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PreprintCited by 10Cognitive Abilities and TestingCognitive Functions and MemoryNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

Evidence for separate backward recall and n-back working memory factors: A large-scale latent variable analysis

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Byrne, Elizabeth Mary, Gilbert, Rebecca Anne, Kievit, Rogier, Holmes, Joni·2019·Memory
DOI 10.31234/osf.io/bkja7PMC PMC11441403
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Abstract

Multiple studies have explored the factor structure of working memory (WM) tasks, yet few have done so controlling for the domain or category of the memory items. The primary aim of the current study, which was pre-registered, was to conduct a large-scale latent variable analysis using variant forms of n-back and backward recall tasks to test whether they measure the same underlying construct, or are distinguished by stimuli-, domain-, or paradigm-specific factors. Exploratory analyses that were not pre-registered explored how the resulting WM factor(s) were linked to fluid intelligence. Participants (N = 703) completed multiple web-based versions of n-back and backward recall tasks and a test of fluid reasoning. The memory tasks contained different memoranda that varied across (spatial or verbal material) and within (verbal digits or letters) domain, allowing the variance specific to task content and paradigm to be assessed. The data were best-captured by two distinct but related backward recall and n-back constructs, each linked to a separate fluid reasoning factor, in comparison to other plausible model constructions (including a single WM factor, or two-factor domain, and three-factor materials models). There were no differences in the strength of the relationship between each paradigm factor and fluid reasoning. Common variance associated with all WM tasks was a stronger predictor of fluid reasoning than a residual n-back factor, but the backward recall factor was an equally strong predictor of fluid reasoning as the common WM factor. These data emphasise the distinctiveness between backward recall and n-back tasks.

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  • The degree of transfer depends on how similar the training task is to the target task, not on the specific features of the training program.

    “This outcome is in line with the findings ofMelby-Lervåg et al. (2016) and corroborate the idea that transfer is function of distance between training task and target task rather than the features of the training program per se (e.g.,Byrne et al., 2019;Pergher et al., 2019).”

    From Working memory training in typically developing children: A multilevel meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Byrne et al., 2019

    The Discussion (pp. 12–13) examines overlap and differences between backward-recall and n-back tasks, not transfer after training. A search for training transfer found references to other studies but no passage in this paper establishing that transfer depends on task similarity rather than features of the training program. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Byrne, E. M., Gilbert, R. A., Kievit, R., & Holmes, J.
Affiliations
  • University of East Anglia (GB)
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
  • Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
Corresponding author
Byrne, Elizabeth Mary
ORCID
Venue
Memory
Publisher
Center for Open Science
Published
2019-04-16
Volume
32
Issue
9
Pages
1182-1198
ISSN
0965-8211 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.31234/osf.io/bkja7
PMC
PMC11441403
OpenAlex
W4401879269
Cited by
10
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1
FWCI
1.64
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Memory (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
  • OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • University of Cambridge
  • Medical Research Council Canada
  • Medical Research Council
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords
working memory, backward recall, n-back task, factor structure, fluid intelligence, fluid reasoning, latent variable models
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Mental Recall, Young Adult

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Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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