Interventions for the Management of Acute and Chronic Low Back Pain: Revision 2021: Clinical Practice Guidelines Linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health From the Academy of Orthopaedic Physical Therapy of the American Physical Therapy Association

George, Steven Z.; Fritz, Julie M.; Silfies, Sheri P.; Schneider, Michael J.; Beneciuk, Jason M.; Lentz, Trevor A.; Gilliam, John R.; Hendren, Stephanie; Norman, Katherine S.

doi:10.2519/jospt.2021.0304

Cited by 608Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitationSpine and Intervertebral Disc PathologyPregnancy-related medical research

Interventions for the Management of Acute and Chronic Low Back Pain: Revision 2021: Clinical Practice Guidelines Linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health From the Academy of Orthopaedic Physical Therapy of the American Physical Therapy Association

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George, Steven Z., Fritz, Julie M., Silfies, Sheri P., Schneider, Michael J., Beneciuk, Jason M., Lentz, Trevor A., Gilliam, John R., Hendren, Stephanie +1 more·2021·Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy

DOI 10.2519/jospt.2021.0304PMC PMC10508241

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Abstract

Low back pain (LBP) remains a musculoskeletal condition with an adverse societal impact. Globally, LBP is highly prevalent and a leading cause of disability. This is an update to the 2012 Academy of Orthopaedic Physical Therapy (AOPT), formerly the Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA), clinical practice guideline (CPG) for LBP. The overall objective of this update was to provide recommendations on interventions delivered by physical therapists or studied in care settings that included physical therapy providers. It also focused on synthesizing new evidence, with the purpose of making recommendations for specific nonpharmacologic treatments. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2021;51(11):CPG1–CPG60. doi:10.2519/jospt.2021.0304

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Clinical practice guidelines emphasize preventing and treating non-specific back pain with exercise therapy and health education.
“Clinical practice guidelines stress the importance of NBP prevention and treatment through exercise therapy (i.e., yoga, stretching, Pilates and strength training) and health education (i.e., selfmanagement techniques, pacing strategies, back protection techniques and pain neuroscience education) [3,7,8,9].”
From Prevention of non-specific back pain through exercise and education: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
The 2021 Recommendations under Patient Education endorse active education for acute low back pain and active treatments such as yoga, stretching, Pilates, and strength training for chronic low back pain. They recommend pain neuroscience education alongside other interventions for chronic low back pain, not education as a stand-alone treatment. The cited guideline addresses management of patients with low back pain; these passages do not establish the broader claim about preventing non-specific back pain. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Graded exercise and patient education are considered essential for reducing kinesiophobia.
“This phenomenon may be due to the fact that graded exercise and patient education are key elements to reducing kinesiophobia [8].”
From Prevention of non-specific back pain through exercise and education: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
The Patient Education recommendations (page unavailable) advise strategies that decrease fear and catastrophizing in people with low back pain. The chronic-LBP education section also recommends combining pain neuroscience education with interventions such as exercise, but reports benefits chiefly for pain and disability. It does not establish that graded exercise and patient education are essential for reducing kinesiophobia. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
All educational interventions in the review adhered to the main clinical guideline recommendations.
“and in terms of educational interventions, all of them followed the recommendations of the main clinical guidelines [7,8].”
From Prevention of non-specific back pain through exercise and education: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
The Patient Education section gives recommendations for educating patients with low back pain, and the Methods section describes how the guideline reviewed evidence. Neither assesses whether all educational interventions in the citing review followed clinical guidelines. A search for intervention adherence to guideline recommendations found no such assessment in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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Comprehensive Nonsurgical Treatment Versus Self-directed Care to Improve Walking Ability in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A Randomized Trial
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Self-citation
Outcomes are not different for patient-matched versus nonmatched treatment in subjects with chronic recurrent low back pain: a randomized clinical trial
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Short-term effects of interferential current electro-massage in adults with chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial
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ISSLS Prize Winner
McGregor, A. H., Doré, C. J., Morris, T. P., Stephen Morris, A., & Jamrozik, K. D. (2011) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e318214e3e6 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The Efficacy of Systematic Active Conservative Treatment for Patients With Severe Sciatica
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Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation training improves pain-related and balance outcomes in working-age patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial
Areeudomwong, P., & Buttagat, V. (2018) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.10.005 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Short-Term Effects of Mulligan Mobilization With Movement on Pain, Disability, and Kinematic Spinal Movements in Patients With Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
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Effects of myofascial release in erector spinae myoelectric activity and lumbar spine kinematics in non-specific chronic low back pain: Randomized controlled trial
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Regression of lumbar disc herniation by physiotherapy. Does non-surgical spinal decompression therapy make a difference? Double-blind randomized controlled trial
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The Effectiveness of Mechanical Traction Among Subgroups of Patients With Low Back Pain and Leg Pain: A Randomized Trial
Thackeray, A., Fritz, J. M., Childs, J. D., & Brennan, G. P. (2016) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6238 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citation
Deep water running and general practice in primary care for non-specific low back pain versus general practice alone: randomized controlled trial
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Effectiveness of Implementation Strategies to Improve Adherence of Physical Therapist Treatment Choices to Clinical Practice Guidelines for Musculoskeletal Conditions: Systematic Review
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Effect of 10-week core stabilization exercise training and detraining on pain-related outcomes in patients with clinical lumbar instability
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Efficacy of classification-specific treatment and adherence on outcomes in people with chronic low back pain. A one-year follow-up, prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial
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The Effect of Core Stability Exercises on Variations in Acceleration of Trunk Movement, Pain, and Disability During an Episode of Acute Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Pilot Clinical Trial
Aluko, A., DeSouza, L., & Peacock, J. L. (2013) · Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2012.12.012 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Effects of yoga, strength training and advice on back pain: a randomized controlled trial
Brämberg, E. B., Bergström, G., Jensen, I. B., Hagberg, J., & Kwak, L. (2017) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-017-1497-1 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Comparison of Core Stabilisation Exercise and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Training on Pain-related and Neuromuscular Response Outcomes for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomised Controlled Trial
Areeudomwong, P., & Buttagat, V. (2019) · Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.21315/mjms2019.26.6.8 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Individualised physiotherapy as an adjunct to guideline-based advice for low back disorders in primary care: a randomised controlled trial
Ford, J. J., Hahne, A. J., Surkitt, L. D., Chan, A. Y. P., Richards, M. C., Slater, S. L., Hinman, R. S., Pizzari, T., Davidson, M., & Taylor, N. F. (2016) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095058 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
High load lifting exercise and low load motor control exercises as interventions for patients with mechanical low back pain: A randomized controlled trial with 24-month follow-up
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A randomized controlled trial on the long‐term effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation training, on pain‐related outcomes and back muscle activity, in patients with chronic low back pain
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The short-term effects of graded activity versus physiotherapy in patients with chronic low back pain: A randomized controlled trial
Magalhães, M. O., Muzi, L. H., Comachio, J., Burke, T. N., Renovato França, F. J., Vidal Ramos, L. A., Leão Almeida, G. P., de Moura Campos Carvalho-e-Silva, A. P., & Marques, A. P. (2015) · Manual Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.math.2015.02.004 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The Effect of Spinal Mobilization With Leg Movement in Patients With Lumbar Radiculopathy—A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
Satpute, K. H., Hall, T. M., Bisen, R., & Lokhande, P. V. (2018) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2018.11.004 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Effects of Adding a Neurodynamic Mobilization to Motor Control Training in Patients With Lumbar Radiculopathy Due to Disc Herniation
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Trunk Muscle Training Augmented With Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Appears to Improve Function in Older Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain
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Effectiveness of dry needling versus a classical physiotherapy program in patients with chronic low-back pain: a single-blind, randomized, controlled trial
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Comparing the Effectiveness of Cognitive Functional Treatment and Lumbar Stabilization Treatment on Pain and Movement Control in Patients With Low Back Pain
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Transforming low back pain care delivery in the United States
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Self-citation
Effects of compression at myofascial trigger points in patients with acute low back pain: A randomized controlled trial
Takamoto, K., Bito, I., Urakawa, S., Sakai, S., Kigawa, M., Ono, T., & Nishijo, H. (2015) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.694 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Group cognitive behavioural interventions for low back pain in primary care: Extended follow-up of the Back Skills Training Trial (ISRCTN54717854)
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Sub-classification based specific movement control exercises are superior to general exercise in sub-acute low back pain when both are combined with manual therapy: A randomized controlled trial
Lehtola, V., Luomajoki, H. A., Leinonen, V., Gibbons, S., & Airaksinen, O. (2016) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-016-0986-y · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Effects of McKenzie and stabilization exercises in reducing pain intensity and functional disability in individuals with nonspecific chronic low back pain: a systematic review
Alhakami, A. M., Davis, S., Qasheesh, M., Shaphe, M. A., & Chahal, A. (2019) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.31.590 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Short-Term Effect of Spinal Manipulation on Pain Perception, Spinal Mobility, and Full Height Recovery in Male Subjects With Degenerative Disk Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Vieira-Pellenz, F., Oliva‐Pascual‐Vaca, Á., Rodríguez‐Blanco, C., Heredia‐Rizo, A. M., Ricard, F., & Almazán-Campos, G. (2014) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2014.05.002 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Comparison of Three Manual Therapy Techniques as Trigger Point Therapy for Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial
Dayanır, I. O., Birinci, T., Mutlu, E. K., Akçetin, M. A., & Akdemir, A. O. (2020) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2019.0435 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Randomized Trial of General Strength and Conditioning versus Motor Control and Manual Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain on Physical and Self-Report Outcomes
Tagliaferri, S. D., Miller, C. T., Ford, J. J., Hahne, A. J., Main, L. C., Rantalainen, T., Connell, D., Simson, K. J., Owen, P. J., & Belavý, D. L. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9061726 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Spinal mobilization vs conventional physiotherapy in the management of chronic low back pain due to spinal disk degeneration: a randomized controlled trial
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Postoperative rehabilitation does not improve functional outcome in lumbar spinal stenosis: a prospective study with 2-year postoperative follow-up
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Physiotherapy Based on a Biobehavioral Approach with or Without Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy in the Treatment of Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Grande‐Alonso, M., Suso‐Martí, L., Cuenca‐Martínez, F., Pardo-Montero, J., Gil‐Martínez, A., & Touche, R. L. (2019) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnz093 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Brief intervention, physical exercise and cognitive behavioural group therapy for patients with chronic low back pain (The CINS trial)
Harris, A., Moe, T., Eriksen, H. R., Tangen, T., Lie, S. A., Tveito, T. H., & Rème, S. E. (2017) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1041 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The effect of dry needling on the radiating pain in subjects with discogenic low-back pain: A randomized control trial
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Effectiveness of graded activity versus physiotherapy in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: midterm follow up results of a randomized controlled trial
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Short-term effectiveness of spinal manipulative therapy versus functional technique in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial
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Early multimodal rehabilitation following lumbar disc surgery: a randomised clinical trial comparing the effects of two exercise programmes on clinical outcome and lumbar multifidus muscle function
Hébert, J. J., Fritz, J. M., Thackeray, A., Koppenhaver, S. L., & Teyhen, D. S. (2013) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092402 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citation
Stabilization exercise versus yoga exercise in non-specific low back pain: Pain, disability, quality of life, performance: a randomized controlled trial
Demi̇rel, A., Öz, M., Aslıyüce, Y. Ö., Çetin, H., & Ülger, Ö. (2019) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.02.004 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
High-Force Versus Low-Force Lumbar Traction in Acute Lumbar Sciatica Due to Disc Herniation: A Preliminary Randomized Trial
Isner-Horobeti, M.-È., Dufour, S. P., Schaeffer, M. W., Sauleau, E., Vautravers, P., Lecocq, J., & Dupeyron, A. (2016) · Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2016.09.006 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Effects of Motor Control Exercise Vs Muscle Stretching Exercise on Reducing Compensatory Lumbopelvic Motions and Low Back Pain: A Randomized Trial
Park, K.-N., Kwon, O.-Y., Yi, C., Cynn, H., Weon, J.-H., Kim, T.-H., & Choi, H.-S. (2016) · Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2016.07.006 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The effect of core stabilization exercise on lumbar joint position sense in patients with subacute non-specific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial
Puntumetakul, R., Chalermsan, R., Hlaing, S. S., Tapanya, W., Saiklang, P., & Boucaut, R. (2018) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.30.1390 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Mechanical Traction for Lumbar Radicular Pain
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Resistance band training or general exercise in multidisciplinary rehabilitation of low back pain? A randomized trial
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Effectiveness of spinal manipulation and myofascial release compared with spinal manipulation alone on health-related outcomes in individuals with non-specific low back pain: randomized controlled trial
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Are endogenous opioid mechanisms involved in the effects of aerobic exercise training on chronic low back pain? A randomized controlled trial
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Core Stabilization Exercise Improves Pain Intensity, Functional Disability and Trunk Muscle Activity of Patients with Clinical Lumbar Instability:a Pilot Randomized Controlled Study
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Identifying Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain Who Respond Best to Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Garcia, A. N., Costa, L. D. C. M., Hancock, M. J., & Costa, L. O. P. (2015) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20150295 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Inversion therapy in patients with pure single level lumbar discogenic disease: a pilot randomized trial
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Does Evidence Support the Use of Neural Tissue Management to Reduce Pain and Disability in Nerve-related Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain?
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Effectiveness of Massage Therapy and Abdominal Hypopressive Gymnastics in Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study
Bellido-Fernández, L., Jiménez‐Rejano, J., Chillón‐Martínez, R., Benítez, M. Á. G., Almeida, M. D. L. C., & Rebollo‐Salas, M. (2018) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2018/3684194 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Effect of spinal manipulative therapy on mechanical pain sensitivity in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: a pilot randomized, controlled trial
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Assesment of the effectiveness of physical thraphy and rehabilitation programme starts immediately after lumbar disc surgery
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Efficacy of behavioural graded activity compared with conventional exercise therapy in chronic nonspecific low back pain: Implication for direct health care cost
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Motor Control Training Compared With Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in Patients With Disc Herniation With Associated Radiculopathy
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Treatment Effect Sizes of Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy for Pain and Disability in Patients With Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review
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The effect of spinal manipulation on brain neurometabolites in chronic nonspecific low back pain patients: a randomized clinical trial
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Movement System Impairment-Based Classification Treatment Versus General Exercises for Chronic Low Back Pain: Randomized Controlled Trial
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The short-term effects of neuroscience pain education on quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain: A single-blinded randomized controlled trial
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Effects of Massage as a Combination Therapy with Lumbopelvic Stability Exercises as Compared to Standard Massage Therapy in Low Back Pain: a Randomized Cross-Over Study
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The effect of non-weight bearing group-exercising on females with non-specific chronic low back pain: A randomized single blind controlled pilot study
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Neurodynamic treatment did not improve pain and disability at two weeks in patients with chronic nerve-related leg pain: a randomised trial
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The Effect of Adding Forward Head Posture Corrective Exercises in the Management of Lumbosacral Radiculopathy: A Randomized Controlled Study
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Face-to-face information combined with a booklet versus a booklet alone for treatment of mild low-back pain: a randomized controlled trial
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What does it take to facilitate the integration of clinical practice guidelines for the management of low back pain into practice? Part 1: A synthesis of recommendation
Longtin, C., Décary, S., Cook, C. E., & Tousignant‐Laflamme, Y. (2021) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.13033 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Comparison of lumbar spine stabilization exercise versus general exercise in young male patients with lumbar disc herniation after 1 year of follow-up.
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Classification-Guided Versus Generalized Postural Intervention in Subgroups of Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain
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A randomized clinical trial comparing the McKenzie method and motor control exercises in people with chronic low back pain and a directional preference: 1-year follow-up
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Short-term effects of two deep dry needling techniques on pressure pain thresholds and electromyographic amplitude of the lumbosacral multifidus in patients with low back pain - a randomized clinical trial
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Trunk stabilization among women with chronic lower back pain: a randomized, controlled, and blinded pilot study
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A Prescriptively Selected Nonthrust Manipulation Versus a Therapist-Selected Nonthrust Manipulation for Treatment of Individuals With Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Donaldson, M. B., Petersen, S. M., Cook, C. E., & Learman, K. (2016) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6318 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Effect of Seven Sessions of Posterior- to-Anterior Spinal Mobilisation versus Prone Press-ups in Non-Specific Low Back Pain – Randomized Clinical Trial
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The Effects of a Pain Psychology and Neuroscience Self-Evaluation Internet Intervention
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Effectiveness of Ayurvedic Massage ( Sahacharadi Taila ) in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
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Comparison of Physiotherapy Approaches in Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
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Individualised manual therapy plus guideline-based advice vs advice alone for people with clinical features of lumbar zygapophyseal joint pain: a randomised controlled trial
Ford, J. J., Slater, S. L., Richards, M. C., Surkitt, L. D., Chan, A. Y. P., Taylor, N. F., & Hahne, A. J. (2019) · Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.physio.2018.07.008 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Efficacy of Core-Stabilization Exercise and Its Comparison with Home-Based Conventional Exercise in Low Back Pain Patients
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The effect of the stay active advice on physical activity and on the course of acute severe low back pain
Olaya‐Contreras, P., STYF, J. R., Arvidsson, D., Frennered, K., & HANSSON, T. H. (2015) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-015-0013-x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Rotation exercise classes did not improve function in women with non-specific chronic low back pain: A randomized single blind controlled study
Segal-Snir, Y., Lubetzky, A. V., & Masharawi, Y. (2016) · Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/bmr-150642 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
An evidence-based information booklet helps reduce fear-avoidance beliefs after first-time discectomy for disc prolapse
Claus, D., Coudeyre, E., Chazal, J., Irthum, B., Mulliez, A., & Givron, P. (2016) · Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2015.10.008 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Short-term Effects of Thoracic Spine Thrust Manipulation, Exercise, and Education in Individuals With Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Fisher, L., Alvar, B. A., Maher, S., & Cleland, J. A. (2019) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2020.8928 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Effect of The Back Book on fear-avoidance beliefs, disability, and pain levels in subjects with low back pain
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Management options of chronic low back pain. A randomized blinded clinical trial
Nazzal, M. E., Saadah, M. A., Saadah, L. M., Alomari, M. A., Al-Oudat, Z. A., Nazzal, M. S., Beshari, M. E., Alzaabi, A., & Alnuaimi, Y. I. (2013) · Neurosciences · doi:10.17712/1658-3183.2008 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Effectiveness of Thai Massage and Joint Mobilization
Juntakarn, C., Prasartritha, T., & Petrakard, P. (2017) · International Journal of Therapeutic Massage & Bodywork Research Education & Practice · doi:10.3822/ijtmb.v10i2.350 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Effect of Spinal Manipulation on Pain Sensitivity, Postural Sway, and Healthrelated Quality of Life among Patients with Non-specific Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomised Control Trial
Sarker, K. K., Sethi, J., & Mohanty, U. (2019) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2019/38074.12578 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Are movement-based classification systems more effective than therapeutic exercise or guideline based care in improving outcomes for patients with chronic low back pain? A systematic review
Riley, S. P., Swanson, B. T., & Dyer, E. J. (2018) · Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy · doi:10.1080/10669817.2018.1532693 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Nerve Flossing Technique in Chronic Lumbar Radiculopathy
Satishkumar, B. S., Dibyendunarayan, B. D., & Ramalingam, T. A. (2016) · Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy - An International Journal · doi:10.5958/0973-5674.2017.00010.7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sacroiliac Joint Mobilisation versus Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Pregnancy Induced Posterior Pelvic Pain- A Randomised Clinical Trial
Vaidya, S. M. (2018) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2018/26696.10781 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
EFFECT OF PROPRIOCEPTIVE NEUROMUSCULAR FACILITATION STRETCHING AND DYNAMIC SOFT TISSUE MOBILIZATION ON HAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY IN SUBJECTS WITH LOW BACK ACHE - SINGLE BLINDED RANDOMISED CONTROLLED STUDY
Kotteeswaran, K., Snigdha, J., & Alagesan, J. (2014) · International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Classification-Specific Treatment Improves Pain, Disability, Fear-Avoidance Beliefs, and Erector Spinae Muscle Activity During Walking in Patients With Low Back Pain Exhibiting Lumbar Extension-Rotation Pattern: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Kim, S., Park, K.-N., & Kwon, O.-Y. (2020) · Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2019.04.004 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The therapeutic effects of manipulation technique on sacroiliac joint dysfunction in young women
Vaseghnia, A., Shadmehr, A., Moghadam, B. A., Olyaei, G., Hadian, M. R., & Khazaeipour, Z. (2019) · Muscles Ligaments and Tendons Journal · doi:10.32098/mltj.04.2018.11 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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Effectiveness of three interventions for secondary prevention of low back pain in the occupational health setting - a randomised controlled trial with a natural course control
Rantonen, J., Karppinen, J. I., Vehtari, A., Luoto, S., Viikari-Juntura, E. R. A., Hupli, M. T., Malmivaara, A. V., & TAIMELA, S. P. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5476-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Effects and Clinical Implementations of Tai Chi Exercise
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The Effectiveness of Classification-Specific Physical Therapy for People with Low Back pain Within Dominant Movement-Based Schemes: A Systematic Review
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Evaluation of functional disability and pain in patients with chronic low back pain submitted to physiotherapy
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Comparative Effect of Mulligans Mobilisation Versus Stabilisation Exercise on Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Pilot Study
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Research works printed but not linked: 2

[2]Akca NK, Aydin G, Gumus K. Effect of body mechanics brief education in the clinical setting on pain patients with lumbar disc hernia: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Caring Sci. 2017; 10: 1498– 1506.
[169]Xueqiang W, Jiejiao Z, Xia B, Jing L. Effect of core stability training on patients with chronic low back pain. HealthMED. 2012; 6: 754– 759.

Sorted by citations

Recent clinical practice guidelines for the management of low back pain: a global comparison
Zhou, T., Salman, D., & McGregor, A. H. (2024) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-024-07468-0 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“Seven guidelines scored 75% on average or overall personal rating ≥ 6 points were deemed high quality, including Denmark [19], US-AOPT [25], USA-ICSI [22], USA-VA/DoD [21], USA-ACP [20], Belgium [33], and the UK [34].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia
Dupuis, F., Chérif, A., Batcho, C. S., Massé‐Alarie, H., & Roy, J. (2023) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000001104 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“18 This checklist consists of 10 boxes, each representing a psychometric property: (1) patientreported outcome measures development; (2) content validity; (3) structural validity; (4) internal consistency; (5) cross-cultural validity; (6) reliability; (7) measurement error; (8) criterion validity; (9) construct validi…”
Background
The state of the art in telerehabilitation for musculoskeletal conditions
Baroni, M. P., Jacob, M. F., Rios, W. R. C., Fandim, J. V., Fernandes, L. G., Chaves, P. I., Fioratti, I., & Saragiotto, B. T. (2023) · Archives of Physiotherapy · doi:10.1186/s40945-022-00155-0 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Heel Pain – Plantar Fasciitis: Revision 2023
Koc, T. A., Jr., Bise, C. G., Neville, C., Carreira, D. S., Martin, R. L., & McDonough, C. M. (2023) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2023.0303 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Pain Neuroscience Education in Patients with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain and Central Sensitization: A Systematic Review
Lepri, B., Romani, D., Storari, L., & Barbari, V. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054098 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
The mechanisms of manual therapy: A living review of systematic, narrative, and scoping reviews
Keter, D. L., Bialosky, J. E., Brochetti, K., Courtney, C. A., Funabashi, M., Karas, S., Learman, K. E., & Cook, C. E. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0319586 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Non-Surgical Approaches to the Management of Lumbar Disc Herniation Associated with Radiculopathy: A Narrative Review
Melhat, A. M. E., Youssef, A. S. A., Zebdawi, M. R., Hafez, M. A., Khalil, L. H., & Harrison, D. E. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13040974 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“According to the consensus guidelines reviewed, regarding mechanical traction, the available data are insufficient to either endorse or discourage its usage in chronic LDHR treat-ment, considering its limited effectiveness when combined with other therapies [47,77,78].”
BackgroundInfluential
Reliability of the straight leg raise test for suspected lumbar radicular pain: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Nee, R. J., Coppieters, M. W., & Boyd, B. S. (2022) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2022.102529 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Clinical Effectiveness of Dry Needling in Patients with Musculoskeletal Pain—An Umbrella Review
Chys, M., Meulemeester, K. D., Greef, I. D., Murillo, C., Kindt, W., Kouzouz, Y., Lescroart, B., & Cagnie, B. J. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12031205 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Prevalence, diagnosis and management of musculoskeletal disorders in elite athletes: A mini-review
Morales, C. R., López‐López, D., Almazán-Polo, J., Mogedano-Cruz, S., Sosa-Reina, M. D., García-Pérez-de-Sevilla, G., Martín-Pérez, S., & González-de-la-Flor, Á. (2023) · Disease-a-Month · doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2023.101629 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Hydrogel-Based Strategies for Intervertebral Disc Regeneration: Advances, Challenges and Clinical Prospects
Desai, S. U., Srinivasan, S. S., Kumbar, S. G., & Moss, I. L. (2024) · Gels · doi:10.3390/gels10010062 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“As one of the leading causes of disability, lower back pain has, and continues to be, a leading cause of morbidity and hospitalizations across the globe [1].”
Background
Physiotherapeutic and non-conventional approaches in patients with chronic low-back pain: a level I Bayesian network meta-analysis
Baroncini, A., Maffulli, N., Schäfer, L., Manocchio, N., Bossa, M., Foti, C., Klimuch, A., & Migliorini, F. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-62276-9 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Definitions of Chronic Low Back Pain From a Scoping Review, and Analyses of Narratives and Self-Reported Health of Adults With Low Back Pain
Herman, P. M., Qureshi, N., Arick, S. D., Edelen, M. O., Hays, R. D., Rodriguez, A., Weir, R. L., & Coulter, I. D. (2022) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2022.10.012 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
A multicenter feasibility randomized controlled trial using a virtual reality application of pain neuroscience education for adults with chronic low back pain
McConnell, R. C., Lane, E., Webb, G., LaPeze, D., Grillo, H., & Fritz, J. M. (2024) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2024.2311846 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Pain neuroscience education (PNe) is an excellent adjunct to physical therapy (Pt) to assist in addressing chronic pain [8] and is recommended in current clinical practice guidelines [9].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Efficacy and safety of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 632 patients
Liu, K., Zhang, Q., Chen, L., Zhang, H., Xu, X., Yuan, Z., & Dong, J. (2023) · Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research · doi:10.1186/s13018-023-03943-x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Long-term effectiveness of non-surgical interventions for chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Jenkins, H. J., Corrêa, L. A., Brown, B. T., Ferreira, G. E., Nim, C. G., Aspinall, S. L., Wareham, D. M., Choi, J., Maher, C. G., & Hancock, M. J. (2025) · The Lancet Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/s2665-9913(25)00064-5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapy: A Modern Definition and Description
Silvernail, J. L., Deyle, G. D., Jensen, G. M., Chaconas, E. J., Cleland, J. A., Cook, C. E., Courtney, C. A., Fritz, J. M., Mintken, P. E., & Lonnemann, E. (2024) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzae036 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation
Conservative management for lumbar radiculopathy based on the stage of the disorder: a Delphi study
Thoomes, E. J., Falla, D., Cleland, J. A., Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Gallina, A., & Graaf, M. T.-D. (2022) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2022.2130448 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Is the combination of exercise therapy and health education more effective than usual medical care in the prevention of non-specific back pain? A systematic review with meta-analysis
Hernández-Lucas, P., Leirós‐Rodríguez, R., Lopez-Barreiro, J., & Soidán, J. L. G. (2022) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2022.2140453 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Trials We Cannot Trust: Investigating Their Impact on Systematic Reviews and Clinical Guidelines in Spinal Pain
O'Connell, N. E., Moore, A., Stewart, G. B., Fisher, E., Hearn, L., Eccleston, C., Wewege, M. A., & Williams, A. C. D. C. (2023) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2023.07.003 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Between guidelines and clinical trials: evidence-based advice on the pharmacological management of non-specific chronic low back pain
Migliorini, F., Vaishya, R., Pappalardo, G., Schneider, M. M., Bell, A., & Maffulli, N. (2023) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-023-06537-0 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Kinesiotherapy, specifically global postural re-education using the Souchard [55] or Mezieres [56] methods, massages and manipulation, trunk muscle activation, and strengthening and mobilization of soft tissues are recommended [57].”
MethodSelf-citation
Effects of Multidisciplinary Biopsychosocial Rehabilitation on Short-Term Pain and Disability in Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review with Network Meta-Analysis
Jurak, I., Delaš, K., Erjavec, L., Stare, J., & Locatelli, I. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12237489 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“According to clinical guidelines, exercise therapy (ET) is broadly recommended as the first line of treatment for reducing pain and disability, with no clear evidence supporting any specific modality over the others [6].”
Background
Over Half of Clinical Trials of Mobilization and Manipulation for Patients With Low Back Pain May Have Limited Real-World Applicability: A Systematic Review of 132 Clinical Trials
Maddox, D., Subialka, J. A., Young, J. L., & Rhon, D. I. (2022) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2022.10962 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Time to evolve: the applicability of pain phenotyping in manual therapy
Keter, D. L., Cook, C., Kenneth, L., & Griswold, D. (2022) · Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy · doi:10.1080/10669817.2022.2052560 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“iating variables of the patient and patient–clinician interactions associated with OMT [11,12].”
Background
Prognostic factors specific to work-related musculoskeletal disorders: An overview of recent systematic reviews
Tousignant‐Laflamme, Y., Houle, C., Longtin, C., Gérard, T., Lagueux, É., Perreault, K., Beaudry, H., Tétreault, P., Blanchette, M., & Décary, S. (2023) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102825 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
3. Pain originating from the lumbar facet joints
van den Heuvel, S. A. S., Cohen, S. P., Ares, J. D. A., Boxem, K. V., Kallewaard, J. W., & Zundert, J. H. M. V. (2023) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.13287 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Clinical Efficacy of Multimodal Exercise Telerehabilitation Based on AI for Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain: Randomized Controlled Trial
Xiao, C., Zhao, Y., Li, G., Zhang, Z., Liu, S., Fan, W., Hu, J., Yao, Q., Yang, C., Zou, J., et al. (2025) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/56176 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“According to the self-assessment results, the application add-in classified participants into 5 categories of LBP based on treatment-based classifications [26], including flexion intolerance, extension or rotation intolerance, stability deficiency, muscle tension, and nerve compression.”
Spinal manipulation and mobilisation in paediatrics – an international evidence-based position statement for physiotherapists
Gross, A., Olson, K. A., Pool, J. J. M., Basson, A., Clewley, D. J., Dice, J. L., & Milne, N. (2024) · Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy · doi:10.1080/10669817.2024.2332026 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Spinal manipulation and mobilisation in adult populations have been found to be most effective if combined with education and exercise to meet the patient’s specific needs [63–66].”
Background
Impact of an AI app‐based exercise program for people with low back pain compared to standard care: A longitudinal cohort‐study
Hartmann, R., Avermann, F., Zalpour, C., & Griefahn, A. (2023) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.1060 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“4 5 – 7 In the presented guideline for managing acute and chronic back pain by George et al. 8 it is addressed that different clinical representations should also be considered in exercise therapy.”
Background
In non-specific low back pain, is an exercise program carried out through telerehabilitation as effective as one carried out in a physiotherapy center? A controlled randomized trial
Villatoro-Luque, F. J., Rodríguez‐Almagro, D., Aibar‐Almazán, A., Carnero, S. F., Pecos‐Martín, D., Ibáñez‐Vera, A. J., & Achalandabaso‐Ochoa, A. (2023) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102765 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A cross-sectional study on ChatGPT’s alignment with clinical practice guidelines in musculoskeletal rehabilitation
Safran, E., & Yildirim, S. (2025) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-025-08650-8 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-Management of Chronic Pain: Psychologically Guided Core Competencies for Providers
Kerns, R. D., Burgess, D. J., Coleman, B. C., Cook, C. E., Farrokhi, S., Fritz, J. M., Goertz, C., Heapy, A. A., Lisi, A. J., Rhon, D. I., et al. (2022) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnac083 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Outcomes of a 12-Week Digital Rehabilitation Program for Musculoskeletal Pain: Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Study
Scheer, J., Costa, F., Molinos, M., Areias, A., Janela, D., Moulder, R. G., Lains, J., Bento, V., Yanamadala, V., Cohen, S. P., et al. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/41306 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Reduction of Chronic Primary Low Back Pain by Spinal Manipulative Therapy is Accompanied by Decreases in Segmental Mechanical Hyperalgesia and Pain Catastrophizing: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Dual-blind Mixed Experimental Trial
Gevers‐Montoro, C., Romero-Santiago, B., Medina-García, I., Larranaga-Arzamendi, B., Álvarez, L., Ortega, A., & Piché, M. (2024) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2024.02.014 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Effects of a back school-based intervention on non-specific low back pain in adults: a randomized controlled trial
Hernández-Lucas, P., Leirós‐Rodríguez, R., Mota, J. A. P. S., & Soidán, J. L. G. (2023) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-023-04061-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Manual therapy and exercise effects on inflammatory cytokines: a narrative overview
Cook, C. E., Keter, D. L., Cade, W. T., Winkelstein, B. A., & Reed, W. R. (2024) · Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences · doi:10.3389/fresc.2024.1305925 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain and Differences by Sex: A Longitudinal Study
Pericot-Mozo, X., Soler, R. S., García, G. R., Patiño‐Masó, J., Sitjar-Suñer, M., Masià‐Plana, A., & Bertran‐Noguer, C. (2024) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm14050496 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The effectiveness of instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization on pain and function in patients with musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Tang, S., Sheng, L., Wei, X., Liang, M., Xia, J., & Chen, J. (2025) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-025-08492-4 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Engagement and Utilization of a Complete Remote Digital Care Program for Musculoskeletal Pain Management in Urban and Rural Areas Across the United States: Longitudinal Cohort Study
Scheer, J. K., Areias, A. C., Molinos, M., Janela, D., Moulder, R. G., Jr., Laíns, J., Bento, V., Yanamadala, V., Correia, F. D., & Costa, F. M. T. A. (2023) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/44316 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Exercise-based physical therapy is the mainstay treatment for such conditions [1,3-6].”
Background
A comparison of the effects of connective tissue massage and classical massage on chronic mechanical low back pain
Er, G., & Yüksel, İ. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000033516 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Spinal Manipulative Therapy for Nonspecific Low Back Pain: Does Targeting a Specific Vertebral Level Make a Difference?: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis
Sørensen, P. W., Nim, C. G., Poulsen, E., & Juhl, C. B. (2023) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2023.11962 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The Best Exercise Modality and Dose for Reducing Pain in Adults With Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review With Model-Based Bayesian Network Meta-analysis
Liang, Z., Tian, S., Wang, C., Zhang, M., Guo, H., Yu, Y., & Wang, X. (2024) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2024.12153 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Exercise‐induced changes in central sensitization outcomes in individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain: A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Chen, K. K., Rolan, P. E., Hutchinson, M. R., Dickson, C., & de Zoete, R. M. J. (2024) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.2277 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…exercise is a cost-effective treatment and recommended treatment option by various systematic reviews (de Zoete et al., 2019; Hayden, Ellis, Ogilvie, Malmivaara, & van Tulder, 2021; Price et al., 2020) and clinical guidelines (George et al., 2021; Lin et al., 2020; Sterling et al., 2019) for CMP.”
Distinctive roles of tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 and type 2 in a mouse disc degeneration model
Wang, S., Sun, G., Fan, P., Huang, L., Chen, Y., & Chen, C. (2021) · Journal of Orthopaedic Translation · doi:10.1016/j.jot.2021.11.003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Nonpharmacological Spine Pain Management in Clinical Practice Guidelines: A Systematic Review Using AGREE II and AGREE-REX Tools
Lim, T. H., Mak, H. Y., Ngai, S. M. M., Man, Y. T., Tang, C. H., Wong, A. Y. L., Bussières, A., & Zoubi, F. A. (2024) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2024.12729 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Quality of lumbar paraspinal muscles in patients with chronic low back pain and its relationship to pain duration, pain intensity, and quality of life
Liu, S., Reitmaier, S., Mödl, L., Yang, D., Zhang, T., Becker, L. A., Hoehl, B. U., Schönnagel, L., Diekhoff, T., Pumberger, M., et al. (2024) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-024-11236-y · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Additionally, it is one of the main reasons for healthcare utilization [5].”
Healthy Lifestyle Care vs Guideline-Based Care for Low Back Pain
Mudd, E., Davidson, S. R. E., Kamper, S. J., da Silva, P. V., Gleadhill, C. P., Hodder, R. K., Haskins, R., Donald, B., Williams, C. M., Healthy Lifestyle Program (HeLP) for Chronic Low Back Pain Trial working group, et al. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.53807 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Updated Integrated Framework for Making Clinical Decisions Across the Lifespan and Health Conditions
Deutsch, J. E., Gill-Body, K. M., & Schenkman, M. L. (2021) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzab281 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Mind-Body Exercise Performed by Physical Therapists for Reducing Pain and Disability in Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis
Gilliam, J. R., George, S. Z., Norman, K. S., Hendren, S., Sahu, P. K., & Silfies, S. P. (2022) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2022.10.004 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citation
Efficacy of mHealth Interventions for Improving the Pain and Disability of Individuals With Chronic Low Back Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Santana, B. D. M., Moura, J. R., de Toledo, A. M., Burke, T. N., Probst, L. F., Pasinato, F., & Carregaro, R. L. (2023) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/48204 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“It is recommended that self-management includes exercise and psychotherapy to limit the use of drugs and surgical procedures in clinical practice [11,15,16].”
Background
Effects of Manual Therapy Plus Pain Neuroscience Education with Integrated Motivational Interviewing in Individuals with Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial Study
Kasimis, K., Apostolou, T. S., Kallistratos, I., Lytras, D., & Iakovidis, P. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60040556 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The effectiveness of instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization on range of motion: a meta-analysis
Tang, S., Sheng, L., Xia, J., Xu, B., & Jin, P. (2024) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-024-07452-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Range of motion (ROM) deficits are a critical predisposing factor and clinical manifestation of musculoskeletal disorders [4–6].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
An exploration of low back pain beliefs in a Northern America based general population
Ray, B. M., Kovaleski, A., Kelleran, K. J., Stilwell, P., Baraki, A., Coninx, S., & Eubanks, J. E. (2022) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2022.102591 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
American Physical Therapy Association Clinical Practice Guideline Implementation for Neck and Low Back Pain in Outpatient Physical Therapy: A Nonrandomized, Cross-sectional Stepped-Wedge Pilot Study
Beneciuk, J. M., Osborne, R., Hagist, M. B., Crittenden, J., Buzzanca-Fried, K. E., Gao, H., & Wu, S. S. (2022) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2022.10545 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citation
Multimodal abnormalities of brain function in chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies
Chen, X., Chen, N., Lai, P., Sun, Y., Yu, J., Xin, M., Zhu, D., Liang, F., Song, Q., Cheng, S., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1535288 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A Clinically-Reasoned Approach to Manual Therapy in Sports Physical Therapy
Short, S., Tuttle, M., & Youngman, D. (2023) · International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.26603/001c.67936 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The cross-cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Spanish version of the Fremantle Back Awareness Questionnaire
García-Dopico, N., de la Torre‐Luque, A., Wand, B. M., Roldán, O. V., & Sitges, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1070411 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Telerehabilitation for the treatment in chronic low back pain: A randomized controlled trial
Villatoro-Luque, F. J., Rodríguez‐Almagro, D., Aibar‐Almazán, A., Carnero, S. F., Pecos‐Martín, D., Ibáñez‐Vera, A. J., Castro‐Martín, E., & Achalandabaso‐Ochoa, A. (2023) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x231195091 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“2,7 Of all of them, the scienti ﬁ c literature has shown how physical exercise provides a reduction of at least 10 points on the pain scale (0 – 100) compared to the other proven treatments.”
Effects of Lifestyle Interventions on the Improvement of Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis
Herrero, P., Val, P., Lapuente‐Hernández, D., Cuenca‐Zaldívar, J. N., Calvo, S., & Gómez-Trullén, E. M. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12050505 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Recently, clinical practice guidelines for LBP [16–18] have reduced the emphasis on surgical interventions and pharmacological treatments, such as opioids [17,18], encouraging non-pharmacological interventions as first-choice treatments for CNSLBP, with the aim of empowering the individual with LBP…”
Background
Comparison of the Electromyography Activity during Exercises with Stable and Unstable Surfaces: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Batista, G. D. A., Picón, S. P. B., dos Passos, M. H. P., Calixtre, L. B., Santos, L. R. D. H., & de Araújo, R. C. (2024) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports12040111 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Furthermore, specific strengthening of the trunk muscles is recommended to treat acute and chronic low back pain [101].”
Background
The clinical impact of pain neuroscience continuing education on physical therapy outcomes for patients with low back and neck pain
Louw, A., Puentedura, E. J., Denninger, T. R., Lutz, A. D., Cox, T., Zimney, K. J., & Landers, M. R. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267157 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“The most recent clinical practice guidelines for interventions for the management of LBP gave a grade of A (strong evidence) for manual therapy (thrust and non-thrust joint mobilization) in the management of both acute and chronic LBP [53].”
Background
Barriers and facilitators to physiotherapy among adult orthopedic patients at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Alzakri, A., Alsultan, O., Alhuqbani, M. N., Aldosari, Z. A., Alghadir, O., Aldosari, O., Alshehri, B. F., & Alsaleh, K. (2023) · Saudi Medical Journal · doi:10.15537/smj.2023.44.7.20230276 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Additional effect of pain neuroscience education to spinal manipulative therapy on pain and disability for patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial
Tavares, F. A. G., Rossiter, J. V. A., Lima, G. C. L., de Oliveira, L. G., Cavalcante, W. S., Ávila, M. A., George, S. Z., & Chaves, T. C. (2023) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bjpt.2023.100555 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citation
A critical review of the role of manual therapy in the treatment of individuals with low back pain
Grenier, J., & Rothmund, M. (2024) · Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy · doi:10.1080/10669817.2024.2316393 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“From the 20 CPG illustrated in Table 1, one strongly recommends (‘should use’) thrust-and non-thrust joint mobilization in patients with ALBP and CLBP [26], five do not mention SMT, and two recommend against SMT (one in patients with acute, one in patients with CLBP) [27,28].”
The Effects of Back Schools on Non-Specific Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Hernández-Lucas, P., Leirós‐Rodríguez, R., Lopez-Barreiro, J., & Soidán, J. L. G. (2024) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm14030272 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“This link is likely due to the pivotal role of graded exercise and patient education in mitigating kinesiophobia [67].”
Background
Relationship of Healthy Building Determinants With Back and Neck Pain: A Systematic Review
Gherscovici, E., & Mayer, J. M. (2022) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171221112571 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Spinal Manipulation and Clinician-Supported Biopsychosocial Self-Management for Acute Back Pain
Brønfort, G., Meier, E. N., Leininger, B. D., Schneider, M. J., Evans, R., Greco, C. M., Hanson, L., McFarland, C. E., Chou, R., Connett, J., et al. (2025) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.21990 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
Trends in Chiropractic Care and Physical Rehabilitation Use Among Adults with Low Back Pain in the United States, 2002 to 2018
Roseen, E. J., Patel, K. V., Ward, R. E., deGrauw, X., Atlas, S. J., Bartels, S. J., Keysor, J. J., & Bean, J. F. (2023) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-023-08438-3 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“7, 8 33 Dissemination of practice guidelines specific to older adults, which endorse nonpharmacologic approaches, may also be needed.”
Insights into how manual therapists incorporate the biopsychosocial-enactive model in the care of individuals with CLBP: a qualitative study
Bianchi, M., Rossettini, G., Cerritelli, F., & Esteves, J. E. (2025) · Chiropractic & Manual Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12998-025-00574-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Prevalence of Myofascial Trigger Points in Patients with Radiating and Non-Radiating Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review
Monclús-Díez, G., Díaz‐Arribas, M. J., Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Kosson, D., Kołacz, M., Kobylarz, M. D., Sánchez-Jorge, S., & Valera‐Calero, J. A. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13061453 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“%) lack an identifiable pathoanatomical cause [9] and are classified as non-specific.”
Derivation of clinical prediction rules for identifying patients with non-acute low back pain who respond best to a lumbar stabilization exercise program at post-treatment and six-month follow-up
Larivière, C., Rabhi, K., Preuss, R. A., Coutu, M., Roy, N., & Henry, S. M. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265970 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Participants were selected in the non-acute phase because exercise is generally considered to be more effective after the acute phase of LBP [28, 29].”
BackgroundInfluential
Advanced hydrogel therapeutics for intervertebral disc degeneration: Engineering structural–functional properties in natural and synthetic biomaterials
Chen, T., Lu, D., Wang, S., Yang, H., Fan, W., Xiao, Z., Wang, Z., Makvandi, P., Zhu, R., & Cheng, L. (2025) · Bioengineering & Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/btm2.70059 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“30 In terms of pharmacological treatment, commonly used medications include analgesics, opioid pain relievers, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), muscle relaxants, and steroid drugs.”
Analyses of different prescriptions for health using artificial intelligence: a critical approach based on the international guidelines of health institutions
Campos, V. M. S., Prudente, T. P., Leão, L. L., Costa, M., Oliva, H. N. P., & Monteiro-Júnior, R. S. (2025) · Health Information Science and Systems · doi:10.1007/s13755-025-00368-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Physical functioning outcome measures in the lumbar spinal surgery population and measurement properties of the physical outcome measures: protocol for a systematic review
Kowalski, K. L., Lukacs, M. J., Mistry, J., Goodman, M., & Rushton, A. B. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-060950 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Attitudes and beliefs towards low back pain (LBP) among physiotherapists in Spain
Pérez, S. E. M., González, L. L., Acevedo, I. A., Barrera, R. B., Pérez, J. L. A., Romero, E. A. S., Sosa-Reina, M. D., Pérez, I. M. M., & Villafañe, J. H. (2022) · Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1186/s43161-022-00112-9 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Several publications, such as the latest clinical practice guide for the treatment of LBP, reject the use of these tools as the standard of high-quality care for this patient profile [17].”
Background
Are Exercise Interventions in Clinical Trials for Chronic Low Back Pain Dosed Appropriately to Meet the World Health Organization’s Physical Activity Guidelines?
Gibbs, M. T., Hayden, J. A., Cashin, A. G., Shah, B., Gilanyi, Y. L., Natoli, A. R., Holmes, G., Ogilvie, R., Hagstrom, A. D., McAuley, J. H., et al. (2023) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzad114 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Functional Neuromyofascial Activity: Interprofessional Assessment to Inform Person-Centered Participative Care—An Osteopathic Perspective
Baroni, F., Schleip, R., Arcuri, L., Consorti, G., D’Alessandro, G., Zegarra-Parodi, R., Vitali, A. M., Tramontano, M., & Lunghi, C. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11212886 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Finite Element Analysis of Stress Distribution and Range of Motion in Discogenic Back Pain
Cho, P. G., Yoon, S., Shin, D. A., & Chang, M. C. (2024) · Neurospine · doi:10.14245/ns.2347216.608 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on pain, function, and descending inhibition in people with non-specific chronic low-back pain: a study protocol for a randomized crossover trial
Liebano, R. E., Sluka, K. A., Roy, J., Savinelli, M., Dailey, D. L., & Riley, S. P. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08089-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Research into chronic LBP treatment has demonstrated strong evidence that different types of exercise decrease pain and improve quality of life [9].”
Background
Identifying the risk of exercises, recommended by an artificial intelligence for patients with musculoskeletal disorders
Griefahn, A., Zalpour, C., & Luedtke, K. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-65016-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Does the Number of Comorbidities Predict Pain and Disability in Older Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain? A Longitudinal Study With 6- and 12-Month Follow-ups
Lemes, Í. R., Morelhao, P. K., Verhagen, A. P., Gobbi, C., Oliveira, C. B., Silva, N. S., Lustosa, L. P., Franco, M. R., & Pinto, R. Z. (2023) · Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy · doi:10.1519/jpt.0000000000000400 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“These interventions may include education 31 about the role of comorbidities when recovering from LBP and guideline-endorsed exercises for LBP, such as motor control and general trunk exercises, graded activity, and exposure, 32 in combination with other exercises targeting the comorbidities.”
Background
Comparison of Particulate Steroid Injection vs Nonparticulate Steroid Injection for Lumbar Radicular Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Kim, S., Park, J. M., Kim, Y. W., Yoon, S. Y., & Lee, S. C. (2024) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2024.01.002 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Physical therapy for acute and sub-acute low back pain: A systematic review and expert consensus
Wang, X., Wang, Y., Witchalls, J. B., Han, J., Zhang, Z., Page, P., Zhu, Y., Stecco, C., Lin, J., El‐Ansary, D., et al. (2024) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/02692155241229398 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“18 However, most of them were published ﬁ ve years ago and new clinical evidence should be reviewed.”
Background
Effect of physical therapy timing on patient‐reported outcomes for individuals with acute low back pain: A systematic review with meta analysis of randomized controlled trials
McDevitt, A. W., Cooper, C. G., Friedrich, J. M., Anderson, D., Arnold, E. A., & Clewley, D. J. (2023) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.12984 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“39 The combined effect of these limitations makes it very difficult to analyze and interpret results.”
Background
Non-Specific Low Back Pain: An Inductive Exploratory Analysis through Factor Analysis and Deep Learning for Better Clustering
Robinault, L., Niazi, I. K., Kumari, N., Amjad, I., Menard, V., & Haavik, H. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13060946 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Acute and Chronic Low Back Pain provide a range of interventions for the management of low back pain, including patient education, exercise therapy, manual therapy, and psychological interventions [16].”
Background
Survey of equine veterinarians regarding primary equine back pain in the United States
Marshall-Gibson, M. E., Durham, M. G., Seabaugh, K. A., Moorman, V. J., & Ferris, D. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1224605 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effects of Complex Rehabilitation Program on Reducing Pain and Disability in Patients with Lumbar Disc Protrusion—Is Early Intervention the Best Recommendation?
Tarcău, E., Ianc, D., Sîrbu, E., CIOBANU, D. I., Boca, I. C., & Marcu, F. M. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12050741 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The effectiveness of telerehabilitation‐based exercise combined with pain neuroscience education for patients with facet joint arthrosis: A randomized controlled study
Okudan, B., Çelik, D., & Koban, O. (2023) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.2187 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…mobility, movement con-trol, strengthening exercises and functional exercises for patients with LBP, targeting the lumbar region, abdominal area, lower extremities, hips, and vertebral column and planned as a mixture of these exercises as recommended in the current literature (George et al., 2021).”
Method
Evaluating and Characterizing the Scope of Care for Interventions Labeled as Manual Therapy in Low Back Pain Trials: A Scoping Review
Wenger, L. E., Barrett, D. R., Rhon, D. I., & Young, J. L. (2023) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzad178 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Efficacy of Laser Acupuncture for Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Mao, X.-D., He, H., & Ding, J. (2024) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2024.05.001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Effects of combined anodal transcranial direct current stimulation and motor control exercise on cortical topography and muscle activation in individuals with chronic low back pain: A randomized controlled study
Sornkaew, K., Thu, K. W., Silfies, S. P., Klomjai, W., & Wattananon, P. (2024) · Physiotherapy Research International · doi:10.1002/pri.2111 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Motor control exercise (MCE) has been identified as an effective approach to reinstating optimal movement control (George et al., 2021).”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Are Tailored Interventions to Modifiable Psychosocial Risk Factors Effective in Reducing Pain Intensity and Disability in Low Back Pain? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials
Rabiei, P., Keough, C., Patricio, P., Côté‐Picard, C., Desgagnés, A., & Massé‐Alarie, H. (2025) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2025.12777 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The design and rationale of the Biomarkers for Evaluating Spine Treatments trial: a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial
Mauck, M. C., Barth, K. S., Bell, K. M., Brooks, A. K., Chadwick, A. L., Gunn, C. A., Hurley, R. W., Ivanova, A., Piva, S. R., Schneider, M., et al. (2025) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnaf032 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
Agreement between high-quality clinical practice guidelines in their treatment recommendations for low back pain: a systematic review
McKenzie, B. J., Haas, R., Ferreira, G. E., Gorelik, A., Cyril, S., Han, J. X., Gilbert, S. E., Grobler, L., Maher, C. G., & Buchbinder, R. (2025) · The Spine Journal · doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2025.07.015 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Exercise Therapy Versus Manual Therapy for the Management of Pain Intensity, Disability, and Physical Function in People With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review With Meta‐Analysis and Meta‐Regression
González‐Gómez, L., Moral-Muñoz, J. A., Rosales‐Tristancho, A., Cuevas‐Moreno, A., Cardellat‐González, M., & Rodríguez‐Domínguez, Á. (2025) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.70090 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“ET and MT have been proposed as potential noninvasive interventions for the management of CLBP, albeit with limited evidence of low-to moderate-quality (Furlan et al. 2015; George et al. 2021; Hayden, Ellis, Ogilvie, et al. 2021; Qaseem et al. 2017).”
Clinical Guidelines to Address Low Back Pain: Using the Evidence to Guide Physical Therapist Practice
(2021) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2021.0507 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“5 This CPG is a continuation of the 2012 LBP CPG and again emphasizes nonpharmacologic interventions to improve the quality of care and outcomes for patients with LBP.”
Background
The effect of exercise engagement on low back disability at 12-months is mediated by pain and catastrophizing in a community sample of people with chronic low back pain
Marshall, P. W., Morrison, N. M. V., Gibbs, M. T., & Schabrun, S. M. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104205 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Work-Related, Non-Specific Low Back Pain among Physiotherapists in France: Prevalence and Biomechanical and Psychosocial Risk Factors, as a Function of Practice Pattern
Pellissier, B., Sarhan, F., & Telliez, F. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054343 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Attitudes and beliefs of Brazilian physical therapists about chronic nonspecific low back pain and its impact on clinical decision-making: An Online Survey Study
Ferreira, L. S., Silva, M. P. M. E., Saragiotto, B. T., & Magalhães, M. O. (2023) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102832 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends on Manual Therapy for Low Back Pain Over Past 2 Decades
Huang, L., Li, J., Xiao, B., Tang, Y., Huang, J., Li, Y., & Fang, F. (2023) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s418458 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“As a non-invasive non-pharmacological therapy, MT is widely used in the treatment of LBP due to its recognized safety and effectiveness.(9) MT encompasses massage, bone setting, chiropractic manipulation, joint mobilization, among others.”

Clinical Guidelines to Address Low Back Pain: Using the Evidence to Guide Physical Therapist Practice
(2021) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2021.0507 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Treating Acute and Chronic Low Back Pain
(2021) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2021.9003
Low back pain clinical practice guidelines linked to the international classification of functioning, disability, and health from the orthropaedic section of the American Physical Therapy Association
Delitto, A., George, S. Z., Dillen, L. V., Whitman, J. M., Sowa, G., Shekelle, P., Denninger, T. R., & Godges, J. J. (2012) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy
Self-citation
Nonspecific non-acute low back pain and psychological interventions: A review of evidence and current strategies
Banerjee, G., & Bostick, G. P. (2014) · Indian Journal of Pain · doi:10.4103/0970-5333.145929 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A systematic review on the effectiveness of physical and rehabilitation interventions for chronic non-specific low back pain
van Middelkoop, M., Rubinstein, S. M., Kuijpers, T., Verhagen, A. P., Ostelo, R., Koes, B. W., & van Tulder, M. W. (2010) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-010-1518-3 · Cited by 728 · see citing works

Authors: George, S. Z., Fritz, J. M., Silfies, S. P., Schneider, M. J., Beneciuk, J. M., Lentz, T. A., Gilliam, J. R., Hendren, S., & Norman, K. S.
ORCID: George, Steven Z.
Fritz, Julie M.
Silfies, Sheri P.
Schneider, Michael J.
Beneciuk, Jason M.
Lentz, Trevor A.
Gilliam, John R.
Hendren, Stephanie
Norman, Katherine S.
Venue: Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy
Publisher: Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy (JOSPT)
Published: 2021-11
Volume: 51
Issue: 11
Pages: CPG1-CPG60
ISSN: 0190-6011 (ISSN-L)
1938-1344
DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2021.0304
PMC: PMC10508241
OpenAlex: W3208162845
Cited by: 607
References: 171
Citations by year: 2026: 127 · 2025: 138 · 2024: 143 · 2023: 136 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 4
FWCI: 50.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: other-oa
Locations: Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: American Physical Therapy Association
National Institutes of Health
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM081740, T32GM145226)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pregnancy-related medical research
Keywords: low back pain, acute low back pain, chronic low back pain, physical therapy intervention, non-pharmacological treatment, musculoskeletal pain, disability
MeSH terms: Humans, Low Back Pain, Physical Therapy Modalities, Chronic Pain, Physical Therapists

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Interventions for the Management of Acute and Chronic Low Back Pain: Revision 2021: Clinical Practice Guidelines Linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health From the Academy of Orthopaedic Physical Therapy of the American Physical Therapy Association

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