Immunomodulation by commensal and probiotic bacteria
Abstract
Over the past decade there has been an increasing awareness of the role played by commensal bacteria in modulating mucosal immune responses and as a consequence there is now great interest in the therapeutic potential of probiotics and other bacteria based strategies for a range of immune disorders. Here we review current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory actions of commensal and probiotic bacteria and probiotic organisms. We discuss prominent cell types involved in transducing signals from these bacteria, including epithelial cells, dendritic cells and T regulatory cells. We also draw attention to emerging data indicating interplay between the gut microbiota, enteric neurons and the immune system. There is a focus on the specific aspects of bacteria-host interactions that may influence the ability of a specific organism to confer potentially beneficial changes in immune responses. It is clear that there is still much to learn regarding the determinants of the diverse immune responses elicited by different bacterial strains by building on our current knowledge in these areas it may be possible to design clinically effective, bacteria based strategies to maintain and promote health.
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Microbiota affects circulating levels of melatonin, serotonin, histamine, and acetylcholine, which are important for brain maturation.
“Furthermore, the microbiota affects the circulating levels of other mediators and substances, such as melatonin, serotonin, histamine and acetylcholine [168,169], which are important for brain maturation [170].”
From Autism, Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Nutritional Interventions (2019) · cites this paper as [168]
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Factors that regulate naturally occurring T regulatory cell–mediated suppression
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Intestinal epithelial barrier and mucosal immunity
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Intestinal neuro-epithelial interactions modulate neuronal chemokines production
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Role of neuropeptides, nerves and mast cells in intestinal immunity and physiology.
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Self-citationRegulatory effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on the migration of mature dendritic cells
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Nerves and Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Mucosal Immunity
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Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour
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The neuroendocrinology of the microbiota-gut-brain axis: a behavioural perspective
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“probiotics have a direct effect on the immune system (Duerkop et al., 2009b; Forsythe and Bienenstock, 2010).”
BackgroundMicrobiota-gut-brain axis and the central nervous system
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Cancer-promoting effects of microbial dysbiosis
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Autism, Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Nutritional Interventions
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Impact of Probiotics on Colonizing Microbiota of the Gut
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On communication between gut microbes and the brain
Forsythe, P., Kunze, W. A., & Bienenstock, J. (2012) · Current Opinion in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mog.0b013e3283572ffa · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationProbiotics, mechanisms of action, and clinical perspectives for diarrhea management in children
do Carmo, M. S., Santos, C. I. D., Araújo, M. C., Girón, J. A., Fernandes, E. S., & Monteiro-Neto, V. (2018) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c8fo00376a · Cited by 75 · see citing works
da Silva, T. F., Glória, R. D. A., de Sousa, T. J., Americo, M. F., Freitas, A. D. S., Viana, M. V. C., de Jesus, L. C. L., da Silva Prado, L. C., Daniel, N., Ménard, O., et al. (2023) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-023-03112-4 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Forsythe, P., & Bienenstock, J.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Bienenstock, John
- Venue
- Immunological Investigations
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-01-01
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 4-5
- Pages
- 429-448
- ISSN
- 0882-0139 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-4311
- OpenAlex
- W2057031142
- Cited by
- 189
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 23.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Immunological Investigations (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity
- Keywords
- commensal bacteria, probiotics, immunomodulation, mucosal immunity, gut microbiota, epithelial cells, dendritic cells, regulatory T cells, enteric neurons, gut-immune axis, host-bacteria interactions, probiotic therapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bacteria, Humans, Immunologic Factors, Intestinal Mucosa, Immunity, Mucosal, Probiotics, Immunomodulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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