Psychiatric outcomes in young children with a history of institutionalization

Bos, Karen; Zeanah, Charles H.; Fox, Nathan A.; Drury, Stacy S.; McLaughlin, Katie A.; Nelson, Charles A.

doi:10.3109/10673229.2011.549773

Cited by 178Child Welfare and AdoptionChild Abuse and TraumaChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

Psychiatric outcomes in young children with a history of institutionalization

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Bos, Karen, Zeanah, Charles H., Fox, Nathan A., Drury, Stacy S., McLaughlin, Katie A., Nelson, Charles A.·2011·Harvard Review of Psychiatry

DOI 10.3109/10673229.2011.549773PMC PMC3445019

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Abstract

Children raised in institutions, considered an extreme example of social deprivation, are one group through which we can better understand the impact of neglect on child health and development. The Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP) is the first randomized, controlled trial of foster care as an intervention for institutionalized children. In this review we describe the mental health outcomes from the BEIP. Specifically, we report findings on attachment styles, attachment disorders, emotional reactivity, and psychiatric symptomatology for children in the BEIP. We describe the impact of the foster care intervention on these outcomes and also describe how outcomes differ by gender and by length of time spent in the institution. In addition, we explore the influence of genetic variation on individual outcomes and recovery from early severe social deprivation, as well as the role of differences in brain development in mediating later psychiatric morbidity. The results from the BEIP confirm and extend the previous findings on the negative sequelae of early institutional care on mental health. The results also underscore the benefit of early family placement for children living in institutions.

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Foster care, compared with institutional care, is associated with better developmental outcomes and improved physical and mental health in children.
“Receiving foster care, compared to institutional care, has been associated with better developmental outcomes and improved physical and mental health in children (Bos et al., 2011; van Ijzendoorn et al., 2020).”
From Telomere trajectories from early adolescence to adulthood following early institutionalization: Protective effects of foster care in the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Bos et al., 2011
The Conclusions and Foster Care Intervention results report better attachment, positive affect, and some mental-health outcomes for young children placed in foster care rather than remaining in institutions. The Study Design says physical growth was assessed, but the passages found do not report improved physical health; the paper also found no difference in externalizing disorders. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Institutionalization and neglect can result in delayed cognitive development.
“Institutionalization and neglect can result in long-term negative effects, including impaired physical growth, delayed cognitive development, and increased risk for psychological disorders.”
From Long-term cardiometabolic effects of early institutionalization and foster care: Evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Bos et al., 2011
Institutionalization and neglect can result in increased risk for psychological disorders.
“Institutionalization and neglect can result in long-term negative effects, including impaired physical growth, delayed cognitive development, and increased risk for psychological disorders.”
From Long-term cardiometabolic effects of early institutionalization and foster care: Evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Bos et al., 2011
Institutionalization and neglect can result in impaired physical growth.
“Institutionalization and neglect can result in long-term negative effects, including impaired physical growth, delayed cognitive development, and increased risk for psychological disorders.”
From Long-term cardiometabolic effects of early institutionalization and foster care: Evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as Bos et al., 2011
The Study Design section (page unavailable) says physical growth was assessed, but does not report that institutionalization or neglect impaired it. The retrieved Results and Conclusions passages do not establish a physical-growth effect; searches for growth, height, weight, and growth deficits found no such finding in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
ADHD is highly prevalent among previously institutionalized children.
“the former being highly prevalent among previously institutionalized children”
From Normalization of EEG activity among previously institutionalized children placed into foster care: A 12-year follow-up of the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2016) · cites this paper as Bos et al., 2011

Intervention studies suggest that many mental health effects of institutionalization are likely related to institutionalization itself rather than to preexisting genetic or prenatal conditions.
“Importantly, intervention studies suggest that many of the mental health effects of institutionalization are likely to be related to institutionalization itself rather than preexisting genetic or prenatal conditions of the child (Bos et al., 2011; Nelson et al., 2007; The St. Petersburg-USA Orphanage Research Team, 2008).”
From Reduced nucleus accumbens reactivity and adolescent depression following early-life stress (2013) · cites this paper as Bos et al., 2011
Children randomly assigned to the BEIP foster care intervention showed rapid improvements relative to children remaining in orphanage care in cognitive development, attachment behaviors, emotional reactivity, psychiatric symptoms, and EEG-measured neural activity.
“Studies have shown that relative to children who remain in orphanage care, those randomly assigned to the foster care intervention show rapid improvements in a number of outcome measures, including cognitive development (Nelson, et al., 2007), attachment behaviors, emotional reactivity, psychiatric symptomatology (Bos, et al., 2011), and neural activity as measured by electroencephalogram (EEG)(Mc”
From Risk and developmental heterogeneity in previously institutionalized children (2012) · cites this paper as Bos, et al., 2011
Relative to children who remain in orphanage care, previously institutionalized children show dramatic improvements across developmental domains.
“Nonetheless, relative to children who remain in orphanage care, PI children show dramatic improvements across developmental domains (Bos, et al., 2011; van Ijzendoorn, Juffer, & Poelhuis, 2005) as will be discussed in more detail below.”
From Risk and developmental heterogeneity in previously institutionalized children (2012) · cites this paper as Bos, et al., 2011
Some outcomes, including language, externalizing disorders, and emotional behaviors, may not show complete catch-up and appear less amenable to intervention.
“However, there are outcome measures that may not show complete catch-up (e.g., language, externalizing disorders, emotional behaviors) (Bos, et al., 2011; Windsor, et al., 2011) and seem less amenable to intervention.”
From Risk and developmental heterogeneity in previously institutionalized children (2012) · cites this paper as Bos, et al., 2011

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[21]Smyke AT Zeanah CH Egger HL Timing effects on attachment and psychiatric morbidity: the Bucharest Early Intervention Project Paper presented at a symposium at the Society for Research in Child Development April 2009 Denver, CO

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PERSPECTIVES Psychiatric Outcomes in Young Children with a History of Institutionalization
Mclaughlin, K. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2009)
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Psychopathology Following Severe Deprivation: History, Research, and Implications of the Bucharest Early Intervention Project
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1.1 RECOVERY FROM SEVERE DEPRIVATION: THE BUCHAREST EARLY INTERVENTION PROJECT
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The Effects of Early Deprivation on Brain-Behavioral Development
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The Effects of Early Severe Psychosocial Deprivation on Children’s Cognitive and Social Development: Lessons from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project
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Authors: Bos, K., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Drury, S. S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Nelson, C. A.
Affiliations: Tulane University (US)
Corresponding author: Bos, Karen
Nelson, Charles A.
ORCID: Zeanah, Charles H.
Fox, Nathan A.
Drury, Stacy S.
McLaughlin, Katie A.
Nelson, Charles A.
Venue: Harvard Review of Psychiatry
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2011-01
Volume: 19
Issue: 1
Pages: 15-24
ISSN: 1067-3229 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3109/10673229.2011.549773
PMC: PMC3445019
OpenAlex: W2128543078
Cited by: 178
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 4.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Harvard Review of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH092526)
Topics: Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: institutionalized children, social deprivation, child neglect, foster care, Bucharest Early Intervention Project, attachment styles, attachment disorders, emotional reactivity, psychiatric symptoms, gender differences, length of institutionalization, genetic variation, brain development, early intervention, child mental health
MeSH terms: Mental Disorders, Child Abuse, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Institutionalized, Child, Preschool, Emotions, Female, Foster Home Care, Humans, Infant, Male, Object Attachment, Psychosocial Deprivation, Romania, Sex Factors, Time Factors, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Early Intervention, Educational, Reactive Attachment Disorder, Genetic Predisposition to Disease

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Psychiatric outcomes in young children with a history of institutionalization

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