A systematic review of the neurocognitive effects of magnetic seizure therapy
Open accessAbstract
Magnetic seizure therapy (MST) is a novel neurotherapeutic intervention in development for the treatment of major affective disorders. Like other neurotherapeutic strategies such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a primary interest will be to monitor the associated neurocognitive effects. Thus, the purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize the available data on the neurocognitive effects of MST. The authors performed two independent literature searches with the following terms terms: MST, magnetic, magnetic seizure therapy, depression, neurocognition, cognitive, preclinical. We included in this review a total of eleven articles that mentioned MST and neurocognition in the abstract. The articles were divided into three methodological domains that included virtual computer simulations, preclinical studies, and clinical investigations. Collectively, the available evidence suggests MST has little to no adverse cognitive effects. Specifically, virtual computer simulations found the magnetic field was localized to grey matter, and preclinical studies found no neurocortical or neurocognitive sequelae. Clinical investigations found MST to be associated with rapid reorientation and intact anterograde and retrograde memory. Future investigations using translational methods are warranted to confirm these findings and to further determine the effects of MST on neurocognitive functions.
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In unipolar depression, research to date shows MST is cognitively safe and has a better cognitive safety profile than all standard ECT delivery methods.
“In unipolar depression, research to date has demonstrated that MST is cognitively safe, and relative to all standard methods of ECT delivery has a superior cognitive safety profile.17,20”
From Magnetic seizure therapy is efficacious and well tolerated for treatment-resistant bipolar depression: An open-label clinical trial (2020) · cites this paper as [20]
The Summary of findings and discussion (page unavailable) concludes that the available studies found MST cognitively safe. Clinical study findings (page unavailable) report better overall neurocognitive performance and faster reorientation after MST than after ECT. The review does not establish a superior cognitive safety profile relative to every standard ECT delivery method; it also calls for further research to confirm and characterize MST’s cognitive effects. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMST shows robust antidepressant effects with shorter reorientation times (≈4-9 min) and fewer cognitive adverse effects than ECT.
“Across studies, MST shows robust antidepressant effects with shorter reorientation times (≈4–9 min) and fewer cognitive adverse effects [132,133,134,135,136,137,138].”
From The Heart’s Electromagnetic Field in Emotions, Empathy and Human Connection: Biosensor-Derived Insights into Heart–Brain Axis Mechanisms and a Basis for Novel BioMagnetoTherapies (2026) · cites this paper as [133]
The Clinical study findings (page not provided) report MST reorientation averages of 5 and 7 minutes, shorter than ECT, and generally better cognitive-test performance after MST. They also report remission in one patient, but do not establish robust antidepressant effects across studies or the stated 4–9-minute range. The Summary of findings and discussion (page not provided) cautions that methodological variability prevents firm neurocognitive conclusions. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMagnetic seizure therapy has been associated with shorter reorientation times and fewer cognitive adverse effects, suggesting it may be cognitively safer and better tolerated than electroconvulsive therapy.
“As well, MST has been associated with shorter reorientation times and fewer cognitive adverse effects, 20 suggesting that MST may be cognitively safer and better tolerated than ECT.”
From Magnetic seizure therapy is efficacious and well tolerated for treatment-resistant bipolar depression: An open-label clinical trial (2020) · cites this paper as [20]
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- Authors
- McClintock, S. M., Tirmizi, O., Chansard, M., & Husain, M. M.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- McClintock, Shawn M.
- Venue
- International Review of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 413-423
- ISSN
- 0954-0261 (ISSN-L)
- 1369-1627
- PMC
- PMC3638750
- OpenAlex
- W2108554643
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 0.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Review of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH087739)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- magnetic seizure therapy, neurocognitive effects, cognitive side effects, depression, major affective disorders, preclinical research, retrograde memory, magnetic localization, grey matter
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Computer Simulation, Humans, Memory, Models, Neurological, Models, Psychological, Monitoring, Physiologic, Orientation, Seizures, User-Computer Interface, Treatment Outcome, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Device Approval, Mood Disorders, Therapies, Investigational, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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