Attention, Memory, and Executive Function
Abstract
Educational Specialist Division of Behavior and Development University of Maryland, School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 · Cited by 15,798 · see citing works
Barkley, R. A. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.121.1.65 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle?
Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.247 · Cited by 4,510 · see citing works
The functional architecture of human empathy
Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004) · Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews · doi:10.1177/1534582304267187 · Cited by 3,407 · see citing works
Executive functions and developmental psychopathology.
Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x · Cited by 3,150 · see citing works
Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health
Kashdan, T. B., & Rottenberg, J. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.001 · Cited by 3,054 · see citing works
“For example, executive control allows a person to re-focus or rapidly shift cognitive sets and thereby shift attention, which is a critical element of self-control and goal-directed behavior (Goldberg, 2001; Lyon & Krasnegor, 1995).”
BackgroundThe relations among inhibition and interference control functions: A latent-variable analysis.
Friedman, N. P., & Miyake, A. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.101 · Cited by 2,309 · see citing works
Individual Differences in Inhibitory Control and Children's Theory of Mind
Carlson, S. M., & Moses, L. J. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00333 · Cited by 2,072 · see citing works
Executive Function and the Frontal Lobes: A Meta-Analytic Review
Alvarez, J. A., & Emory, E. (2006) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-006-9002-x · Cited by 1,981 · see citing works
Inhibition and impulsivity: behavioral and neural basis of response control
Bari, A., & Robbins, T. W. (2013) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.005 · Cited by 1,921 · see citing works
TEST REVIEW behavior rating inventory of executive function.
Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Guy, S. C., & Kenworthy, L. (2000) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/chin.6.3.235.3152 · Cited by 1,925 · see citing works
Nigg, J. T. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.220 · Cited by 1,941 · see citing works
Individual differences in executive functions are almost entirely genetic in origin.
Friedman, N. P., Miyake, A., Young, S. E., DeFries, J. C., Corley, R. P., & Hewitt, J. K. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.137.2.201 · Cited by 1,547 · see citing works
Characterizing cognition in ADHD: beyond executive dysfunction
Castellanos, F. X., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Milham, M. P., & Tannock, R. (2006) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.01.011 · Cited by 1,170 · see citing works
Training, maturation, and genetic influences on the development of executive attention
Rueda, M. R., Rothbart, M. K., McCandliss, B. D., Saccomanno, L., & Posner, M. I. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0506897102 · Cited by 1,110 · see citing works
Emotion-Related Regulation: Sharpening the Definition
Eisenberg, N., & Spinrad, T. L. (2004) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00674.x · Cited by 915 · see citing works
Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Doyle, A. E., Seidman, L. J., Wilens, T. E., Ferrero, F., Morgan, C. L., & Faraone, S. V. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.5.757 · Cited by 881 · see citing works
Exercise and Children’s Intelligence, Cognition, and Academic Achievement
Tomporowski, P. D., Davis, C. L., Miller, P. H., & Naglieri, J. A. (2008) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-007-9057-0 · Cited by 874 · see citing works
How specific is a deficit of executive functioning for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Sergeant, J. A., Geurts, H., & Oosterlaan, J. (2002) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00430-2 · Cited by 784 · see citing works
Executive Function in Typical and Atypical Development
Zelazo, P. D., & Müller, U. (2010) · The Wiley‐Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development · doi:10.1002/9781444325485.ch22 · Cited by 784 · see citing works
Geurts, H. M., Verté, S., Oosterlaan, J., Roeyers, H., & Sergeant, J. A. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00276.x · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Barkley, R. A., Edwards, G., Laneri, M., Fletcher, K., & Metevia, L. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1012233310098 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Models of self-regulated learning: a review.
Puustinen, M., & Pulkkinen, L. (2001) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313830120074206 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
NIGG, J. T., WONG, M. M., MARTEL, M. M., JESTER, J. M., PUTTLER, L. I., GLASS, J. M., ADAMS, K. M., FITZGERALD, H. E., & ZUCKER, R. A. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000199028.76452.a9 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
De Bellis, M. D. (2005) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559505275116 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
A Model of the Development of Frontal Lobe Functioning: Findings From a Meta-Analysis
Romine, C. B., & Reynolds, C. R. (2005) · Applied Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15324826an1204_2 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Nigg, J. T. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.011 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
The role of the hippocampus in flexible cognition and social behavior
Rubin, R. D., Watson, P. D., Duff, M. C., & Cohen, N. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00742 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Neuropsychological Executive Functions and DSM-IV ADHD Subtypes
NIGG, J. T., BLASKEY, L. G., HUANG-POLLOCK, C. L., & RAPPLEY, M. D. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200201000-00012 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Profiles of everyday executive function in acquired and developmental disorders.
Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Kenworthy, L., & Barton, R. M. (2002) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/chin.8.2.121.8727 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical correlates of cognitive aging: Evidence from structural magnetic resonance imaging.
Raz, N., Gunning-Dixon, F. M., Head, D., Dupuis, J. H., & Acker, J. D. (1998) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.12.1.95 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Halperin, J. M., & Schulz, K. P. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.4.560 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Fried, P. A., Watkinson, B., & Gray, R. (2003) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/s0892-0362(03)00029-1 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Zhou, Q., Chen, S. H., & Main, A. (2012) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00176.x · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Tomporowski, P. D., McCullick, B., Pendleton, D. M., & Pesce, C. (2015) · Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2014.09.003 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Executive functions for reading and writing in typical literacy development and dyslexia
Altemeier, L. E., Abbott, R. D., & Berninger, V. W. (2008) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390701562818 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Rapport, M. D., Alderson, R. M., Kofler, M. J., Sarver, D. E., Bolden, J., & Sims, V. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9215-y · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Information Processing and Energetic Factors in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Sergeant, J. A., Oosterlaan, J., & van der Meere, J. (1999) · Handbook of Disruptive Behavior Disorders · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4881-2_4 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Evaluation of Cerebellar Size in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Mostofsky, S. H., Reiss, A. L., Lockhart, P., & Denckla, M. B. (1998) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/088307389801300904 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
ARFFA, S. (2007) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2007.08.001 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
MRC AIMS consortium, Christakou, A., Murphy, C. M., Chantiluke, K., Cubillo, A. I., Smith, A. B., Giampietro, V, Daly, E., Ecker, C., Robertson, D., et al. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2011.185 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Cohen, N. J., Vallance, D. D., Barwick, M., Im, N., Menna, R., Horodezky, N. B., & Isaacson, L. (2000) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00619 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Barkley, R. A., & Murphy, K. R. (2011) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9217-x · Cited by 263 · see citing works
ADHD subtypes: do they differ in their executive functioning profile?
GEURTS, H., VERTE, S., OOSTERLAAN, J., ROEYERS, H., & SERGEANT, J. (2005) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2004.11.001 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Greene, R. W., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Sienna, M., & Garcia-Jetton, J. (1997) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.65.5.758 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Fried, P. A., Watkinson, B., & Gray, R. (1998) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/s0892-0362(97)00091-3 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
A canonical trajectory of executive function maturation from adolescence to adulthood
Tervo-Clemmens, B., Calabro, F. J., Parr, A. C., Fedor, J., Foran, W., & Luna, B. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42540-8 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Hung, Y., Gaillard, S. L., Yarmak, P., & Arsalidou, M. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24232 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Which Executive Functioning Deficits Are Associated With AD/HD, ODD/CD and Comorbid AD/HD+ODD/CD?
Oosterlaan, J., Scheres, A., & Sergeant, J. A. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-005-0935-y · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Barkley, R. A. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9824-y · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Johansen, E. B., Aase, H., Meyer, A., & Sagvolden, T. (2002) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00434-x · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Executive functions and the down-regulation and up-regulation of emotion
Gyurak, A., Goodkind, M. S., Kramer, J. H., Miller, B. L., & Levenson, R. W. (2012) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.557291 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Effects of IQ on Executive Function Measures in Children with ADHD
Mahone, E. M., Hagelthorn, K. M., Cutting, L. E., Schuerholz, L. J., Pelletier, S. F., Rawlins, C., Singer, H. S., & Denckla, M. B. (2002) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/chin.8.1.52.8719 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Understanding complex behavior: The transformation of stimulus functions
Dymond, S., & Rehfeldt, R. A. (2000) · The Behavior Analyst · doi:10.1007/bf03392013 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Motivational Effects on Inhibitory Control in Children With ADHD
SLUSAREK, M., VELLING, S., BUNK, D., & EGGERS, C. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200103000-00016 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Bental, B., & Tirosh, E. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01710.x · Cited by 165 · see citing works
New Procedures to Assess Executive Functions in Preschool Children*
Espy, K. A., Kaufmann, P. M., Glisky, M. L., & McDiarmid, M. D. (2001) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1076/clin.15.1.46.1908 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
THE ROLE OF MULTIPLE‐EXEMPLAR TRAINING AND NAMING IN ESTABLISHING DERIVED EQUIVALENCE IN AN INFANT
Luciano, C., Becerra, I. G., & Valverde, M. R. (2007) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.2007.08-06 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Wilens, T. E., & Decker, M. W. (2007) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.002 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Toward a comprehensive understanding of executive cognitive function in implicit racial bias.
Ito, T. A., Friedman, N. P., Bartholow, B. D., Correll, J., Loersch, C., Altamirano, L. J., & Miyake, A. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038557 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Gerst, E. H., Cirino, P. T., Fletcher, J. M., & Yoshida, H. (2017) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2015.1120860 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Vaidya, C. J., You, X., Mostofsky, S., Pereira, F., Berl, M. M., & Kenworthy, L. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13114 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Van Eylen, L., Boets, B., Steyaert, J., Wagemans, J., & Noens, I. (2015) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-015-0689-1 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Gyurak, A., Goodkind, M. S., Madan, A., Kramer, J. H., Miller, B. L., & Levenson, R. W. (2009) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.9.2.144 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Lonergan, A., Doyle, C., Cassidy, C., MacSweeney Mahon, S., Roche, R. A. P., Boran, L., & Bramham, J. (2019) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2019.1669609 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Hot and cool aspects of cognitive control in children with ADHD: Decision-making and inhibition
Geurts, H. M., van der Oord, S., & Crone, E. A. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9059-2 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Shaw, R., Grayson, A., & Lewis, V. (2005) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054705278771 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The relationship of working memory, inhibition, and response variability in child psychopathology
Verté, S., Geurts, H. M., Roeyers, H., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.08.023 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Assessing the Language of Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Oram, J., Fine, J., Okamoto, C., & Tannock, R. (1999) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360.0801.72 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Lemon, J. M., Gargaro, B., Enticott, P. G., & Rinehart, N. J. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1039-2 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Implementation Intentions Facilitate Response Inhibition in Children with ADHD
Gawrilow, C., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2008) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9150-1 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Geurts, H. M., Luman, M., & Van Meel, C. S. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01916.x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Executive function in children born preterm: Risk factors and implications for outcome
Taylor, H. G., & Clark, C. A. C. (2016) · Seminars in Perinatology · doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2016.09.004 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Shunned and Admired: Montessori, Self-Determination, and a Case for Radical School Reform
Lillard, A. S. (2019) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-019-09483-3 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
A systematic review of the neurocognitive effects of magnetic seizure therapy
McClintock, S. M., Tirmizi, O., Chansard, M., & Husain, M. M. (2011) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540261.2011.623687 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Floyd, R. G., Bergeron, R., Hamilton, G., & Parra, G. R. (2010) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20500 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Impairment of Executive Functions in Boys with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Fuggetta, G. P. (2006) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040500203418 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Executive function and memory in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Pei, J., Job, J., Kully-Martens, K., & Rasmussen, C. (2011) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2010.544650 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Functional developmental changes underlying response inhibition and error-detection processes
Braet, W., Johnson, K. A., Tobin, C. T., Acheson, R., Bellgrove, M. A., Robertson, I. H., & Garavan, H. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.07.018 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Fried, R., Hirshfeld-Becker, D., Petty, C., Batchelder, H., & Biederman, J. (2015) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712457038 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Media Multitasking: A Bibliometric Approach and Literature Review
Beuckels, E., Ye, G., Hudders, L., & Cauberghe, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.623643 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Wilens, T. E., Hammerness, P., Utzinger, L., Schillinger, M., Georgiopoulous, A., Doyle, R. L., Martelon, M., & Brodziak, K. (2009) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2008.0125 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-Regulation and Inhibition in Comorbid ADHD Children: An Evaluation of Executive Functions
Sarkis, S. M., Sarkis, E. H., Marshall, D., & Archer, J. (2005) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054705277265 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
SCHMITT, A. (2004) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2004.02.002 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Converging evidence for attentional influences on the orthographic word form in child dyslexics
Thomson, J. B., Chenault, B., Abbott, R. D., Raskind, W. H., Richards, T., Aylward, E., & Berninger, V. W. (2005) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2004.11.005 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Executive Functioning and Intelligence
Duggan, E. C., & Garcia-Barrera, M. A. (2015) · Handbook of Intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1562-0_27 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Neuropsychological correlates of ADHD symptoms in preschoolers.
Marks, D. J., Berwid, O. G., Santra, A., Kera, E. C., Cyrulnik, S. E., & Halperin, J. M. (2005) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.19.4.446 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Barrasso‐Catanzaro, C., & Eslinger, P. J. (2016) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12175 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Development of executive functioning in school-age Tunisian children.
Bellaj, T., Salhi, I., Le Gall, D., & Roy, A. (2016) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2015.1058349 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Barkley, R. A., Willcutt, E., & Jacobson, L. A. (2022) · The ADHD Report · doi:10.1521/adhd.2022.30.2.1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Executive Functioning of Combat Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Gaines, K. D., Soper, H. V., & Berenji, G. R. (2016) · Applied Neuropsychology: Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2015.1012762 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Zebdi, R., Goyet, L., Pinabiaux, C., & Guellaï, B. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00195 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Kenny, N., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Stewart, I. (2014) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/s40732-014-0042-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lyon, G. R., Krasnegor, N. A., & McMenamin, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics
- Published
- 1996-08
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 278
- ISSN
- 0196-206X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1978384529
- Cited by
- 972
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 35.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- attention, memory, executive function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review