PRISMA-S: An Extension to the PRISMA Statement for Reporting Literature Searches in Systematic Reviews
Open accessPreprint — published as 10.1186/s13643-020-01542-z · Paper page
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Despite wide usage of the PRISMA Statement reporting guideline by systematic review authors, compliance with its items regarding literature search reporting is suboptimal. We sought to develop an international standard for literature search reporting aligned with the PRISMA Statement to improve the quality and reproducibility of reported literature searches.METHODOLOGY: We formed an executive committee to lead the PRISMA-S extension development. The study protocol was published prior to study inception. To identify potential items for inclusion, we performed a literature search. Identified items were reviewed for overlap and consolidated. We then used a three-step Delphi survey process to assess the items. The first survey asked 163 international experts to rate each item, and the second and third rounds asked respondents to select the 25 most necessary items for a checklist. Potential items moved to rounds 2 and 3 based on pre-specified criteria. Remaining items were discussed at an in-person consensus conference. After the consensus conference, the remaining items were consolidated into a checklist. Executive committee members developed an accompanying explanation and elaboration document. The checklist and documentation were distributed for pilot testing. RESULTS: We identified 405 potential items from 61 sources located through the literature search process. Sources included both explicit reporting guidelines and studies assessing reproducibility of search strategies. These were consolidated into 123 potential items for the Delphi survey. We received 52 responses (32% response rate) to the first survey, and 35 (67% response rate) to both surveys two and three. The results of the Delphi process were reported at the consensus conference meeting in May 2016. Post-consensus conference, 34 items remained. The checklist was finalized into 13 items and 10 sub-items. Pilot testing is underway. This document is the draft for the Explanation & Elaboration for Draft 1, released for review/testing.CONCLUSIONS: The PRISMA-S extension for the PReferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline will provide a consensus-driven international standard for literature search reporting. Using this new reporting guideline may enable librarians and information specialists to produce higher quality, more reproducible, transparent search strategies for systematic reviews and other literature review-based publications.
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Identification of problems in search strategies in <scp>C</scp>ochrane <scp>R</scp>eviews
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Topic search filters: a systematic scoping review
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Self-citationAssembling the pieces of a systematic review: a guide for librarians
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Care plans for women pregnant using assisted reproductive technologies: a systematic review
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Sex-Specific Changes in Physical Performance Following Military Training: A Systematic Review
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Methods for documenting systematic review searches: a discussion of common issues
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EPC Methods: An Exploration of the Use of Text-Mining Software in Systematic Reviews
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Quality of search strategies reported in systematic reviews published in stereotactic radiosurgery
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PRISMA-S: PRISMA Search Reporting Extension
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Self-citationPeer Review of Search Strategies
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Critical Assessment of Search Strategies in Systematic Reviews in Endodontics
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Should Systematic Reviewers Search for Randomized, Controlled Trials Published as Letters?
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The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews
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Self-citationThe PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews
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Self-citationDeclaración PRISMA 2020: una guía actualizada para la publicación de revisiones sistemáticas
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Self-citationHow to properly use the PRISMA Statement
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Self-citationBond, M., Khosravi, H., De Laat, M., Bergdahl, N., Negrea, V., Oxley, E., Pham, P., Chong, S. W., & Siemens, G. (2024) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-023-00436-z · Cited by 852 · see citing works
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Self-citationHambleton, A., Pepin, G., Le, A., Maloney, D., National Eating Disorder Research Consortium, Aouad, P., Barakat, S., Boakes, R., Brennan, L., Bryant, E., et al. (2022) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00654-2 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Risk factors for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review
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Introduction to PRISMA 2020 and implications for research synthesis methodologists
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Appraising systematic reviews: a comprehensive guide to ensuring validity and reliability
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A Systematic Review of Pesticide Exposure, Associated Risks, and Long-Term Human Health Impacts
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Whittaker, J. L., Losciale, J. M., Juhl, C. B., Thorlund, J. B., Lundberg, M., Truong, L. K., Miciak, M., van Meer, B. L., Culvenor, A. G., Crossley, K. M., et al. (2022) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2022-105496 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
PRISMA 2020 and PRISMA-S: common questions on tracking records and the flow diagram
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Self-citationExposure to Heated Tobacco Products and Adverse Health Effects, a Systematic Review
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Recommendation Systems for Education: Systematic Review
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Exploring automation bias in human–AI collaboration: a review and implications for explainable AI
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SEGRESS: Software Engineering Guidelines for REporting Secondary Studies
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Assay of renewable energy transition: A systematic literature review
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Hogg, H. D. J., Al-Zubaidy, M., Technology Enhanced Macular Services Study Reference Group, Talks, J., Denniston, A. K., Kelly, C. J., Malawana, J., Papoutsi, C., Teare, M. D., Keane, P. A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/39742 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
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The Influence of Emerging Technologies on Distance Education
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Challenges of education in the accounting profession in the Era 5.0: A systematic review
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Machine Learning in Vascular Surgery: A Systematic Review and Critical Appraisal
Li, B., Feridooni, T., Cuen-Ojeda, C., Kishibe, T., de Mestral, C., Mamdani, M., & Al-Omran, M. A. (2021) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-021-00552-y · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Suicide risk and mortality among patients with cancer
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A declaração PRISMA 2020: diretriz atualizada para relatar revisões sistemáticas
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Exploring the potential of micro-credentials: A systematic literature review
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Guidelines for performing systematic reviews in sports science
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Defining Active Learning: A Restricted Systemic Review
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Opt-out, abstain, unplug. A systematic review of the voluntary digital disconnection literature
Nassen, L.-M., Vandebosch, H., Poels, K., & Karsay, K. (2023) · Telematics and informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2023.101980 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
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Hospital‐associated deconditioning: Not only physical, but also cognitive
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Clinical features and complications of Loeys-Dietz syndrome: A systematic review
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A meta-review of consumer behaviour studies on meat reduction and alternative protein acceptance
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PRISMA for Review of Management Literature – Method, Merits, and Limitations – An Academic Review
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Systematic reviews: Brief overview of methods, limitations, and resources
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Samuels, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2024.1477044 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
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Machine learning application in soccer: a systematic review
Rico-González, M., Pino‐Ortega, J., Méndez, A., Clemente, F. M., & Baca, A. (2022) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2023.112970 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Cognitive stimulation and cognitive results in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Gómez‐Soria, I., Iguacel, I., Aguilar‐Latorre, A., Peralta, P., Latorre, E., Cuenca‐Zaldívar, J. N., & Calatayud, E. (2022) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2022.104807 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
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Geiger, S. J., Brick, C. A., Nalborczyk, L., Bosshard, A., & Jostmann, N. B. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101694 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
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Góngora, P., Rocks, S., Fahr, P., Rivero‐Arias, O., & Tsiachristas, A. (2022) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2022.11.007 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Searching for studies: A guide to information retrieval for Campbell systematic reviews
MacDonald, H. R., Comer, C., Foster, M., Labelle, P., Marsalis, S. E., Nyhan, K., Premji, Z., Rogers, M., Splenda, R., Stansfield, C., et al. (2024) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1433 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Indicators of Treatment Prognosis for Adults With Depression
Buckman, J. E. J., Saunders, R., Stott, J. C. H., Cohen, Z. D., Arundell, L.-L., Eley, T. C., Hollon, S. D., Kendrick, T., Ambler, G., Watkins, E. R., et al. (2022) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0100 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on household food waste behaviour: A systematic review
Iranmanesh, M., Ghobakhloo, M., Nilashi, M., Tseng, M., Senali, M. G., & Abbasi, G. A. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.106127 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Chen, X., Liu, M., Zuo, L., Wu, X., Chen, M., Li, X., An, T., Chen, L., Xu, W., Peng, S., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckad044 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Acceptance of service robots: a meta-analysis in the hospitality and tourism industry
Ladeira, W. J., Perin, M. G., & Santini, F. D. O. (2023) · Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management · doi:10.1080/19368623.2023.2202168 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Cobotics: The Evolving Roles and Prospects of Next‐Generation Collaborative Robots in Industry 5.0
Rahman, M. M., Khatun, F., Jahan, I., Devnath, R., & Bhuiyan, M. A.-A. (2024) · Journal of Robotics · doi:10.1155/2024/2918089 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Effectiveness of diagnosing pulpitis: A systematic review
Donnermeyer, D., Dammaschke, T., Lipski, M., & Schäfer, E. (2023) · International Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/iej.13762 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Westwood, S. J., Parlatini, V., Rubia, K., Cortese, S., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., European ADHD Guidelines Group (EAGG), Banaschewski, T., Baeyens, D., Bölte, S., Brandeis, D., et al. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02000-7 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Fiber-Reinforced concrete and its life cycle assessment: A systematic review
Manso‐Morato, J., Hurtado‐Alonso, N., Revilla‐Cuesta, V., Skaf, M., & Ortega‐López, V. (2024) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2024.110062 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Parola, A., Lin, J. M., Simonsen, A., Bliksted, V., Zhou, Y., Wang, H., Inoue, L., Koelkebeck, K., & Fusaroli, R. (2022) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2022.07.002 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Rapid reviews methods series: Guidance on literature search
Klerings, I., Robalino, S., Booth, A., Liquitay, C. M. E., Sommer, I., Gartlehner, G., Devane, D., & Waffenschmidt, S. (2023) · BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2022-112079 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationMacLellan, J., Collins, S., Myatt, M., Pope, C. J., Knighton, W., & Rai, T. (2022) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.15233 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Searching clinical trials registers: guide for systematic reviewers
Hunter, K. E., Webster, A. C., Page, M. J., Willson, M. L., McDonald, S. J., Berber, S., Skeers, P., Tan, A. G., Parkhill, A., & Seidler, A. L. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-068791 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
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Misra, D. P., Rathore, U., Patro, P., Agarwal, V., & Sharma, A. (2021) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-021-05743-2 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Definitions of Esports: A Systematic Review and Thematic Analysis
Formosa, J., O’Donnell, N., Horton, E. M., Türkay, S., Mandryk, R. L., Hawks, M., & Johnson, D. M. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3549490 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Exposure to Pornography and Adolescent Sexual Behavior: Systematic Review
Pathmendra, P., Raggatt, M. H., Lim, M. S. C., Marino, J. L., & Skinner, S. R. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/43116 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Bridge management through digital twin-based anomaly detection systems: A systematic review
Ríos, A. J., Plevris, V., & Nogal, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Built Environment · doi:10.3389/fbuil.2023.1176621 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Gränicher, P., Mulder, L. T. M. A., Lenssen, A. F., Scherr, J., Swanenburg, J., & de Bie, R. A. (2022) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2022.11160 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Behrendt, T., Bielitzki, R., Behrens, M., Herold, F., & Schega, L. (2022) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-022-00450-x · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Models of care for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review
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Josić, U., D’Alessandro, C., Miletić, V., Maravić, T., Mazzitelli, C., Jaćimović, J., Sorrentino, R., Zarone, F., Mancuso, E., Delgado, A. H. S., et al. (2023) · Dental Materials · doi:10.1016/j.dental.2023.10.009 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
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Disparities in Prevalence and Barriers to Hypertension Control: A Systematic Review
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Post-secondary Student Mental Health During COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis
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Waste metrics in the framework of circular economy
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Artificial intelligence and sustainability in the fashion industry: a review from 2010 to 2022
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- Authors
- Rethlefsen, M. L., Kirtley, S., Waffenschmidt, S., Ayala, A. P., Moher, D., Page, M. J., & Koffel, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (DE)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Ottawa Hospital (CA)
- Monash University (AU)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rethlefsen, Melissa L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Systematic Reviews
- Publisher
- Center for Open Science
- Published
- 2019-03-20
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 39-39
- ISSN
- 2046-4053 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7839230
- OpenAlex
- W3123497531
- Cited by
- 3,696
- References
- 128
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1275 · 2025: 695 · 2024: 604 · 2023: 548 · 2022: 399 · 2021: 165 · 2020: 9
- FWCI
- 17.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Systematic Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- uO Research (University of Ottawa) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- La Trobe University (cc-by)
- Funders
- Medical Library Association
- Yale University
- University of Minnesota (2017-2018)
- Washington University in St. Louis
- University of Utah (UL1TR002538)
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Dartmouth College
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
- McMaster University
- Kent State University
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
- CHEO Research Institute
- Bond University
- Cancer Research UK (27294, 16895, C49297/A27294)
- University of Oxford
- La Trobe University
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR002538)
- University of Colorado Denver
- Medical Research Council (MR/J00488X/1)
- Australian Research Council (DE200101618)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Clinical practice guidelines implementation
- Keywords
- PRISMA-S, reporting checklist, information sources, reporting guidelines
- MeSH terms
- Systematic Reviews as Topic, Publications, Consensus, Checklist, Research Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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