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Influence of ensiling time and inoculation on alteration of the starch-protein matrix in high-moisture corn

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Hoffman, P.C., Esser, N.M., Shaver, R.D., Coblentz, W.K., Scott, M.P., Bodnar, A.L., Schmidt, R.J., Charley, R.C.·2011·Journal of Dairy Science
DOI 10.3168/jds.2010-3562
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Abstract

The fates of hydrophobic zein proteins, which encapsulate corn starch to create vitreous endosperm, have not been investigated in high-moisture corn (HMC). To assess influences of ensiling time and inoculation on zein proteins in HMC, quadruplicate samples of 2 random corn hybrids (A and B), containing 25.7 and 29.3% moisture, were ground, inoculated with (I) or without 600,000 cfu/g of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 (Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Milwaukee, WI), and ensiled for 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 d. Nutrient composition [crude protein (CP), starch, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber], fermentation (pH, lactate, and acetate), and protein degradation markers (buffer-soluble CP, isopropanol-soluble CP, and NH(3)-N) were evaluated. At 0 and 240 d, α, γ, δ, and β zein subunits were profiled using HPLC. Data were evaluated as a split-split plot using the PROC MIXED procedures of SAS. Ensiling time and inoculation decreased pH, and altered lactate and acetate contents of HMC. Lactate and acetate contents of A, AI, B, and BI at 240 d were 0.40, 0.32, 1.11, 0.73, and 0, 0.35, 0.30, and 0.87% of DM, respectively. Buffer-soluble CP in HMC increased from 1.5 to 2.0% of DM at 0 d to >4.0% of DM at 240 d. Inoculation had no effect on buffer-soluble CP but increased NH(3)-N content of HMC. Corn A contained more isopropanol-soluble CP than did corn B and peak areas for 6 α, and all γ and δ zein regions were greater for corn A. Ensiling (0 vs. 240 d) decreased all zein subunits with the exception of 2 α and 1 δ subunit. Ensiling decreased (42.2-73.2%) γ zeins, which are primarily responsible for cross-linking in the starch-protein matrix. Despite altering lactate and acetate contents, inoculation had no effect on degrading hydrophobic zein proteins in HMC. Data suggest that hydrophobic zein proteins in the starch-protein matrix of HMC are degraded by proteolytic activity over an extended ensiling time.

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  • Proteolysis during silo storage slowly breaks the protein matrix so that starch digestibility increases with storage time.

    “Proteolysis during silo storage slowly breaks the protein matrix so that starch digestibility increases with storage time (Hoffman et al., 2011), as discussed above.”

    From Silage review: Recent advances and future uses of silage additives (2018) · cites this paper as Hoffman et al., 2011

    The Results and Conclusions report that zein proteins in the starch-protein matrix degraded over 240 days of ensiling, with chronic proteolysis the likely explanation. The Discussion reports increased ruminal starch degradability with ensiling time, but treats the causal link between protein breakdown and greater starch access as a hypothesis rather than an established finding of this study. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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  • Proteolysis occurs naturally during ensiling, but it requires as much as 10 mo for the protein matrix to be hydrolyzed to an extent that optimizes starch availability in corn silage.

    “Proteolysis occurs naturally during ensiling (Hoffman et al., 2011), but it requires as much as 10 mo for the protein matrix to be hydrolyzed to an extent that optimizes starch availability in corn silage (Ferraretto et al., 2014).”

    From Silage review: Recent advances and future uses of silage additives (2018) · cites this paper as Hoffman et al., 2011

  • In maize silages, proteolysis has been positively associated with starch digestibility due to degradation of prolamins surrounding starch granules.

    “However, in maize silages (both whole-plant maize and grain silages), proteolysis has been positively associated with starch digestibility due to the degradation of prolamins that surround the starch granules [40].”

    From The Effects of Short-Time Delayed Sealing on Fermentation, Aerobic Stability and Chemical Composition on Maize Silages (2023) · cites this paper as [40]

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  1. [6]6. Birth, G. S., and H. G. Hecht. 1987. The physics of near-infrared reflectance. Pages 1-16 in Near-Infrared Technology in the Agri- cultural and Food Industries. Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem., St.
  2. [13]13. Goering, H. K., and P. J. Van Soest. 1970. Pages 8-11 in Forage Fiber Analyses (Apparatus, Reagents, Procedures, and Some Applica- tions). Agric. Handbook No. 379. ARS-USDA, Washington, DC.
  3. [25]25. Mertens, D. R. 1992. Critical conditions in determining detergent fi- bers. Page C-1 in Proc. Natl. Forage Testing Assoc. Forage Anal. Workshop, Denver, CO. Natl. Forage Testing Assoc., Omaha, NE.

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Authors
Hoffman, P. C., Esser, N. M., Shaver, R. D., Coblentz, W. K., Scott, M. P., Bodnar, A. L., Schmidt, R. J., & Charley, R. C.
Affiliations
  • University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
  • U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center (US)
  • Agricultural Research Service (US)
  • Iowa State University (US)
Corresponding author
Hoffman, P.C.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Dairy Science
Publisher
American Dairy Science Association
Published
2011-05
Volume
94
Issue
5
Pages
2465-2474
ISSN
0022-0302 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3168/jds.2010-3562
OpenAlex
W1979239946
Cited by
249
References
30
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 12
FWCI
20.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Dairy Science (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Lincoln (University of Nebraska) (submittedVersion)
  • Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Crop Yield and Soil Fertility
Keywords
high-moisture corn, ensiling time, zein, vitreous endosperm, protein degradation, ammonia nitrogen, fermentation products, lactate, acetate, maize hybrids, silage
MeSH terms
Animals, Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Cattle, Zea mays, Dietary Proteins, Digestion, Lactobacillus, Rumen, Silage, Starch, Time Factors, Zein

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