The moderating effects of sex on consequences of childhood maltreatment: from clinical studies to animal models
Open accessAbstract
Stress has pronounced effects on the brain, and thus behavioral outputs. This is particularly true when the stress occurs during vulnerable points in development. A review of the clinical literature regarding the moderating effects of sex on psychopathology in individuals exposed to childhood maltreatment (CM) is complicated by a host of variables that are difficult to quantify and control in clinical settings. As a result, the precise role of sex in moderating the consequences of CM remains elusive. In this review, we explore the rationale for studying this important question and their implications for treatment. We examine this issue using the threat/deprivation conceptual framework and highlight a growing body of work demonstrating important sex differences in human studies and in animal models of early life stress (ELS). The challenges and obstacles for effectively studying this question are reviewed and are followed by recommendations on how to move forward at the clinical and preclinical settings. We hope that this review will help inspire additional studies on this important topic.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Experiences of trauma or injury, though occurring at comparable ages, may manifest very differently in the two sexes/genders.
“As a result, experiences of trauma or injury, though occurring at comparable ages, may manifest very differently in the two sexes/genders (62).”
From Where Sex Meets Gender: How Sex and Gender Come Together to Cause Sex Differences in Mental Illness (2022) · cites this paper as [62]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
KAUFMAN, J., BIRMAHER, B., BRENT, D., RAO, U., FLYNN, C., MORECI, P., WILLIAMSON, D., & RYAN, N. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021 · Cited by 10,148 · see citing works
Child abuse: Adolescent records vs. adult recall
Femina, D. D., Yeager, C. A., & Lewis, D. O. (1990) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(90)90033-p · Cited by 8,820 · see citing works
Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1083968 · Cited by 8,120 · see citing works
Power failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience
Button, K. S., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Mokrysz, C., Nosek, B. A., Flint, J., Robinson, E. S. J., & Munafò, M. R. (2013) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3475 · Cited by 7,641 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…distribution and/or equal variance across groups, are often lacking, sample sizes are frequently low without proper justification or power analysis (Button et al., 2013; Dumas-Mallet et al., 2017; Smith, 2017), and the inadequate analysis of “nested” data (Aarts et al., 2014) can all lead to an…”
BackgroundRole of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children
Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J., Craig, I. W., Taylor, A., & Poulton, R. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1072290 · Cited by 4,842 · see citing works
Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C., Perry, B. D., Dube, S. R., & Giles, W. H. (2006) · European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4 · Cited by 4,292 · see citing works
Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries
Grantham-McGregor, S., Cheung, Y. B., Cueto, S., Glewwe, P., Richter, L., & Strupp, B. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60032-4 · Cited by 3,630 · see citing works
Meaney, M. J. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.1161 · Cited by 2,708 · see citing works
The p Factor: One General Psychopathology Factor in the Structure of Psychiatric Disorders?
Caspi, A., Houts, R. M., Belsky, D. W., Goldman-Mellor, S. J., Harrington, H., Israel, S., Meier, M. H., Ramrakha, S., Shalev, I., Poulton, R., et al. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702613497473 · Cited by 2,449 · see citing works
Green, J. G., McLaughlin, K. A., Berglund, P. A., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186 · Cited by 2,323 · see citing works
Cumulative risk and child development.
Evans, G. W., Li, D., & Whipple, S. S. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0031808 · Cited by 2,024 · see citing works
Sex bias in neuroscience and biomedical research
Beery, A. K., & Zucker, I. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.002 · Cited by 1,763 · see citing works
Kilpatrick, D. G., Ruggiero, K. J., Acierno, R., Saunders, B. E., Resnick, H. S., & Best, C. L. (2003) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.71.4.692 · Cited by 1,590 · see citing works
Why sex matters for neuroscience
Cahill, L. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1909 · Cited by 1,540 · see citing works
Annual research review: enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect
Teicher, M. H., & Samson, J. A. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12507 · Cited by 1,473 · see citing works
Allele-specific FKBP5 DNA demethylation mediates gene–childhood trauma interactions
Klengel, T., Mehta, D., Anacker, C., Rex-Haffner, M., Pruessner, J. C., Pariante, C. M., Pace, T. W. W., Mercer, K. B., Mayberg, H. S., Bradley, B., et al. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3275 · Cited by 1,447 · see citing works
Different immune cells mediate mechanical pain hypersensitivity in male and female mice
Sorge, R. E., Mapplebeck, J. C. S., Rosen, S., Beggs, S., Taves, S., Alexander, J. K., Martin, L. J., Austin, J.-S., Sotocinal, S. G., Chen, D., et al. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4053 · Cited by 1,442 · see citing works
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012 · Cited by 1,389 · see citing works
Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disorder in the US National Comorbidity Survey
KESSLER, R. C., DAVIS, C. G., & KENDLER, K. S. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291797005588 · Cited by 1,298 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of the Published Research on the Effects of Child Sexual Abuse
Paolucci, E. O., Genuis, M. L., & Violato, C. (2001) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980109603677 · Cited by 1,144 · see citing works
Olds, D., Henderson, Jr., Cole, R., Eckenrode, J., Kitzman, H., Luckey, D., Pettitt, L., Sidora, K., Morris, P., & Powers, J. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.280.14.1238 · Cited by 1,122 · see citing works
The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States and implications for prevention
Fang, X., Brown, D. S., Florence, C. S., & Mercy, J. A. (2012) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.10.006 · Cited by 1,122 · see citing works
Sexual abuse and lifetime diagnosis of psychiatric disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Chen, L. P., Murad, M. H., Paras, M. L., Colbenson, K. M., Sattler, A. L., Goranson, E. N., Elamin, M. B., Seime, R. J., Shinozaki, G., Prokop, L. J., et al. (2010) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/mcp.2009.0583 · Cited by 1,056 · see citing works
Teicher, M. H., & Samson, J. A. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12070957 · Cited by 1,050 · see citing works
Garner, A. S., Shonkoff, J. P., Siegel, B., Dobbins, M. I., Earls, M. F., Garner, A. S., McGuinn, L. J., Pascoe, J. M., & Wood, D. L. (2011) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2662 · Cited by 1,039 · see citing works
Childhood abuse and lifetime psychopathology in a community sample
MacMillan, H. L., Fleming, J. E., Streiner, D. L., Lin, E., Boyle, M. H., Jamieson, E., Duku, E. K., Walsh, C. A., Wong, M. Y.-Y., & Beardslee, W. R. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1878 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
A meta-analytic examination of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples.
Rind, B., Tromovitch, P., & Bauserman, R. L. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.22 · Cited by 982 · see citing works
Beyond Cumulative Risk: A Dimensional Approach to Childhood Adversity
McLaughlin, K. A., & Sheridan, M. A. (2016) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721416655883 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
Early developmental emergence of human amygdala–prefrontal connectivity after maternal deprivation
Gee, D. G., Gabard-Durnam, L. J., Flannery, J., Goff, B., Humphreys, K. L., Telzer, E. H., Hare, T. A., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Tottenham, N. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1307893110 · Cited by 871 · see citing works
Lansford, J. E., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., Crozier, J., & Kaplow, J. (2002) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.156.8.824 · Cited by 838 · see citing works
FERGUSSON, D. M., HORWOOD, L. J., & LYNSKEY, M. T. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199610000-00024 · Cited by 826 · see citing works
An investigation of the false discovery rate and the misinterpretation of <i>p</i> -values
Colquhoun, D. (2014) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.140216 · Cited by 792 · see citing works
An introduction to hierarchical linear modeling
Woltman, H., Feldstain, A., MacKay, J. C., & Rocchi, M. (2012) · Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology · doi:10.20982/tqmp.08.1.p052 · Cited by 772 · see citing works
Paradise lost: the neurobiological and clinical consequences of child abuse and neglect
Nemeroff, C. B. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.019 · Cited by 768 · see citing works
Sex differences and stress across the lifespan
Bale, T. L., & Epperson, C. N. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4112 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
Sex-specific transcriptional signatures in human depression
Labonté, B., Engmann, O., Purushothaman, I., Menard, C., Wang, J., Tan, C., Scarpa, J. R., Moy, G., Loh, Y.-H. E., Cahill, M., et al. (2017) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4386 · Cited by 748 · see citing works
Gillies, G. E., & McArthur, S. (2010) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.109.002071 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
Rutter, M., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2003) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00194 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
Neuronal activity modifies the DNA methylation landscape in the adult brain
Guo, J. U., Ma, D. K., Mo, H., Ball, M. P., Jang, M.-H., Bonaguidi, M. A., Balazer, J. A., Eaves, H. L., Xie, B., Ford, E., et al. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2900 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
Do early‐life events permanently alter behavioral and hormonal responses to stressors?
Anisman, H., Zaharia, M. D., Meaney, M. J., & Merali, Z. (1998) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0736-5748(98)00025-2 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
A solution to dependency: using multilevel analysis to accommodate nested data
Aarts, E., Verhage, M., Veenvliet, J. V., Dolan, C. V., & van der Sluis, S. (2014) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3648 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
A Novel Mouse Model for Acute and Long-Lasting Consequences of Early Life Stress
Rice, C. J., Sandman, C. A., Lenjavi, M. R., & Baram, T. Z. (2008) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2008-0633 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H. J., Cole, R., Robinson, J. L., Sidora, K., Luckey, D. W., Henderson, C., Hanks, C. A., Bondy, J., & Holmberg, J. (2004) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2004-0962 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Mechanisms of late-onset cognitive decline after early-life stress
Brunson, K. L., Kramár, E., Lin, B., Chen, Y., Colgin, L. L., Yanagihara, T. K., Lynch, G., & Baram, T. Z. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2281-05.2005 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Olds, D. L., Robinson, J., Pettitt, L., Luckey, D. W., Holmberg, J., Ng, R. K., Isacks, K., Sheff, K., & Henderson, C. R. (2004) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2004-0961 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Pryce, C. R., & Feldon, J. (2003) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(03)00009-5 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Long-term Biobehavioral Effects of Maternal Separation in the Rat: Consistent or Confusing?
Lehmann, J., & Feldon, J. (2000) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro.2000.11.4.383 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Resilience among abused and neglected children grown up
McGloin, J. M., & Widom, C. S. (2001) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457940100414x · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Herringa, R. J., Birn, R. M., Ruttle, P. L., Burghy, C. A., Stodola, D. E., Davidson, R. J., & Essex, M. J. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1310766110 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Childhood maltreatment and the structure of common psychiatric disorders
Keyes, K., Eaton, N., Krueger, R., McLaughlin, K., Wall, M., Grant, B., & Hasin, D. (2012) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.093062 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Millstein, R. A., & Holmes, A. (2007) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.05.003 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Walker, C., Bath, K. G., Joëls, M., Kőrösi, A., Larauche, M. H., Lucassen, P. J., Morris, M. J., Raineki, C., Roth, T. L., Sullivan, R. M., et al. (2017) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2017.1343296 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Developmental pathways to amygdala–prefrontal function and internalizing symptoms in adolescence
Burghy, C. A., Stodola, D. E., Ruttle, P. L., Molloy, E. K., Armstrong, J. M., Oler, J. A., Fox, M. E., Hayes, A. S., Kalin, N. H., Essex, M. J., et al. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3257 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Early life stress confers lifelong stress susceptibility in mice via ventral tegmental area OTX2
Peña, C. J., Kronman, H. G., Walker, D. M., Cates, H. M., Bagot, R. C., Purushothaman, I., Issler, O., Loh, Y.-H. E., Leong, T., Kiraly, D. D., et al. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aan4491 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Kaffman, A., & Meaney, M. J. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01730.x · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Self-citationInstitutional rearing and psychiatric disorders in Romanian preschool children
Zeanah, C. H., Egger, H. L., Smyke, A. T., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., Marshall, P. J., & Guthrie, D. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08091438 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Gee, D. G., Gabard-Durnam, L., Telzer, E. H., Humphreys, K. L., Goff, B., Shapiro, M., Flannery, J., Lumian, D. S., Fareri, D. S., Caldera, C., et al. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614550878 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Meaney, M. J., Brake, W., & Gratton, A. (2002) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(01)00040-3 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of the relationship of child sexual abuse to adult psychological adjustment
Jumper, S. A. (1995) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(95)00029-8 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
The caregiving context in institution-reared and family-reared infants and toddlers in Romania
Smyke, A. T., Koga, S. F., Johnson, D. E., Fox, N. A., Marshall, P. J., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., & the BEIP Core Group (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01694.x · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Sex differences in depression and anxiety disorders: Potential biological determinants
Altemus, M. M. (2006) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.031 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Responses to maternal separation : mechanisms and mediators
Kuhn, C. M., & Schanberg, S. M. (1998) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0736-5748(98)00034-3 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Naninck, E. F. G., Hoeijmakers, L., Kakava-Georgiadou, N., Meesters, A., Lazic, S. E., Lucassen, P. J., & Kőrösi, A. (2014) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22374 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Multiple maltreatment experiences and adolescent behavior problems: Adolescents' perspectives
McGee, R. A., Wolfe, D. A., & Wilson, S. K. (1997) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579497001107 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
A Comparison of the Electroencephalogram between Institutionalized and Community Children in Romania
Marshall, P. J., Fox, N. A., & Group, B. C. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929042304723 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Tractenberg, S. G., Levandowski, M. L., de Azeredo, L. A., Orso, R., Roithmann, L. G., Hoffmann, E. S., Brenhouse, H., & Grassi-Oliveira, R. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.021 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Sex as an important biological variable in biomedical research
Lee, S. K. (2018) · BMB Reports · doi:10.5483/bmbrep.2018.51.4.034 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Trauma, PTSD, and the Developing Brain
Herringa, R. J. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0825-3 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Wang, L., Dai, Z., Peng, H., Tan, L., Ding, Y., He, Z., Zhang, Y., Xia, M., Li, Z., Li, W., et al. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22241 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Cisler, J. M., James, G. A., Tripathi, S., Mletzko, T., Heim, C., Hu, X. P., Mayberg, H. S., Nemeroff, C. B., & Kilts, C. D. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712001390 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Jalbrzikowski, M., Larsen, B., Hallquist, M. N., Foran, W., Calabro, F. J., & Luna, B. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.01.008 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Goodwill, H. L., Manzano-Nieves, G., Gallo, M. E., Lee, H.-I., Oyerinde, E., Serre, T., & Bath, K. G. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0195-5 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Fragmentation and high entropy of neonatal experience predict adolescent emotional outcome
Molet, J., Heins, K., Zhuo, X., Mei, Y., Regev, L., Baram, T. Z., & Stern, H. S. (2016) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2015.200 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Rind, B., & Tromovitch, P. (1997) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499709551891 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Raineki, C., Cortés, M. R., Belnoue, L., & Sullivan, R. M. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5843-11.2012 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Bolton, J. L., Molet, J., Regev, L., Chen, Y., Rismanchi, N., Haddad, E., Yang, D. Z., Obenaus, A., & Baram, T. Z. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.08.023 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Low statistical power in biomedical science: a review of three human research domains
Dumas-Mallet, E., Button, K. S., Boraud, T., Gonon, F., & Munafò, M. R. (2017) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.160254 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Early life stress accelerates behavioral and neural maturation of the hippocampus in male mice
Bath, K. G., Manzano-Nieves, G., & Goodwill, H. L. (2016) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.04.010 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Hill, C. A., & FITCH, R. H. (2012) · Neurology Research International · doi:10.1155/2012/867531 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Humphreys, K. L., Gleason, M. M., Drury, S. S., Miron, D., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2015) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00095-4 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Sex differences in brain maturation in maltreatment-related pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder
Bellis, M. D. D., & Keshavan, M. S. (2003) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(03)00013-7 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Accounting for sex differences in depression through female victimization: Childhood sexual abuse
Cutler, S. E., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (1991) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00289332 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Nicholson, A. A., Densmore, M., Frewen, P. A., Théberge, J., Neufeld, R. W., McKinnon, M. C., & Lanius, R. A. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.79 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Maikovich-Fong, A., & Jaffee, S. R. (2010) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.10.006 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Psychiatric outcomes in young children with a history of institutionalization
Bos, K., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Drury, S. S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2011) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/10673229.2011.549773 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Early life stress paradigms in rodents: potential animal models of depression?
Schmidt, M. V., Wang, X., & Meijer, O. C. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2096-0 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Child Sexual Abuse and Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Adolescence: Gender Differences
Garnefski, N., & Diekstra, R. F. W. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199703000-00010 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
VanTieghem, M., & Tottenham, N. (2017) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2016_42 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Multifaceted origins of sex differences in the brain
McCarthy, M. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0106 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Surprising origins of sex differences in the brain
McCarthy, M. M., Pickett, L. A., VanRyzin, J. W., & Kight, K. E. (2015) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.04.013 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Problems and Progress regarding Sex Bias and Omission in Neuroscience Research
Will, T., Proaño, S. B., Thomas, A. M., Kunz, L. M., Thompson, K. C., Ginnari, L. A., Jones, C. H., Lucas, S.-C., Reavis, E. M., Dorris, D. M., et al. (2017) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0278-17.2017 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Cui, M., Yang, Y., Yang, J., Zhang, J., Han, H., Ma, W., Li, H., Mao, R., Xu, L., Hao, W., et al. (2006) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2006.05.048 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Resting-state functional connectivity in adults with childhood emotional maltreatment
van der Werff, S. J. A., Pannekoek, J. N., Veer, I. M., van Tol, M., Aleman, A., Veltman, D. J., Zitman, F. G., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., Elzinga, B. M., & van der Wee, N. J. A. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712002942 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Gender Perspective on Context and Consequences
Banyard, V. L., Williams, L. M., & Siegel, J. A. (2004) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/107755904266914 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Birn, R. M., Patriat, R., Phillips, M. L., Germain, A., & Herringa, R. J. (2014) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22291 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Early life stress in rodents: Animal models of illness or resilience?
Murthy, S., & Gould, E. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00157 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Kramár, E. A., Chen, L. Y., Babayan, A. H., Andres, A. L., Gall, C. M., Lynch, G., & Baram, T. Z. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.17 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Amygdala hyper-connectivity in a mouse model of unpredictable early life stress
Johnson, F. K., Delpech, J.-C., Thompson, G. J., Wei, L., Jin, H., Hermán, P., Hyder, F., & Kaffman, A. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0092-z · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationMolet, J., Maras, P. M., Kinney‐Lang, E., Harris, N. G., Rashid, F. M., Ivy, A. S., Solodkin, A., Obenaus, A., & Baram, T. Z. (2016) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22661 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Bergen, H. A., Martin, G., Richardson, A. S., Allison, S. C., & Roeger, L. S. (2004) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1614.2004.01295.x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Molle, R. D., Portella, A. K., Goldani, M. Z., Kapczinski, F. P., Leistner‐Segal, S., Salum, G. A., Manfro, G. G., & Silveira, P. P. (2012) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2012.126 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
New insights into early-life stress and behavioral outcomes
Bolton, J. L., Molet, J., Ivy, A. S., & Baram, T. Z. (2017) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.12.012 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Effects of early-life stress on cognitive function and hippocampal structure in female rodents.
Loi, M., Mossink, J. C. L., Meerhoff, G. F., Den Blaauwen, J. L., Lucassen, P. J., & Joëls, M. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.024 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Wang, X., Labermaier, C., Holsboer, F., Wurst, W., Deussing, J. M., Müller, M. B., & Schmidt, M. V. (2012) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08148.x · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Guadagno, A., Wong, T. P., & Walker, C. (2017) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.09.025 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Gobinath, A. R., Mahmoud, R., & Galea, L. A. M. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00420 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Childhood mistreatment and adolescent and young adult depression
Fletcher, J. M. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.12.005 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Philip, N. S., Sweet, L. H., Tyrka, A. R., Price, L. H., Bloom, R. F., & Carpenter, L. L. (2012) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.10.008 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Yan, C., Rincón‐Cortés, M., Raineki, C., Sarro, E. C., Colcombe, S. J., Guilfoyle, D. N., Yang, Z., Gerum, S. V., Biswal, B. B., Milham, M. P., et al. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2016.276 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Gender, victimization, and psychiatric outcomes
Gershon, A., Minor, K., & Hayward, C. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708003000 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Behavioral risk, emotional risk, and child abuse among adolescents in a nonclinical setting
Hibbard, R. A., Ingersoll, G. M., & Orr, D. P. (1990) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.86.6.896 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Arp, J. M., ter Horst, J. P., Loi, M., den Blaauwen, J. L., Bangert, E., Fernández, G., Joëls, M., Oitzl, M. S., & Krugers, H. J. (2016) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.05.009 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Strain-specific cognitive deficits in adult mice exposed to early life stress.
Mehta, M., & Schmauss, C. (2011) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0021952 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Millstein, R. A., Ralph, R. J., Yang, R. J., & Holmes, A. (2006) · Genes, Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2005.00172.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Maternal separation is associated with DNA methylation and behavioural changes in adult rats
Anier, K., Malinovskaja, K., Pruus, K., Aonurm‐Helm, A., Zharkovsky, A., & Kalda, A. (2013) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.07.012 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Social Origins of Developmental Risk for Mental and Physical Illness
Cameron, J. L., Eagleson, K. L., Fox, N. A., Hensch, T. K., & Levitt, P. R. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1822-17.2017 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Gender differences in symptoms of adolescents reporting sexual assault
Darves‐Bornoz, J., Choquet, M., Ledoux, S., Gasquet, I., & Manfredi, R. (1998) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s001270050030 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Maternal behavior and offspring resiliency to maternal separation in c57bl/6 mice
Own, L. S., & Patel, P. D. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.11.010 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
DNA Methylation in Memory Formation
Heyward, F. D., & Sweatt, J. D. (2015) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858415579635 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Colich, N. L., Williams, E., Ho, T. C., King, L. S., Humphreys, K. L., Price, A. N., Ordaz, S. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001444 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Bath, K. G., Nitenson, A. S., Lichtman, E. S., Lopez, C., Chen, W., Gallo, M. E., Goodwill, H. L., & Manzano-Nieves, G. (2017) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.04.001 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Gold, S. N., Lucenko, B. A., Elhai, J. D., Swingle, J. M., & Sellers, A. H. (1999) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(99)00041-1 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Herringa, R. J., Phillips, M. L., Fournier, J. C. J., Kronhaus, D. M., & Germain, A. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712002310 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Crozier, J. C., Wang, L., Huettel, S. A., & De Bellis, M. D. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941400008x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Incorporating Sex as a Variable in Preclinical Neuropsychiatric Research: Fig. 1.
McCarthy, M. M. (2015) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv077 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Gauthier-Duchesne, A., Hébert, M., & Daspe, M. (2016) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.008 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Boku, S., Toda, H., Nakagawa, S., Kato, A., Inoue, T., Koyama, T., Hiroi, N., & Kusumi, I. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.07.008 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Heun‐Johnson, H., & Levitt, P. R. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00142 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The postnatal development of homoiothermy and cold resistance in mice
LAGERSPETZ, K. Y. H. (1962) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf02148237 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Moussaoui, N., Larauche, M. H., Biraud, M., Molet, J., Million, M., Mayer, E. A., & Taché, Y. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155037 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Ignácio, Z. M., Réus, G. Z., Abelaira, H. M., Maciel, A. L., de Moura, A. B., Matos, D., Demo, J. P., da Silva, J. B. I., Gava, F. F., Valvassori, S. S., et al. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.11.044 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Cowan, C. S. M., & Richardson, R. (2019) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21765 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Harshaw, C., & Alberts, J. R. (2012) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.05.002 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Park, S. W., Seo, M. K., Lee, J. G., Hiền, L. T. T., & Kim, Y. H. (2017) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12609 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Childhood maltreatment and amygdala connectivity in methamphetamine dependence: a pilot study
Dean, A. C., Kohno, M., Hellemann, G., & London, E. D. (2014) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.289 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
van der Kooij, M. A., Grosse, J., Zanoletti, O., Papilloud, A., & Sandi, C. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.10.058 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Gender differences in internalizing problems among sexually abused early adolescents
Coohey, C. (2010) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.05.001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Pereira, N. D. S. C., Ferreira, C. F., Lampert, C., Arcego, D. M., Toniazzo, A. P., Bernardi, J. R., da Silva, D. C., Toigo, E. V. P., Diehl, L. A., Krolow, R., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.10.001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Maniam, J., Antoniadis, C. P., Youngson, N. A., Sinha, J. K., & Morris, M. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2015.00086 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Early life stress impairs contextual threat expression in female, but not male, mice.
Manzano-Nieves, G., Gaillard, M., Gallo, M. E., & Bath, K. G. (2018) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000248 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Todkar, A., Granholm, L., Aljumah, M., Nilsson, K. W., Comasco, E., & Nylander, I. (2016) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2015.00090 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Ronald, A. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13063 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Fuentes, S., Carrasco, J., Hatto, A., Navarro, J. T., Armario, A., Monsonet, M., Ortiz, J., & Nadal, R. A. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190044 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Maniam, J., Antoniadis, C. P., Wang, K. W., & Morris, M. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2015.00138 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Kanatsou, S., ter Horst, J. P., Harris, A. P., Seckl, J. R., Krugers, H. J., & Joëls, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00374 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Chen, L., & Jackson, T. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.11.022 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Functional specificity in the modulation of novelty exposure effects by reliability of maternal care
Reeb‐Sutherland, B. C., & Tang, A. C. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.08.047 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Smith, P. F. (2017) · PubMed Central · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Early Life Stress- and Sex-Dependent Effects on Hippocampal Neurogenesis
Lucassen, P. J., Kőrösi, A., Krugers, H. J., & Oomen, C. A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802175-0.00013-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Where Sex Meets Gender: How Sex and Gender Come Together to Cause Sex Differences in Mental Illness
Christiansen, D. M., McCarthy, M. M., & Seeman, M. V. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.856436 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“As a result, experiences of trauma or injury, though occurring at comparable ages, may manifest very differently in the two sexes/genders (62).”
BackgroundGranata, L., Gildawie, K. R., Ismail, N., Brenhouse, H. C., & Kopec, A. M. (2022) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101143 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- White, J. D., & Kaffman, A.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kaffman, Arie
- ORCID
- Kaffman, Arie
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-10-10
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 1082-1082
- ISSN
- 1662-453X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6797834
- OpenAlex
- W2980241605
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 149
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 1.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- child abuse, sex differences, early life stress, moderating effect, psychopathology, developmental stress, therapeutic implications
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
