The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gambling When Sleep Deprived: Don't Bet on Stimulants
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that sleep deprivation leads to suboptimal decision-making on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a pattern that appears to be unaffected by moderate doses of caffeine. It is not known whether impaired decision-making could be reversed by higher doses of caffeine or by other stimulant countermeasures, such as dextroamphetamine or modafinil. Fifty-four diurnally active healthy subjects completed alternate versions of the IGT at rested baseline, at 23 and 46 h awake, and following a night of recovery sleep. After 44 h awake, participants received a double-blind dose of caffeine (600 mg), dextroamphetamine (20 mg), modafinil (400 mg), or placebo. At baseline, participants showed a normal pattern of advantageous performance, whereas both sleep-deprived sessions were associated with suboptimal decision-making on the IGT. Following stimulant administration on the second night of sleep deprivation, groups receiving caffeine, dextroamphetamine, or modafinil showed significant reduction in subjective sleepiness and improvement in psychomotor vigilance, but decision-making on the IGT remained impaired for all stimulants and did not differ from placebo. Decision-making returned to normal following recovery sleep. These findings are consistent with prior research showing that sleep deprivation leads to suboptimal decision-making on some types of tasks, particularly those that rely heavily on emotion processing regions of the brain, such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Moreover, the deficits in decision-making were not reversed by commonly used stimulant countermeasures, despite restoration of psychomotor vigilance and alertness. These three stimulants may restore some, but not all, aspects of cognitive functioning during sleep deprivation.
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“For example, reduced sleep duration has been shown to cause impairments in working memory,91 executive function,92 processing speed,93–95 and cognitive throughput.96”
From Sleep, Health, and Society (2017) · cites this paper as [92]
In the citing paper
“Although some of these effects may be rescued with stimulants such as caffeine, the effects on executive function particularly do not seem to be rescued.92”
From Sleep, Health, and Society (2017) · cites this paper as [92]
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Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Killgore, W. D. S., Grugle, N. L., & Balkin, T. J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (US)
- Corresponding author
- Killgore, William D. S.
- Venue
- Chronobiology International
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-01-04
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 43-54
- ISSN
- 0742-0528 (ISSN-L)
- 1525-6073
- OpenAlex
- W2108266018
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 14.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Chronobiology International (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
- Keywords
- sleep deprivation, decision-making, Iowa Gambling Task, caffeine, d-amphetamine, modafinil, recovery sleep, psychomotor vigilance, subjective sleepiness, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, emotional processing, cognitive impairment
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Arousal, Caffeine, Cognition, Decision Making, Emotions, Female, Gambling, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychomotor Performance, Sleep Deprivation, Time Factors
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