCO 3 layer”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Ordering in the relatively well-ordered dolomites synthesized by Gaines (1968) is essentially perfect.
“If ordering in the latter case is assumed to be essentially perfect”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The change in activation energy with MgCO3 content is linear.
“A linear relationship is assumed for the change in activation energy with MgCO 3 , using energies for calcite (Kazmierczak, Tomson, and Nancollas, 1982) and magnesite (computed from Lippmann, 1973).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The entry for logr + εA/2.3RT assumes an activation energy value of 31.9 kcal mol−1.
“The entry for logr ϩ ⑀ A /2.3 RT assumes an activation energy value of 31.9 kcal mol Ϫ1 computed from run Ti10.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Both regression lines assume an activation energy of 31.9 kcal mol−1.
“Both lines assume an activation energy of 31.9 kcal mol Ϫ1 .”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The difference in solubility between the product surface phase and ideal dolomite is not a function of temperature.
“If we make the dubious assumption that this difference in solubility is not a function of temperature”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The coprecipitated phase is a calcian dolomite with 57 percent CaCO3.
“assuming a calcian dolomite (57 percent CaCO 3 )”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Magnesium dehydration is the controlling step for the activation energy of the dolomite phase formed in this experiment.
“predicted by assuming magnesium dehydration to be the controlling step”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Sufficient measurements are feasible to apply classical nucleation and crystal growth theory to dolomite.
“assuming that sufficient measurements are feasible.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The abundance of dolomite reflects its absolute precipitation rate in the environment.
“if the abundance of dolomite reflects its absolute precipitation rate in the environment”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Previous works have also noted an increasing dolomitization rate with higher alkalinity in all experiments.69−71”
From Low-Temperature Synthesis of Disordered Dolomite and High-Magnesium Calcite in Ethanol–Water Solutions: The Solvation Effect and Implications (2022) · cites this paper as [71]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It is possible that the process takes a long time under ambient conditions [72,132,144], but this may not be long on a geologic timescale.”
From Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies of Dolomite Formation: A Review (2023) · cites this paper as [144]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Thus, the non-classical crystallization can be seen as a preliminary step prior to the nucleation of the crystalline step, which may occur to overcome the kinetic barriers.37,56”
From Mechanisms of Mg carbonates precipitation and implications for CO 2 capture and utilization/storage (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Precipitates treated with weak acetic acid to remove Ca carbonates (e.g., 24) revealed low yields [based on Xray diffraction (XRD) intensity] of Mg calcite (19-49 mol % Mg; calculated from XRD with 3; % MgCO 3 = [(-363.96*d-spacing)+ 1,104.5])and disordered (64-75 mol % Mg; calculated from XRD with 3) and ordered dolomite [CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 ] (Fig. 3).”
From Surface chemistry allows for abiotic precipitation of dolomite at low temperature (2013) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It is also important to note that one mechanism does not exclude the other.37”
From Mechanisms of Mg carbonates precipitation and implications for CO 2 capture and utilization/storage (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION RATE
“the only published value of 49 kcal mol Ϫ1 , determined from rates at temperatures from 252° to 295°C by Katz and Matthews (1977).”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
“The latter two values are taken from the analysis of data from Gaines (1968, see also Arvidson and Mackenzie, 1997) and published values from Katz and Matthews (1977), respectively.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > CONCLUSIONS
“By using the term log r ϩ ⑀ A /RT, the intention is to compare rates that are essentially normalized with respect to temperature and thus primarily observe the effect of changing saturation state.”
§ THE DOLOMITE PROBLEM: CONTROL OF PRECIPITATION KINETICS BY TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION STATE > GENERAL RATE LAW FOR DOLOMITE PRECIPITATION
“The entry for logr ϩ ⑀ A /2.3 RT assumes an activation energy value of 31.9 kcal mol Ϫ1 computed from run Ti10.”
Citations
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Research works printed but not linked: 7
- [3]3. Arvidson, R. S., ms, 1998, The kinetics of dolomite precipitation with application to changes in seawater saturation state over the past 100 Ma: Ph.D. thesis, Honolulu, The University of Hawaii, 320 p.
- [9]9. Bischoff, W. D., ms, 1985, Magnesian calcites; physical and chemical properties and stabilities in aqueous solution of synthetic and biogenic phases: Ph.D. thesis, Northwestern University, Evanston, 144 p.
- [11]11. Busenberg, E., and Plummer, L. N., 1986, A comparative study of the dissolution and crystal growth kinetics of calcite and aragonite, in Mumpton, F. A., editor, Studies in Diagenesis: U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin B 1578, p. 139-168.
- [16]16. Deffeyes, K. S., Lucia, F. J., and Weyl, P. K., 1965, Dolomitization of recent and Plio-Pleistocene sediments by marine evaporite water on Bonaire, Netherland Antilles, in Pray, L. C., and Murray, R. C., editors, Dolomitization and Limestone Diagenesis: A Symposium: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Publication no. 13, p. 71-88.
- [18]18. Gaines, A. M., ms, 1968, An Experimental Investigation of the Kinetics and Mechanism of the Formation of Dolomite: Ph.D. thesis, Chicago, The University of Chicago, 83 p.
- [35]35. Lippmann, F., 1973, Sedimentary Carbonate Minerals, Minerals, Rocks and Inorganic Materials, Monograph Series of Theoretical and Experimental Studies, v. 4: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 228 p.
- [40]40. Morse, J. W., and Mackenzie, F. T., 1990, Geochemistry of Sedimentary Carbonates, Vol. 48 of Developments in Sedimentology: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 707 p.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 449
de Obeso, J. C., Ramos, D. P. S., Higgins, J. A., & Kelemen, P. B. (2020) · Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth · doi:10.1029/2020jb020237 · Cited by 54
“Precipitation kinetics of magnesite and dolomite at low temperatures are poorly understood (Arvidson & Mackenzie, 1999; Saldi et al., 2012).”
BackgroundPore-water squeezing from indurated shales
Mazurek, M., Oyama, T., Wersin, P., & Alt‐Epping, P. (2015) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.02.008 · Cited by 55
Dong, S., Chen, D., Zhou, X., et al. (2016) · Sedimentology · doi:10.1111/sed.12341 · Cited by 55
“The fluids finally became supersaturated with respect to dolomite, leading to the dolomite nucleation on the wall of veins/fractures or vugs (Arvidson & Mackenzie, 1999).”
BackgroundKell-Duivestein, I. J., Baldermann, A., Mavromatis, V., & Dietzel, M. (2019) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.119292 · Cited by 55
Transport-controlled hydrothermal replacement of calcite by Mg-carbonates
Jonas, L., Müller, T., Dohmen, R., Baumgartner, L. P., & Putlitz, B. (2015) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g36934.1 · Cited by 54
“In this case, the formation rate of222 dolomite is controlled by three parameters: temperature, surface area and saturation index223 (Arvidson and Mackenzie, 1999).”
BackgroundMethodMontes-Hernandez, G., Findling, N., & Renard, F. (2016) · Applied Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2016.08.011 · Cited by 54
“Moreover, the scanty distribution of recent dolomite in natural environments contrasts strongly with its abundance in ancient sedimentary rocks of marine origin, leading to the paradox commonly referred to as the “dolomite problem” (Compton, 1988; Arvidson and Mackenzie, 1997, 1999).”
BackgroundZebra rocks: compaction waves create ore deposits
Kelka, U., Veveakis, M., Koehn, D., & Beaudoin, N. E. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14541-3 · Cited by 51
Jones, G. D. (2004) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/ajs.304.3.250 · Cited by 53
“Such models assume that dolomitization is mass transport limited, but at present we have a very poor understanding of the kinetic controls on low-temperature dolomitization (Arvidson and Mackenzie, 1999), and it is uncertain whether dolomitization is kinetic or mass transport limited.”
BackgroundMadden, M. E. E., Madden, A. S. E., & Rimstidt, J. D. (2009) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g25639a.1 · Cited by 53
You, X., Sun, S., Zhu, J., Li, Q., Hu, W., & Dong, H. (2013) · Terra Nova · doi:10.1111/ter.12048 · Cited by 54
“The problem is defined as an apparent paradox imposed by the scarcity of modern dolomite, which forms in highly specialized environments, and its high abundance in ancient sedimentary rocks (Arvidson and Mackenzie, 1999).”
BackgroundMurray, S. T., & Swart, P. K. (2017) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2017.02.021 · Cited by 52
New isotope constraints on the Mg oceanic budget point to cryptic modern dolomite formation
Shalev, N., Bontognali, T. R. R., Wheat, C. G., & Vance, D. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13514-6 · Cited by 51
The Dolomite Problem: A Matter of Time
Pina, C. M., Pimentel, C., & Crespo, Á. (2022) · ACS Earth and Space Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00078 · Cited by 52
Tutolo, B. M., Kong, X., Seyfried, W. E., et al. (2015) · International journal of greenhouse gas control · doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2015.05.026 · Cited by 51
Experimental Observation of Permeability Changes In Dolomite at CO2Sequestration Conditions
Tutolo, B. M., Luhmann, A. J., Kong, X., Saar, M. O., & Seyfried, W. E. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es4036946 · Cited by 51
Hou, K., Qian, H., Zhang, Q., et al. (2020) · Earth Surface Processes and Landforms · doi:10.1002/esp.4779 · Cited by 51
Rott, C. M., & Qing, H. (2013) · Journal of Sedimentary Research · doi:10.2110/jsr.2013.73 · Cited by 50
Geologic history of seawater: A MAGic approach to carbon chemistry and ocean ventilation
Arvidson, R. S., Mackenzie, F. T., & Guidry, M. (2013) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.10.012 · Cited by 49
“, 2011), the precipitation rate of shelf dolomite in MAGic is controlled by seawater saturation state and temperature (Arvidson and Mackenzie, 1999).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLi, W., Bialik, O. M., Wang, X., Yang, T., Hu, Z., Huang, Q., Zhao, S., & Waldmann, N. (2019) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2019.01.029 · Cited by 50
Frazer, M., Whitaker, F., & Hollis, C. (2014) · Marine and Petroleum Geology · doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.01.004 · Cited by 48
Roles of Transport Limitations and Mineral Heterogeneity in Carbonation of Fractured Basalts
Menefee, A. H., Li, P., Giammar, D. E., & Ellis, B. R. (2017) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b00326 · Cited by 50
Waldmann, S., Busch, A., van Ojik, K., et al. (2014) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.03.014 · Cited by 47
Can Mn–S redox cycling drive sedimentary dolomite formation? A hypothesis
Petrash, D. A., Lalonde, S. V., González-Arismendi, G., Gordon, R. A., Méndez, J. A., Gingras, M. K., & Konhauser, K. O. (2015) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.03.017 · Cited by 46
“The fact that dolomite is abundant in the geologic record yet is rarely observed forming today (the so-called “dolomite problem”) is complicated by the fact that Mg in seawater today is largely found in complexed form (cf. Arvidson and MacKenzie, 1999).”
BackgroundHydrothermal dolomitization in a complex geodynamic setting (Lower Palaeozoic, northern Spain)
Lapponi, F., Bechstädt, T., Boni, M., Banks, D. A., & Schneider, J. (2013) · Sedimentology · doi:10.1111/sed.12060 · Cited by 46
“Various models were proposed to solve the so-called ‘dolomite problem’ (McKenzie, 1991; Arvidson & Mackenzie, 1999; for reviews see Warren, 2000 and Machel, 2004).”
Pérez-Fernàndez, A., Berninger, U.-N., Mavromatis, V., von Strandmann, P. A. E. P., & Oelkers, É. H. (2017) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.07.026 · Cited by 48
“Numerous studies have concluded that the “dolomite problem” is a kinetic issue that stems from ether the slow dehydration of aqueous magnesium at ambient temperatures or the deformation of the crystal structure due to the incorporation magnesium, yet the detailed mechanisms and the conditions at which dolomite may for…”
BackgroundInfluentialVogel, M. B., Marais, D. J. D., Parenteau, M. N., et al. (2009) · Sedimentary Geology · doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.11.013 · Cited by 46
Gabellone, T., & Whitaker, F. (2015) · Sedimentology · doi:10.1111/sed.12259 · Cited by 45
“Here the use of kinetic rates from Arvidson & Mackenzie (1999) allows a direct comparison with previous RTM studies of dolomitization (Wilson et al., 2001; Jones & Xiao, 2005; Whitaker & Xiao, 2010; Al-Helal et al., 2012a,b).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBiomineralization of Monohydrocalcite Induced by the Halophile Halomonas Smyrnensis WMS-3
Pan, J., Zhao, H. C., Tucker, M. E., Zhou, J., Jiang, M., Wang, Y., Zhao, Y., Sun, B., Han, Z., & Yan, H. (2019) · Minerals · doi:10.3390/min9100632 · Cited by 45
“The mole percent of MgCO3 in Mg‐rich calcite was calculated using the following equation [40]:”
MethodThermal convection dolomitization induced by the Emeishan Large Igneous Province
Dong, Y., Chen, H.-D., Wang, J.-Y., Hou, M.-C., Xu, S.-L., Zhu, P., Zhang, C.-G., & Cui, Y. (2020) · Marine and Petroleum Geology · doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104308 · Cited by 43
Awolayo, A. N., Laureijs, C. T., Byng, J., Luhmann, A. J., Lauer, R. M., & Tutolo, B. M. (2022) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2022.08.011 · Cited by 44
Paulo, C., & Dittrich, M. (2013) · Journal of Raman Spectroscopy · doi:10.1002/jrs.4368 · Cited by 44
Estimation of Dolomite Formation: Dolomite Precipitation and Dolomitization
Banerjee, A. (2016) · Journal of the Geological Society of India · doi:10.1007/s12594-016-0430-9 · Cited by 44
“On the other hand, reaction kinetics of dolomite precipitation is also still debated and laboratory experiments (Arvidson and MacKenzie, 1999; Pokrovsky and Schott, 2001; Gautelier et al., 2007) are yet to converge on a definitive answer.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIsotopic evidence for dolomite formation in soils
Díaz, J. L., Sánchez‐Navas, A., & Reyes, E. (2013) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.03.018 · Cited by 44
“In any case, the occurrence of dolomite in the geochemical systems of the earth's surface is often strongly controlled by reaction kinetics (Arvidson and Mackenzie, 1999; Deelman, 2005) and/or mass-transport processes.”
BackgroundHan, Z., Li, D., Zhao, H. C., Yan, H., & Li, P. (2017) · Minerals · doi:10.3390/min7060095 · Cited by 41
“The organic macromolecules of organisms play an important role in regulating and controlling the formation of the unique morphology of the minerals in the biomineralization process [41].”
BackgroundMethodDevelopment of Magnesian Carbonates in Quaternary Soils on the Island of Hawaii
Whipkey, C. E., Capo, R. C., Hsieh, J. C. C., & Chadwick, O. A. (2002) · Journal of Sedimentary Research · doi:10.1306/050801720158 · Cited by 43
Miller, Q. R. S., Kaszuba, J. P., Kerisit, S. N., Schaef, H. T., Bowden, M. E., McGrail, B. P., & Rosso, K. M. (2020) · Environmental Science: Nano · doi:10.1039/c9en01382b · Cited by 41
Lü, P., & Cantrell, D. L. (2015) · Sedimentology · doi:10.1111/sed.12241 · Cited by 45
“In the base case, Transition State Theory type rate law (see Appendix S2) is used for calcite and anhydrite dissolution and precipitation, but precipitation rate law from Arvidson & MacKenzie (1999) is used for dolomite, because it is derived directly from dolomite precipitation experiments.”
MethodBojanowski, M. J. (2014) · Marine and Petroleum Geology · doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.12.001 · Cited by 36
KEARSEY, T. I., Twitchett, R. J., & Newell, A. J. (2011) · Geological Magazine · doi:10.1017/s0016756811000926 · Cited by 42
“Possibly it is because elevated atmospheric pCO2 levels cause an increase in temperatures, and this increase in temperature may have made the precipitation of dolomite more kinetically likely (Arvidson & Mackenzie, 1999).”
BackgroundRen, M., & Jones, B. (2018) · Sedimentology · doi:10.1111/sed.12455 · Cited by 40
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies of Dolomite Formation: A Review
Chen, C., Zhong, H., Wang, X., Ning, M., Wang, X., Ge, Y., Wang, H., Tang, R., & Hou, M. (2023) · Minerals · doi:10.3390/min13121479 · Cited by 43
Garcia-Fresca, B., Lucia, F. J., Sharp, J. M., & Kerans, C. (2012) · AAPG Bulletin · doi:10.1306/02071210123 · Cited by 39
Giampouras, M., Garrido, C. J., Zwicker, J., Vadillo, I., Smrzka, D., Bach, W., Peckmann, J., Jiménez‐Gavilán, P., Benavente, J., & Garcı́a-Ruiz, J. M. (2019) · Lithos · doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2019.105215 · Cited by 39
Tracked changes of dolomite into Ca-Mg-Al layered double hydroxide
Mao, N., Zhou, C., Keeling, J., Fiore, S., Zhang, H., Chen, L., Jin, G.-X., Zhu, T.-T., Tong, D.-S., & Yu, W.-H. (2017) · Applied Clay Science · doi:10.1016/j.clay.2017.06.011 · Cited by 41
Fang, Y., Zhang, F., Farfan, G. A., & Xu, H. (2022) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.1c04624 · Cited by 37
Hashim, M. S., Burke, J. E., Hardisty, D., & Kaczmarek, S. E. (2022) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2022.10.027 · Cited by 21
Will dawsonite form during CO2 storage?
Hellevang, H., Aagaard, P., & Jahren, J. (2013) · Greenhouse Gases Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/ghg.1378 · Cited by 37
Han, Z., Qi, P., Zhao, Y., Guo, N., Yan, H., Tucker, M. E., Li, D., Wang, J., & Zhao, H. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.821968 · Cited by 38
“(2017) believed that a relatively short reaction time may be the primary reason for the disorder of microbial-mediated dolomite, since both modeling work (Arvidson and Mackenzie, 1999) and the nature of ancient dolomite show a relationship between ordering structure and formation time (Gregg et al.”
BackgroundLeaching behaviour of a chromium smelter waste heap
Deakin, D., West, L. J., Stewart, D. I., et al. (2001) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/s0956-053x(00)00099-4 · Cited by 37
“Low temperature formation of dolomite is rare and studies have shown that the kinetics of dolomite precipitation strongly favour high temperatures [14,15].”
BackgroundLacustrine dolomite in deep time: What really matters in early dolomite formation and accumulation?
Guo, P., Wen, H., Li, C., He, H., & Sánchez‐Román, M. (2023) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104575 · Cited by 39
Lü, P., Apps, J. A., Zhang, G., Gysi, A., & Zhu, C. (2024) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104813 · Cited by 41
Did anoxia terminate Ediacaran benthic communities? Evidence from early diagenesis
Wood, R. A., Bowyer, F. T., Penny, A., & Poulton, S. W. (2018) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2018.05.011 · Cited by 39
Temperature Dependence of Mineral Precipitation Rates Along the CaCO3–MgCO3 Join
Arvidson, R. S., & Mackenzie, F. T. (2000) · Aquatic Geochemistry · doi:10.1023/a:1009619426406 · Cited by 39
“for details regarding experimental method, see Arvidson and Mackenzie, 1999 ).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBaniak, G. M., Amskold, L., Konhauser, K. O., Muehlenbachs, K., Pemberton, S. G., & Gingras, M. K. (2014) · Ichnos/Ichnos : an international journal for plant and animal traces · doi:10.1080/10420940.2014.930036 · Cited by 38
“The formation of dolomite and the nature of the dolomitizing fluids remains controversial and is widely referred to as the “dolomite problem” (Gunatilaka, 1987; Arvidson and Mackenzie, 1999; Machel, 2004).”
BackgroundBoyn, J.-N., & Carter, E. A. (2023) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.3c06182 · Cited by 39
Hood, A. V. S., Wallace, M. W., Reed, C. P., Hoffmann, K.-H., & Freyer, E. E. (2015) · Sedimentary Geology · doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.04.007 · Cited by 35
Bénézeth, P., Stefánsson, A., Gautier, Q., & Schott, J. (2013) · Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry · doi:10.2138/rmg.2013.76.4 · Cited by 37
Transformation of protodolomite to dolomite proceeds under dry-heating conditions
Zheng, W., Liu, D., Yang, S., Fan, Q., Papineau, D., Wang, H., Qiu, X., Chang, B., & She, Z. (2021) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117249 · Cited by 35
Samad, R. A., Disi, Z. A. A., Ashfaq, M. Y., Wahib, S. M., & Zouari, N. (2020) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d0ra01229g · Cited by 35
Tyra, M. A., BREARLEY, A. J., & Guan, Y. (2015) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2015.10.034 · Cited by 34
Daswani, M. M., Schwenzer, S. P., Reed, M. H., Wright, I. P., & Grady, M. M. (2016) · Meteoritics and Planetary Science · doi:10.1111/maps.12713 · Cited by 37
“We disallowed the formation of dolomite and other minerals whose growth is kinetically retarded under these low-temperature conditions (e.g., Arvidson and Mackenzie (1999), and see supporting information (Table S1) for more references and all disallowed minerals.”
MethodTaylor, H. L., Kell-Duivestein, I., Farkaš, J., Dietzel, M., & Dosseto, A. (2019) · Climate of the past · doi:10.5194/cp-15-635-2019 · Cited by 32
Benjakul, R., Hollis, C., Robertson, H. A., Sonnenthal, E., & Whitaker, F. (2020) · Solid Earth · doi:10.5194/se-11-2439-2020 · Cited by 33
Fracture dolomite as an archive of continental palaeo-environmental conditions
Baldermann, A., Mittermayr, F., Bernasconi, S. M., Dietzel, M., Grengg, C., Hippler, D., Kluge, T., Leis, A., Lin, K., Wang, X., et al. (2020) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-020-00040-3 · Cited by 34
Jones, G. D. (2000) · Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology · doi:10.2113/48.3.230 · Cited by 33
Liu, D., Xu, Y., Yu, Q., Yu, N., Qiu, X., Wang, H., & Papineau, D. (2020) · Journal of Asian Earth Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2020.104301 · Cited by 32
Post-Chicxulub depositional and diagenetic history of the northwestern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico
Lefticariu, M., Perry, E. C., Ward, W. C., & Lefticariu, L. (2005) · Sedimentary Geology · doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.09.008 · Cited by 34
“Replacive and vug-filling dolomite crystal surface topography data [compared to crystal microtopography data of Lasaga (1998), Arvidson and Mackenzie (1999), and Kessel et al.”
MethodWen, Y., Sánchez‐Román, M., Li, Y., Wang, C., Han, Z., Zhang, L., & Gao, Y. (2020) · Sedimentology · doi:10.1111/sed.12744 · Cited by 33
Szucs, A. M., Stavropoulou, A., O’Donnell, C., Davis, S., & Blanco, J. D. R. (2020) · Crystal Growth & Design · doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.0c01313 · Cited by 32
Cuadros, J., Díaz, J. L., Sánchez‐Navas, A., García‐Casco, A., & Yepes, J. (2016) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.01.042 · Cited by 32
“Specifically, modern dolomites are restricted to hypersaline lakes, lagoons and zones of microbial mediation where porewater alkalinity is very high (Vasconcelos and McKenzie, 1997; Arvidson and Mackenzie, 1999 and references therein).”
BackgroundWang, J., Zhao, Y., Li, D., Qi, P., Gao, X. P., Guo, N., Meng, R., Tucker, M. E., Yan, H., & Han, Z. (2022) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2022.120998 · Cited by 30
Montes-Hernandez, G., Findling, N., Renard, F., & Auzende, A.-L. (2014) · Crystal Growth & Design · doi:10.1021/cg401548a · Cited by 31
Oskierski, H. C., Dlugogorski, B. Z., Oliver, T. K., & Jacobsen, G. (2016) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.04.014 · Cited by 32
“dolomite, huntite and magnesite, but due to the kinetic inhibition of precipitation of dolomite and magnesite precipitation at low temperatures (Arvidson and MacKenzie, 1999; Giammar et al., 2005; Hänchen et al., 2008; Saldi et al., 2009), hydrated Mgcarbonates, such as the observed hydromagnesite, precipitate prefere…”
BackgroundMineral precipitation and dissolution at two slag-disposal sites in northwestern Indiana, USA
Bayless, E. R., & Schulz, M. S. (2003) · Environmental Geology · doi:10.1007/s00254-003-0875-1 · Cited by 31
“Well-formed dolomite crystals corroborated calcite observations, indicating that concentrated solutions with high degrees of thermodynamic supersaturation existed at the time of mineral precipitation ( Arvidson and Mackenzie 1999 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialBerninger, U.-N., Saldi, G. D., Jordan, G., Schott, J., & Oelkers, É. H. (2016) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2016.11.012 · Cited by 31
Zhao, J. H., Lu, W., Zhang, F., et al. (2014) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.06.019 · Cited by 30
Dodd, C. K., Anderson, C. R., Perissinotto, R., du Plooy, S. J., & Rishworth, G. M. (2018) · Sedimentary Geology · doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2018.06.002 · Cited by 29
Milesi, V., Debure, M., Marty, N. C. M., Capano, M., Jézéquel, D., Steefel, C. I., Rouchon, V., Albéric, P., Bard, É., Sarazin, G., et al. (2020) · ACS Earth and Space Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00279 · Cited by 34
Stromatolites on the rise in peat-bound karstic wetlands
Proemse, B. C., Eberhard, R. S., Sharples, C., Bowman, J. P., Richards, K., Comfort, M., & Barmuta, L. A. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15507-1 · Cited by 30
Raudsepp, M. J., Wilson, S., Morgan, B., Patel, A., Johnston, S. G., Gagen, E. J., & Fallon, S. J. (2022) · Sedimentology · doi:10.1111/sed.12991 · Cited by 29
“…direct precipitation of these Ca–Mg carbonate minerals, as well as replacement of calcite or aragonite with dolomite at low-temperature (<40°C), is hypothesized to be limited by kinetics and, more specifically, the slow kinetics of Mg2+(aq) dehydration (Land, 1998; Arvidson & Mackenzie, 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialTernieten, L., Früh‐Green, G. L., & Bernasconi, S. M. (2021) · Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth · doi:10.1029/2021jb022712 · Cited by 27
“…at low temperatures is inhibited by slow reaction kinetics (Sibley et al., 1987) caused by a lack of nucleation sites (Bosak & Newman, 2003), cation desolvation (Brady et al., 1996), sulfate inhibition (Baker & Kastner, 1981), and lack of solution supersaturation (Arvidson & Mackenzie, 1999).”
BackgroundHellevang, H., & Aagaard, P. (2013) · Applied Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.09.012 · Cited by 29
Gabellone, T., Whitaker, F., Katz, D., et al. (2016) · Sedimentary Geology · doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2016.09.003 · Cited by 29
Di Lorenzo, F., Rodríguez-Galán, R. M., & Prieto, M. (2014) · Mineralogical Magazine · doi:10.1180/minmag.2014.078.6.02 · Cited by 28
A non-classical crystallization mechanism of microbially-induced disordered dolomite
Liu, D., Chen, T., Dai, Z., Papineau, D., Qiu, X., Wang, H., & Benzerara, K. (2024) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2024.05.005 · Cited by 29
On the growth of anhydrous Mg-bearing carbonates – Implications from norsethite growth kinetics
Lindner, M., Saldi, G. D., Carrocci, S., Bénézeth, P., Schott, J., & Jordan, G. (2018) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2018.07.013 · Cited by 27
Paulo, C., Power, I., Zeyen, N., Wang, B., & Wilson, S. (2023) · Applied Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2023.105630 · Cited by 30
Olanipekun, B. J., & Azmy, K. (2017) · Sedimentology · doi:10.1111/sed.12371 · Cited by 28
“…activation energy required for dolomite than for calcite formation (9 4 0 4 kcal mol 1 for calcite and ca 15 kcal mol 1 for 45 mol% MgCO3 dolomite; Arvidson & Mackenzie, 1999, and references therein), precipitation rate must have remained low throughout the entire growth process of the zoned…”
BackgroundJones, B. (2010) · Sedimentary Geology · doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2010.03.004 · Cited by 28
Chudasama, B., Porwal, A. K., González-Álvarez, I., Thakur, S., Wilde, A. R., & Kreuzer, O. P. (2018) · Ore Geology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.04.024 · Cited by 27
Effect of dolomitization on isotopic records from Neoproterozoic carbonates in southwestern Mongolia
Bold, U., Ahm, A. C., Schrag, D. P., Higgins, J. A., Erdenebayar, J., & Macdonald, F. A. (2020) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105902 · Cited by 27
Zhao, Y., Wei, X., Han, Z., Han, C., Gao, X. P., Meng, R., Wang, Q., Tucker, M. E., Li, M., & Sánchez‐Román, M. (2023) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2023.121376 · Cited by 27
Can crystal morphology indicate different generations of dolomites? Evidence from magnesium isotopes
Ning, M., Huang, K., Lang, X., Ma, H., Yuan, H., Peng, Y., & Shen, B. (2019) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.04.007 · Cited by 27
Pedone, V. A., & Dickson, J. A. D. (2000) · Journal of Sedimentary Research · doi:10.1306/041200701152 · Cited by 27
An overview of structurally-controlled dolostone-limestone transitions in the stratigraphic record
Koeshidayatullah, A., Corlett, H., & Hollis, C. (2021) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103751 · Cited by 27
Carter, L. B., & Dasgupta, R. (2018) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.05.024 · Cited by 26
Natarajan, N., & Kumar, G. S. (2011) · Geoscience Frontiers · doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2011.12.003 · Cited by 25
Diagenesis of a drapery speleothem from Castañar Cave: from dissolution to dolomitization
Martín-Pérez, A., Alonso‐Zarza, A. M., & Martín‐García, R. (2012) · International Journal of Speleology · doi:10.5038/1827-806x.41.2.11 · Cited by 25
Milesi, V., Jézéquel, D., Debure, M., Cadeau, P., Guyot, F., Sarazin, G., Claret, F., Vennin, E., Chaduteau, C., Virgone, A., et al. (2018) · Sedimentology · doi:10.1111/sed.12531 · Cited by 26
Long-Running Comparison of Feed-Water Scaling in Membrane Distillation
Rezaei, M., Alsaati, A. A., Warsinger, D. M., et al. (2020) · Membranes · doi:10.3390/membranes10080173 · Cited by 25
Metadata
- Authors
- Arvidson, R. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Arvidson, R. S.
- ORCID
- Arvidson, R. S.
- Venue
- American Journal of Science
- Publisher
- American Journal of Science (AJS)
- Published
- 1999-04-01
- Volume
- 299
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 257-288
- ISSN
- 0002-9599 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2017918382
- Semantic Scholar
- a7089a5eff292400fe9e9a919119e166bfc231c5
- Cited by
- 447
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 5.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Science (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Calcium Carbonate Crystallization and Inhibition
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions
- Keywords
- dolomite problem, saturation index, temperature dependence, activation energy, Arrhenius rate constants, reaction order, protodolomite, syntaxial overgrowths, nucleation, dolomite origin, carbonate precipitation, seawater chemistry
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