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Cited by 1,038Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive PhysiologyAnimal Nutrition and PhysiologyMycotoxins in Agriculture and Food

Silage review: Recent advances and future uses of silage additives

Open access
Muck, R.E., Nadeau, E.M.G., McAllister, T.A., Contreras-Govea, F.E., Santos, M.C., Kung, L.·2018·Journal of Dairy Science
DOI 10.3168/jds.2017-13839
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Abstract

Additives have been available for enhancing silage preservation for decades. This review covers research studies published since 2000 that have investigated the efficacy of silage additives. The review has been divided into 6 categories of additives: homofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB), obligate heterofermentative LAB, combination inoculants containing obligate heterofermentative LAB plus homofermentative LAB, other inoculants, chemicals, and enzymes. The homofermentative LAB rapidly decrease pH and increase lactic acid relative to other fermentation products, although a meta-analysis indicated no reduction in pH in corn, sorghum, and sugarcane silages relative to untreated silages. These additives resulted in higher milk production according to the meta-analysis by mechanisms that are still unclear. Lactobacillus buchneri is the dominant species used in obligate heterofermentative LAB silage additives. It slowly converts lactic acid to acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol during silo storage, improving aerobic stability while having no effect on animal productivity. Current research is focused on finding other species in the Lb. buchneri group capable of producing more rapid improvements in aerobic stability. Combination inoculants aim to provide the aerobic stability benefits of Lb. buchneri with the silage fermentation efficiency and animal productivity benefits of homofermentative LAB. Research indicates that these products are improving aerobic stability, but feeding studies are not yet sufficient to make conclusions about effects on animal performance. Novel non-LAB species have been studied as potential silage inoculants. Streptococcus bovis is a potential starter species within a homofermentative LAB inoculant. Propionibacterium and Bacillus species offer improved aerobic stability in some cases. Some yeast research has focused on inhibiting molds and other detrimental silage microorganisms, whereas other yeast research suggests that it may be possible to apply a direct-fed microbial strain at ensiling, have it survive ensiling, and multiply during feed out. Chemical additives traditionally have fallen in 2 groups. Formic acid causes direct acidification, suppressing clostridia and other undesired bacteria and improving protein preservation during ensiling. On the other hand, sorbic, benzoic, propionic, and acetic acids improve silage aerobic stability at feed out through direct inhibition of yeasts and molds. Current research has focused on various combinations of these chemicals to improve both aerobic stability and animal productivity. Enzyme additives have been added to forage primarily to breakdown plant cell walls at ensiling to improve silage fermentation by providing sugars for the LAB and to enhance the nutritive value of silage by increasing the digestibility of cell walls. Cellulase or hemicellulase mixtures have been more successful at the former than the latter. A new approach focused on Lb. buchneri producing ferulic acid esterase has also had mixed success in improving the efficiency of silage digestion. Another new enzyme approach is the application of proteases to corn silage to improve starch digestibility, but more research is needed to determine the feasibility. Future silage additives are expected to directly inhibit clostridia and other detrimental microorganisms, mitigate high mycotoxin levels on harvested forages during ensiling, enhance aerobic stability, improve cell wall digestibility, increase the efficiency of utilization of silage nitrogen by cattle, and increase the availability of starch to cattle.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3168/jds.2017-13839

Cites

138 of 138 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

65 of 233 cited sources checked · 39 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingcitation

    Addition of Lb. hilgardii at 1 × 10^6 cfu/g of corn forage resulted in improved aerobic stability compared with untreated silage after 90 but not 30 d of ensiling.

    “Assis et al. (2014) added 1 × 10 6 cfu of Lb. hilgardii per gram of corn forage, and this resulted in improved aerobic stability when compared with untreated silage after 90 but not 30 d of ensiling.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Assis et al., 2014 source

      The Results (page unavailable) state that neither inoculant nor dose significantly changed aerobic stability; stability was greater at 90 than at 30 days because of ensiling period. Thus the paper does not report the claimed improvement from L. hilgardii compared with untreated silage at 90 days, although it did test the stated inoculation rate. (LLM, conf=0.91)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingcitation

    A meta-analysis indicated no reduction in pH in corn, sorghum, and sugarcane silages relative to untreated silages.

    “although a meta-analysis indicated no reduction in pH in corn, sorghum, and sugarcane silages relative to untreated silages.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Oliveira et al., 2017 source

      The Silage Quality results (page not supplied) report no pH effect for corn and sorghum silages, supporting that part of the claim. They also report that inoculation significantly reduced pH in sugarcane silage, contrary to the claim for sugarcane. (LLM, conf=0.91)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingcitation

    Homofermentative LAB additives resulted in higher milk production according to a meta-analysis.

    “These additives resulted in higher milk production according to the meta-analysis by mechanisms that are still unclear.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Oliveira et al., 2017 source
  • Findingcitation

    The reduction in butyric acid and ammonia-N and the increase in lactic acid from inoculation were unaffected by forage type.

    “In contrast, the reduction in butyric acid and ammonia-N and the increase in lactic acid from inoculation were unaffected by forage type.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Oliveira et al., 2017 source
  • Findingcitation

    Trends were observed for increased milk fat and milk protein concentrations for cows fed inoculated silage.

    “Trends were observed for increased milk fat and milk protein concentrations for cows fed inoculated silage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Oliveira et al., 2017 source
  • May combine two claims. 113
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 3
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 18

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Aerobic stability was not affected by inoculation with homofermentative or facultative heterofermentative LAB nor was there any effect by crop.

    “The recent meta-analysis, Oliveira et al. (2017) found that aerobic stability was not affected by inoculation nor was there any effect by crop.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Oliveira et al., 2017 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Inoculation with homofermentative or facultative heterofermentative LAB had only a trend for increased DMI and no effect on feed efficiency in lactating dairy cattle.

    “with only a trend for increased DMI and no effect on feed efficiency”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Oliveira et al., 2017 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Inoculation reduced pH of silages in temperate and tropical grasses and in alfalfa and other legumes, but not in corn, sorghum, and sugarcane.

    “Inoculation reduced the pH of silages in temperate and tropical grasses and in alfalfa and other legumes, but not in corn, sorghum, and sugarcane.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Oliveira et al., 2017 source

      The Silage Quality results report reduced pH in temperate and tropical grasses and alfalfa, and no pH effect in corn and sorghum. But they also explicitly report reduced pH in sugarcane silage, contrary to that part of the claim. The broader discussion says sugarcane fermentation was not improved; that does not establish that its pH was unchanged. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Corn silage inoculated with one strain of Lb. plantarum originally isolated from sugarcane silage lacked Listeria spp., whereas untreated control and corn silages inoculated with other Lb. plantarum strains had Listeria spp. present.

    “Santos et al. (2013) observed that corn silage inoculated with 1 strain of Lb. plantarum originally isolated from sugarcane silage lacked Listeria spp., whereas the untreated control and corn silages inoculated with other Lb.plantarum strains had Listeria spp.present.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Santos et al., 2013 source

      The Maize Ensilage in Experimental Silos section reports Listeria spp. in control silage and silages inoculated with L. plantarum strains UFLA SLM41, SLM46, and SLM105. But the Discussion reports no Listeria in silages inoculated with two other L. plantarum strains, UFLA SLM08 and SLM45—not just one. The strain-selection section says the LAB strains originated from sugarcane silage. Page numbers were not supplied. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Milk production increases by inoculation were not affected by forage type, inoculant species, or level of milk production.

    “Milk production increases by inoculation were not affected by forage type, inoculant species, or level of milk production.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Oliveira et al., 2017 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Animal trials have revealed that homofermentative or facultative heterofermentative bacteria have enhanced silage fermentation and improved milk production, daily gain, or feed efficiency.

    “Animal trials have also revealed that these bacteria have not only enhanced silage fermentation but also have improved milk production, daily gain, or feed efficiency”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Weinberg and Muck, 1996 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Dry matter recovery was 2.8 percentage units higher in grass silages compared with untreated, unaffected in corn and sorghum silages, and reduced by 2.4 percentage units in sugarcane silage.

    “Dry matter recovery was 2.8 percentage units higher in grass silages compared with untreated, unaffected corn and sorghum silages, and reduced by 2.4 percentage units in sugarcane silage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Oliveira et al., 2017 source

      The Silage Quality section reports that LAB inoculation increased dry matter recovery in temperate and tropical grass silages, had no effect in corn and sorghum silages, and reduced it in sugarcane silage. The passages available from our copy do not give the claimed forage-specific magnitudes of 2.8 and 2.4 percentage units; they refer instead to Figure 3 (page not provided). (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Lb. hilgardii and Lb. diolivorans strains had antifungal activity that was deactivated after protease treatment, suggesting that the activity was associated with peptides.

    “Ganzorig et al. (2016) isolated Lb. hilgardii and Lb.diolivorans strains that had antifungal activity that was deactivated after protease treatment, suggesting that the activity was associated with peptides.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ganzorig et al., 2016 source

      The 'Isolation of LAB in Airag samples' section reports that L. hilgardii and L. diolivorans supernatants lost activity after protease treatment, suggesting peptide involvement. But the activity tested was antibacterial activity against E. coli, not antifungal activity; the paper does not support that part of the claim. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The effects of Lb. buchneri on aerobic stability are strain-specific and dose-dependent.

    “however, the effects are strain-specific (Muck, 2004;Kleinschmit et al., 2005) and dose-dependent (Ranjit and Kung, 2000;Taylor and Kung, 2002;Filya et al., 2006).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Muck, 2004 source
    • cites Kleinschmit et al., 2005 source
    • cites Ranjit and Kung, 2000 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In a field summary involving 39 farms in Denmark, silage inoculated with Lb. buchneri 40788 had no detrimental effect on intake, milk production, health, or reproduction of dairy cows.

    “In a field summary involving 39 farms in Denmark, Kristensen et al. (2010) reported no detrimental effect of silage inoculated with Lb. buchneri 40788 on the intake, milk production, health, or reproduction of dairy cows.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kristensen et al., 2010 source

      The Experimental Design section describes 39 Danish dairy farms and identifies the inoculant as L. buchneri NCIMB 40788. The Conclusions report no effect on milk production compared with the control, but the paper does not report corresponding findings for feed intake, cow health, or reproduction. The dietary-ration data do not establish an effect on intake. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Addition of Lb. brevis slightly improved aerobic stability (72 h until heating) compared with untreated silage (40 h), but improvements were markedly better with Lb. buchneri (274 h).

    “Danner et al. (2003) reported that addition of Lb. brevis slightly improved aerobic stability (72 h until heating) when compared with untreated silage (40 h), but they added a very high dose (7 × 10 8 cfu/g of fresh forage), and improvements in stability were markedly better with Lb. buchneri (274 h).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Danner et al., 2003 source

      The Results report 40 h of aerobic stability for the untreated control and an inoculation dose of 7.0 × 10^8 CFU per gram of fresh forage. The Discussion reports 72 h for L. brevis and says L. buchneri produced the greatest stability. The retrieved passages do not establish the claimed 274 h value for L. buchneri. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In 2 of 4 sorghum cultivars, the inoculated silage had a more homofermentative fermentation profile than control, and the inoculant did not improve aerobic stability in any cultivar.

    “in 2 of the 4 cultivars the inoculated silage had a more homofermentative fermentation profile compared with the control; not surprisingly, this inoculant did not improve aerobic stability in any of the cultivars.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Thomas et al. (2013) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In that study, aerobic stabilities in B. subtilis and combination treatments were more than 3-fold longer and twice as long, respectively, than untreated silage.

    “Aerobic stabilities in the B. subtilis and combination treatments were more than 3-fold longer and twice as long, respectively, than in the untreated silage.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lara et al. (2016) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In corn silage after 96 d, yeast counts were lowest in B. subtilis treatment, whereas counts were similar in untreated and B. subtilis plus Lb. plantarum treatments.

    “After 96 d of ensiling, yeast counts were lowest in the B. subtilis treatment, whereas counts were similar in the other 2 treatments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lara et al. (2016) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In that study, in vitro ruminal digestion over 48 h measured by gas production was greatest for Lb. plantarum treatment and intermediate for Lb. plantarum plus Sac. cerevisiae treatment.

    “In vitro ruminal digestion over 48 h measured by gas production was greatest for the Lb.plantarum treatment and intermediate for Lb.plantarum plus Sac.cerevisiae treatment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sofyan et al. (2011) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Some failures of combination inoculants may be due to competition from members within the epiphytic population; other failures suggest that pairings of strains in some inoculants may need to be further refined.

    “Some failures may be due to competition from members within the epiphytic population; however, other failures suggest that the pairings of strains in some inoculants may need to be further refined (e.g., Thomas et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Thomas et al. (2013) source

      The Forage Production and Ensiling section identifies PRO as a bacterial inoculant containing five species, and the Conclusions report that it did not improve aerobic stability. The paper therefore provides an example of a combination inoculant with a limited result, but it does not attribute failures to competition from epiphytic microbes or suggest refining strain pairings. The Fermentation Indices and Aerobic Stability section instead suggests lower acetate concentrations as a possible explanation for PRO’s failure to improve aerobic stability; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In sugarcane silage, a combination inoculant with Lb. buchneri and P. pentosaceus produced highest DM recovery, highest in vitro DM digestibility, and lowest ethanol concentrations, whereas Lb. buchneri alone produced characteristics similar to untreated.

    “The combination inoculant produced the highest DM recovery, highest in vitro DM digestibility, and lowest ethanol concentrations, whereas Lb. buchneri alone produced similar characteristics to the untreated silage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sousa et al. (2008) source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In king grass after 21 d, Lb. plantarum plus Saccharomyces cerevisiae treatment had highest yeast counts and lowest clostridial counts.

    “After 21 d of ensiling, the Lb.plantarum plus Sac.cerevisiae treatment had the highest yeast counts and lowest clostridial counts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sofyan et al. (2011) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Use of additives containing sorbate, benzoate, and mixtures thereof at sufficient dosages decreases ethanol concentrations of corn silage, thereby decreasing formation of ethyl esters.

    “Use of additives containing sorbate, benzoate, and mixtures thereof at sufficient dosages decrease ethanol concentrations of corn silage, thereby decreasing the formation of ethyl esters (Weiss et al., 2016).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Weiss et al. (2016) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In barley silage at 2 g/kg fresh weight, a buffered propionic acid-based additive decreased butyric acid, numerically decreased ethanol, and improved aerobic stability by 244 h compared with untreated.

    “When a buffered propionic acid-based additive was applied to barley silage at 2 g/kg of fresh weight, levels of butyric acid declined (Kung and Ranjit, 2001;Kung et al., 2004), with a numerical decrease in ethanol content and improved aerobic stability of 244 h as compared with untreated silage (Kung and Ranjit, 2001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kung and Ranjit (2001) source

      The Results report negligible butyric acid in treated silage versus 0.64% in untreated silage. They say BP had no effect on ethanol concentration, rather than reporting a numerical decrease. The Discussion gives the application rate as 0.2% of fresh forage weight (2 g/kg) and says BP-treated silage remained stable for about 240 h longer, not 244 h; the improvement was not statistically significant. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Kung et al. (2004) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Buffered propionic acid-based additives and ammonium hydroxide decreased ethanol concentration and improved aerobic stability of corn silage in a dose-dependent manner from 1 to 3 g/kg fresh weight, with highest concentration resulting in significantly higher aerobic stability than untreated.

    “Buffered propionic acidbased additives and ammonium hydroxide decreased ethanol concentration and improved aerobic stability of corn silage in a dose-dependent manner from 1 to 3 g/ kg of fresh weight, with the highest concentration resulting in significantly higher aerobic stability than the untreated silage (Kung et al., 2000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kung et al. (2000) source

      Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Application of formic acid-based additives in mixtures with ammonium formate at 3 to 6 L/t to direct cut or wilted grass silages causes a drop in pH by direct acidification, restricts fermentation of water-soluble carbohydrates, and reduces acetic acid concentration and proteolysis.

    “Application of formic acid-based additives in mixtures with ammonium formate at 3 to 6 L/t to direct cut or wilted grass silages causes a drop in the pH by direct acidification, restricts fermentation of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), and reduces acetic acid concentration and proteolysis (e.g., Saarisalo et al., 2006;Conaghan et al., 2011;Seppälä et al., 2016).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Saarisalo et al. (2006) source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Conaghan et al. (2011) source
    • cites Seppälä et al. (2016) source

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    Addition of a product containing sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and sodium nitrite in proportions 200, 100, and 50 g/kg, respectively, at 2 L/t to high-moisture corn decreased yeast count and ethanol content and improved aerobic stability after 90 d of storage, with no further improvements at 3 and 4 L/t.

    “Addition of a product containing sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and sodium nitrite in the proportions of 200, 100, and 50 g/kg, respectively, decreased yeast count and ethanol content resulting in improved aerobic stability after 90 d of storage when applied at 2 L/t to high-moisture corn (i.e., 0.4, 0.2, and 0.1 g/kg of fresh matter of sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and sodium nitrite,”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Da Silva et al., 2015 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Addition of 1.0 g of potassium sorbate/kg of fresh matter to corn silage inhibited yeast growth, decreased ethanol content, and improved aerobic stability.

    “In contrast, addition of 1.0 g of potassium sorbate/kg of fresh matter has inhibited yeast growth, resulting in decreased ethanol content (Hafner et al., 2014) and improved aerobic stability of corn silage (Teller et al., 2012;Bernardes et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Hafner et al., 2014 source

      The Abstract reports that 1 g of potassium sorbate/kg of wet forage reduced ethanol in corn silage by 58%. The Results say yeast counts in that treatment were generally below detection, but could not establish that they differed from the control; the claim that it inhibited yeast growth is therefore stronger than the evidence. The citing sentence attributes improved aerobic stability to Teller et al. and Bernardes et al., not to Hafner et al. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Teller et al., 2012 source
    • cites Bernardes et al., 2014 source

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    Content and yield of milk true protein and nitrogen efficiency in milk N per unit of N intake were increased by feeding the ammonium tetraformate-treated alfalfa silage.

    “Content and yield of milk true protein and nitrogen efficiency in milk N per unit of N intake were also increased (Broderick et al., 2007); however, this production response was not observed in a second trial.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Broderick et al., 2007 source

      In Trial 1, Table 3 reports higher milk true-protein yield and milk N per unit of N intake with ammonium tetraformate-treated alfalfa silage than with untreated alfalfa silage. Milk true-protein content was not significantly higher: both diets have the same significance letter in the table. The Conclusions also limit the production increase to one of two trials. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Compared with untreated alfalfa silage, ammonium tetraformate (7 L/t) treatment decreased proteolysis and lowered contents of soluble NPN, ammonia-N, and free AA-N.

    “Likewise, compared with untreated alfalfa silage, Broderick et al. (2007) reported decreased proteolysis and, thereby, lower contents of soluble NPN, ammonia-N, and free AA-N in alfalfa silage treated with ammonium tetraformate (7 L/t).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Broderick et al. (2007) source

      The Forage Composition section (page unavailable) reports that alfalfa silage treated with 7 L/t of ammonium tetraformate had less NPN than control silage, principally because of reduced free amino acids, and estimates less protein breakdown. Our copy describes measuring ammonia but the available passages do not report that ammonia-N was lower in the treated silage. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    When the ammonium tetraformate-treated alfalfa silage was fed to dairy cows, daily DMI increased by 1.0 kg and 3.5% FCM increased by 2.1 kg.

    “When fed to dairy cows, the daily DMI increased by 1.0 kg and the 3.5% FCM increased by 2.1 kg.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Broderick et al. (2007) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Several studies have shown that acidic proteases applied at ensiling are able to increase proteolytic activity and improve ruminal starch digestion.

    “Several studies (Young et al., 2012;Windle et al., 2014) have shown that acidic proteases applied at ensiling are able to increase proteolytic activity and improve ruminal starch digestion.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Young et al., 2012 source
    • cites Windle et al., 2014 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The enzyme-treated corn silage also exhibited decreased DM recovery and higher yeast counts, with no indication that the nutritive value of corn silage was improved.

    “However, the enzyme-treated silage also exhibited decreased DM recovery and higher yeast counts, with no indication that the nutritive value of corn silage was improved.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lynch et al. (2015) source

      The Fermentation–Additive Treatment section reports higher yeast counts for both enzyme-only (ENZ) and enzyme-plus-inoculant (ENZ+FAEI) silages. The Conclusions report no improvement in nutritive value. But Table 5 shows significantly greater DM loss only for ENZ+FAEI, not ENZ alone, so decreased DM recovery is not established for enzyme treatment alone. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Less well-defined enzyme cocktails added with a complex mixture of inoculants accelerated the post-ensiling decline in pH but failed to improve the growth performance of steers.

    “In other studies, less well-defined enzyme cocktails added in conjunction with a complex mixture of inoculants accelerated the post-ensiling decline in pH but failed to improve the growth performance of steers (Addah et al., 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Addah et al., 2016 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Proteolysis occurs naturally during ensiling, but it requires as much as 10 mo for the protein matrix to be hydrolyzed to an extent that optimizes starch availability in corn silage.

    “Proteolysis occurs naturally during ensiling (Hoffman et al., 2011), but it requires as much as 10 mo for the protein matrix to be hydrolyzed to an extent that optimizes starch availability in corn silage (Ferraretto et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hoffman et al., 2011 source
    • cites Ferraretto et al., 2014 source

      The Results and Discussion (page not available in our copy) report that in vitro starch digestibility of high-moisture corn increased from October to the following August and say this was likely related to disruption of the starch–protein matrix during ensiling. They do not establish that 10 months are required for hydrolysis to optimize starch availability, or that the finding applies to corn silage generally rather than high-moisture corn. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Improvements were observed when fibrolytic enzymes were added to mixtures of low-WSC barley straw and corn silage at ensiling, as well as to high-moisture, low-WSC tropical forages.

    “Similarly, improvements were observed when fibrolytic enzymes were added to mixtures of low-WSC barley straw and corn silage at ensiling (Guo et al., 2014), as well as to high-moisture, low-WSC tropical forages (Khota et al., 2016).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Guo et al., 2014 source
    • cites Khota et al., 2016 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Homofermentative lactic acid bacteria rapidly decrease pH and increase lactic acid relative to other fermentation products.

    “The homofermentative LAB rapidly decrease pH and increase lactic acid relative to other fermentation products”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Formic acid causes direct acidification, suppressing clostridia and other undesired bacteria and improving protein preservation during ensiling.

    “Formic acid causes direct acidification, suppressing clostridia and other undesired bacteria and improving protein preservation during ensiling.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Silages treated with one or more homofermentative or facultative heterofermentative bacteria are often lower in pH, acetic acid, butyric acid, and ammonia-N but higher in lactic acid content and exhibit better DM recovery compared with untreated silages.

    “Silages treated with one or more of these bacteria are often lower in pH, acetic acid, butyric acid, and ammonia-N but higher in lactic acid content and exhibit better DM recovery compared with untreated silages”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Muck and Kung, 1997

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The combination of bacteriocinogenic P. acidilactici with Lb. plantarum was highly effective in ryegrass silages, eliminating Listeria DNA during ensiling.

    “Those authors also observed that the combination of this strain with Lb. plantarum proved to be highly effective in ryegrass silages, as this treatment was able to eliminate Listeria DNA during ensiling.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Amado et al., 2012 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Treating sugarcane silage with obligate heterolactic acid bacteria resulted in higher concentrations of acetic acid, decreased numbers of yeasts, and improved aerobic stability compared with untreated silage.

    “That summary showed that treating sugarcane silage with obligate heterolactic acid bacteria resulted in higher concentrations of acetic acid, decreased numbers of yeasts, and improved aerobic stability compared with untreated silage.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rabelo et al., 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Silages treated with Lb. hilgardii strains had lower DM losses and lower concentrations of ethanol and butyric acid compared with other treatments.

    “Silages treated with the Lb.hilgardii strains also had lower DM losses and lower concentrations of ethanol and butyric acid as compared with other treatments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ávila et al., 2014 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Addition of Lb. brevis alone or in combination with Lb. kefiri did not affect the concentration of acetic acid, surprisingly increased the numbers of yeasts, and had no effect on aerobic stability compared with untreated sugarcane silage.

    “Addition of Lb. brevis (strain DSM23231) alone or in combination with Lb. kefiri (strain DSM19455; application rates of 2 × 10 5 cfu/g) did not affect the concentration of acetic acid, surprisingly increased the numbers of yeasts, and had no effect on aerobic stability compared with untreated sugarcane silage”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Daniel et al., 2015 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Lb. parafarraginis ZH1 and a commercial silage inoculant containing Lb. buchneri improved aerobic stability equally in oat silage stored at 30°C, but Lb. parafarraginis ZH1 provided better stability than Lb. buchneri in silage stored at 15°C.

    “Liu et al. (2014) reported that Lb. parafarraginis ZH1 and a commercial silage inoculant containing Lb. buchneri improved aerobic stability equally in oat silage stored at 30°C, but Lb. parafarraginis ZH1 provided better stability than Lb.buchneri in silage stored at 15°C.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Liu et al., 2014 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Concerns relative to large losses of DM from a heterolactic acid fermentation and negative effects on DMI due to high levels of acetic acid have generally been proven to be unwarranted.

    “Concerns relative to large losses of DM from a heterolactic acid fermentation and negative effects on DMI due to high levels of acetic acid have generally been proven to be unwarranted.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In corn silage treated with Lb. buchneri, at 14 d no differences were present in concentrations of lactic and acetic acids between treated and untreated control, but at 28 d acetic acid was increasing and lactic acid was beginning to decrease.

    “At 14 d, no differences were present in concentrations of lactic and acetic acids between treated and untreated control, but at 28 d acetic acid was increasing and lactic acid was beginning to decrease in the Lb.buchneri treatment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Driehuis et al., 1999 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    1,2-propanediol was not detected in corn silage treated with Lb. buchneri after 28 d of fermentation, but it was present at 42 d.

    “Kleinschmit and Kung (2006b) did not detect 1,2-propanediol in corn silage treated with Lb. buchneri after 28 d of fermentation, but it was present at 42 d.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kleinschmit and Kung, 2006b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    After 10 d of fermentation, aerobic stability was 22 h for untreated silage, 42 h with Lb. buchneri, and 56 h with Lb. hilgardii.

    “After 10 d of fermentation the aerobic stability was 22 h for untreated silage, whereas it increased to 42 h with Lb. buchneri and to 56 h with Lb. hilgardii.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Polukis et al., 2016 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    All treatments with P. pentosaceus and Lb. plantarum, including mixtures with Lb. buchneri, had the most rapid drop in pH and the lowest DM losses in the initial experiment.

    “All treatments with P. pentosaceus and Lb.plantarum, including the mixtures with Lb. buchneri, had the most rapid drop in pH and the lowest DM losses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Driehuis et al., 2001 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Addition of Lb. hilgardii CNCM I-4785 or Lb. buchneri 40788 to high-moisture corn resulted in similar increases in production of acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol and lower numbers of yeasts compared with untreated corn silage.

    “Polukis et al. (2016) added Lb. hilgardii CNCM I-4785 or Lb.buchneri 40788 to high-moisture corn at a final application rate of 6 × 10 5 cfu/g of fresh high-moisture corn.They reported that both organisms resulted in similar increases in production of acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol and lower numbers of yeasts when compared with untreated corn silage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Polukis et al., 2016 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    Oude Elferink et al. (2001) reported that conversion of lactate to 1,2-propanediol by Lb. buchneri did not take place until glucose was depleted from growing medium.

    “Oude Elferink et al. (2001) reported that this did not take place until glucose was depleted from growing medium.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Oude Elferink et al., 2001 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    When Lb. buchneri 40788 was added to alfalfa, 1,2-propanediol was not detectable after 5 d of fermentation but was present at 45 d.

    “Schmidt et al. (2009) reported that when Lb. buchneri 40788 was added to alfalfa, 1,2-propanediol (as an indicator of lactic acid to acetic conversion) was not detectable after 5 d of fermentation but was present at 45 d.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Schmidt et al., 2009 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Aerobic stability of untreated corn silage was 25 h, whereas it was 35 h for corn silage treated with ≤100,000 cfu of Lb. buchneri/g of fresh forage, but 503 h for corn silage treated with >100,000 cfu of Lb. buchneri/g of fresh forage.

    “The meta-analysis by Kleinschmit and Kung (2006a) reports that aerobic stability of untreated corn silage was 25 h, whereas it was 35 h for corn silage treated with ≤100,000 cfu of Lb. buchneri/g of fresh forage, but 503 h for corn silage treated with >100,000 cfu of Lb. buchneri/g of fresh forage.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kleinschmit and Kung, 2006a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In two subsequent experiments, combination inoculant mixtures showed more rapid pH declines and increased aerobic stability relative to the control.

    “In 2 subsequent experiments, results similar to the first experiment were observed for the combination inoculant mixtures: more rapid pH declines and increased aerobic stability relative to the control.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Driehuis et al., 2001 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    All the published studies have investigated combinations with Lb. buchneri even though there are combination products where Lb. brevis is the obligate heterofermenter in the marketplace.

    “All the published studies have investigated combinations with Lb. buchneri even though there are combination products where Lb. brevis is the obligate heterofermenter in the marketplace.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Yeast counts were decreased and aerobic stability was increased in all treatments containing Lb. buchneri, whereas P. pentosaceus and Lb. plantarum alone decreased aerobic stability.

    “Yeast counts were decreased and aerobic stability was increased in all treatments containing Lb. buchneri, whereas P. pentosaceus and Lb.plantarum alone decreased aerobic stability.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Driehuis et al., 2001 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Relative to the control, all treatments containing P. pentosaceus and Lb. plantarum had higher lactic acid contents, whereas Lb. buchneri alone had lower lactic acid concentrations.

    “Relative to the control, all treatments containing P. pentosaceus and Lb.plantarum had higher lactic acid contents, whereas Lb. buchneri alone had lower lactic acid concentrations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Driehuis et al., 2001 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Since Driehuis et al. (2001), more than two dozen peer-reviewed reports have been published using combination inoculants in various crops.

    “Since Driehuis et al. (2001), more than two dozen peer-reviewed reports have been published using combination inoculants in various crops.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Driehuis et al., 2001 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Treatments with Lb. buchneri alone had a pH decline similar to the untreated control and DM losses similar to or greater than the untreated control.

    “Treatments with Lb. buchneri alone had a pH decline similar to the untreated control and DM losses similar to or greater than the untreated control.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Driehuis et al., 2001 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    With longer storage (120 d), a greater conversion of lactic acid to acetic acid occurred compared with the first experiment so that fermentation profiles with the combination inoculants were more similar to Lb. buchneri alone.

    “With longer storage (120 d), a greater conversion of lactic acid to acetic acid occurred compared with the first experiment so that fermentation profiles with the combination inoculants were more similar to Lb. buchneri alone.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Driehuis et al., 2001 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    After 21 d of fermentation, DM losses in the Lb. buchneri alone treatments were always greater than those in the untreated control, whereas DM losses in the mixed inoculant treatments were intermediate between untreated control and positive control.

    “After 21 d of fermentation, DM losses in the Lb.buchneri alone treatments were always greater than those in the untreated control, whereas DM losses in the mixed inoculant treatments were intermediate between those of the untreated control and the positive control, P. pentosaceus and Lb.plantarum.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Driehuis et al., 2001 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In 90-d bag silos, elevated acetic acid concentrations occurred only in the Lb. buchneri-alone treatments, whereas the mixtures had levels similar to the control; concentrations in the P. pentosaceus and Lb. plantarum treatment were lower than in control.

    “In the 90-d bag silos used for aerobic stability measurements, elevated acetic acid concentrations occurred only in the Lb.buchneri-alone treatments, whereas the mixtures had levels similar to the control; concentrations in the P. pentosaceus and Lb.plantarum treatment were lower than in control.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Driehuis et al., 2001 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Streptococcus bovis is a potential starter species within a homofermentative LAB inoculant.

    “Streptococcus bovis is a potential starter species within a homofermentative LAB inoculant.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Application of proteases to corn silage is a new enzyme approach to improve starch digestibility.

    “Another new enzyme approach is the application of proteases to corn silage to improve starch digestibility, but more research is needed to determine the feasibility.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Silage additives generally fall into one or more of four categories based on their effects on silage preservation: fermentation stimulants, fermentation inhibitors, aerobic deterioration inhibitors, and nutrients and absorbents.

    “Silage additives generally fall into one or more of 4 cat-egories based on their effects on silage preservation: (1) fermentation stimulants, (2) fermentation inhibitors, (3) aerobic deterioration inhibitors, and (4) nutrients and absorbents”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites McDonald et al., 1991

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Kung et al., 2003a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Lactobacillus buchneri is the dominant species used in obligate heterofermentative LAB silage additives.

    “Lactobacillus buchneri is the dominant species used in obligate heterofermentative LAB silage additives.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    Feeding studies are not yet sufficient to make conclusions about effects of combination inoculants on animal performance.

    “feeding studies are not yet sufficient to make conclusions about effects on animal performance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Obligate heterofermenters produce other compounds from hexoses in addition to lactic acid.

    “This is in contrast to obligate heterofermenters that produce other compounds from hexoses in addition to lactic acid.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Silage additives can have more than one mode of action based on the four categories.

    “Silage additives can have more than 1 mode of action based on the 4 categories above.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The genus Lactobacillus is divided into four groups: the Lactobacillus buchneri group, the Lb. plantarum group, the Lactobacillus reuteri group, and the Lb. casei group.

    “The genus Lactobacillus is divided into 4 groups known as the Lactobacillus buchneri group, the Lb.plantarum group, the Lactobacillus reuteri group, and the Lb.casei group”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hammes and Hertel, 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Both the Lb. buchneri and Lb. reuteri groups contain obligate heterofermenters, but the former has been the sole source of obligate heterofermentative strains studied as potential silage inoculants.

    “Both the Lb.buchneri and Lb.reuteri groups contain obligate heterofermenters, but the former has been the sole source of obligate heterofermentative strains studied as potential silage inoculants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Lactobacillus buchneri was initially thought to be unable to further metabolize 1,2-propanediol to propanol and propionic acid.

    “Lactobacillus buchneri was initially thought to be unable to further metabolize 1,2-propanediol to propanol and propionic acid.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Heterofermentative (facultative and obligate) LAB belong to the Lactobacillaceae family and are from the genera Lactobacillus, Oenococcus, Leuconostoc, and Weissella.

    “Heterofermentative (facultative and obligate) LAB belong to the Lactobacillaceae family and are from the genera Lactobacillus, Oenococcus, Leuconostoc, and Weissella”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hammes and Hertel, 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cobalamin is a cofactor of diol dehydratase, needed for the metabolism of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol and 1,2-propanediol to propionic acid.

    “Cobalamin is a cofactor of diol dehydratase, needed for the metabolism of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol and 1,2-propanediol to propionic acid”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lee and Abeles, 1963 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    Phosphoketolase allows facultative heterofermenters to ferment pentoses, producing primarily lactic and acetic acids.

    “This enzyme allows facultative heterofermenters to ferment pentoses, producing primarily lactic and acetic acids.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Facultative heterofermenters differ from obligate homofermenters by possessing phosphoketolase.

    “The facultative het-erofermenters differ from obligate homofermenters by possessing phosphoketolase.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Production of acetic acid has been the most accepted explanation of how organisms from the Lb. buchneri group increase the aerobic stability of silages; however, other modes of action may exist.

    “To date, the production of acetic acid has been the most accepted explanation of how organisms from the Lb.buchneri group of bacteria increase the aerobic stability of silages; however, other modes of action may exist.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In alfalfa silage, pH over the first 5 d was higher with Lb. buchneri inoculation than untreated, whereas a combination with P. pentosaceus produced a faster pH decline than untreated.

    “The pH over the first 5 d was higher with Lb. buchneri inoculation compared with the untreated silage, whereas the combination inoculant produced a faster pH decline than untreated silage.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Schmidt et al. (2009) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In those untreated silages, acetic acid was high (42 and 26 g/kg DM) and the combination inoculant failed to increase acetic acid relative to untreated.

    “In both untreated silages, acetic acid was high (42 and 26 g/kg of DM) and the combination inoculant failed to increase acetic acid relative to untreated silage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Adesogan and Salawu (2004) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In that study, the combination inoculant reduced aerobic stability (276 h) and had intermediate DM recovery; it was the only treatment with lactic-to-acetic acid ratio greater than 1.0.

    “The combination inoculant reduced aerobic stability (276 h) and had an intermediate DM recovery; it was the only treatment with a lactic-to-acetic acid ratio greater than 1.0.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Arriola et al. (2011) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    By using commercial strains in combination, improvements were observed in early fermentation from the P. pentosaceus and Lb. plantarum strains and improvements in aerobic stability with extended storage time from Lb. buchneri.

    “Overall, by using commercial strains in combination, improvements were observed in early fermentation from the P. pentosaceus and Lb.plantarum strains and improvements in aerobic stability with extended storage time from Lb. buchneri.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    With such a broad spectrum of different species, variations in relative rates of inclusion, and differences among strains, it should not be surprising that there are variations in results with combination inoculants.

    “With such a broad spectrum of different species, with variations in relative rates of inclusion of species within inoculants, and with consideration for differences among strains of a given species, it should not be surprising that there are variations in results with combination inoculants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In bermudagrass silage in wrapped round bales at approximately 50% DM, a combination inoculant containing Lb. buchneri and P. pentosaceus had the fastest rate of pH decline over 7 and 30 d, but an inoculant containing P. pentosaceus and Propionibacterium freudenreichii performed similarly.

    “It had the fastest rate of pH decline over 7 and 30 d; however, an inoculant from the same company containing P. pentosaceus and Propionibacterium freudenreichii performed similarly.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Arriola et al. (2015) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In that study, inoculants with P. acidilactici and Lb. plantarum produced the highest DM recoveries and NDF digestibilities higher than untreated silage.

    “The inoculants with P. acidilactici and Lb.plantarum produced the highest DM recoveries as well as NDF digestibilities that were higher than that of the untreated silage.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Reich and Kung (2010) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In whole-plant corn, all 3 pairs of facultative heterofermentative LAB strains with a Lb. buchneri strain resulted in silages with low or below detectable yeast levels and aerobic stabilities greater than 500 h, compared with 180 h in the untreated control.

    “All 3 pairs resulted in silages with low or below detectable levels of yeasts and aerobic stabilities greater than 500 h compared with 180 h in the untreated control.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Reich and Kung (2010) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In that study, inoculants with Pediococcus strains produced the highest acetic acid levels and lowest ethanol concentrations.

    “The inoculants with the Pediococcus strains produced the highest levels of acetic acid and lowest ethanol concentrations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Reich and Kung (2010) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In corn silage ensiled for 575 d, untreated control was aerobically stable (390 h); Lb. buchneri alone did not improve aerobic stability but had the highest DM recovery of all treatments.

    “The untreated control was aerobically stable (390 h); Lb. buchneri alone did not improve aerobic stability but had the highest DM recovery of all treatments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Arriola et al. (2011) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In that study, Lb. buchneri population rose similarly in both inoculated treatments, achieving >10^8 cfu/g by d 5, whereas it remained low in untreated silage.

    “The Lb. buchneri population rose similarly in both inoculated treatments, achieving >10 8 cfu/g of alfalfa by d 5, whereas it remained low in the untreated silage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Schmidt et al. (2009) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In corn silage, a combination inoculant containing Lb. casei and Lb. buchneri improved aerobic stability in one cultivar but reduced aerobic stability compared with untreated in another cultivar.

    “With one corn cultivar the inoculant was successful in improving aerobic stability, but in the other cultivar the inoculant reduced aerobic stability compared with untreated silage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kang et al. (2009) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In whole-crop barley silage, a combination inoculant containing Lb. buchneri, Lb. plantarum, and Lb. casei produced more heterofermentative fermentation than untreated at 95 d, with higher pH and lower lactic-to-acetic acid ratio.

    “In laboratory silos at 95 d of ensiling, silage fermentation characteristics in the inoculated silage were more heterofermentative than the control, with a higher pH and lower lactic-to-acetic acid ratio.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Addah et al. (2012) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In unwilted elephant grass in laboratory silos, both S. bovis treatments reduced pH and ammonia-N and produced a more homofermentative fermentation relative to untreated and E. faecium-treated controls after 60 d.

    “After 60 d of ensiling, both S. bovis treatments reduced pH and ammonia-N and produced a more homofermentative fermentation relative to the other treatments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ferreira et al. (2013) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In high-moisture barley ensiled in bag silos after 5 mo, inoculated barley had higher yeast counts than untreated (by more than 100 fold), lower mold counts (4% of untreated), and below detectable enterobacteria (compared with 4.4 log cfu/g in untreated).

    “in high-moisture barley ensiled in bag silos after 5 mo of storage, the inoculated barley had higher yeast counts than untreated (by more than 100 fold), lower mold counts (4% of untreated), and below detectable levels of enterobacteria (compared with 4.4 log cfu/g in untreated; Olstorpe et al., 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Olstorpe et al. (2010) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In that study, yeast counts with one Sac. cerevisiae treatment (S1) were higher than control, and S1 aerobically deteriorated more rapidly than control; the other 2 yeast treatments were similar to control in yeast counts and aerobic stability.

    “Yeast counts with 1 Sac.cerevisiae treatment (S1) were higher than the control, and S1 also aerobically deteriorated more rapidly than the control; the other 2 yeast treatments were similar to the control in yeast counts and aerobic stability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Duniere et al. (2015) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Pichia anomala J121 strain isolated from high-moisture wheat has shown strong antifungal activity and activity against some gram-negative bacteria.

    “The J121 strain isolated from high-moisture wheat has shown strong antifungal activity as well as activity against some gram-negative bacteria (Schnürer and Jonsson, 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Schnürer and Jonsson (2011) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    When fed to growing feedlot steers, intake was reduced with diet containing inoculated silage, but gain was similar; gain per unit intake was higher on inoculated silage (0.19 vs. 0.17; P < 0.03).

    “intake was reduced with the diet containing the inoculated silage, but gain was similar between the 2 treatments; thus, gain per unit of intake was higher on inoculated silage (0.19 vs. 0.17; P < 0.03).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Addah et al. (2012) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In that study, inoculated silage did not heat over 21 d of aeration, whereas control heated at 7 d.

    “The inoculated silage did not heat over 21 d of aeration, whereas the control heated at 7 d.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Addah et al. (2012) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    It is less clear that current combination inoculants can consistently improve animal production or production efficiency, as insufficient animal feeding studies have been published to draw a conclusion.

    “It is less clear that current combination inoculants can consistently improve animal production or production efficiency, as insufficient animal feeding studies have been published to draw a conclusion.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Some yeast species may be beneficial as inoculants by inhibiting detrimental silage microorganisms and by growing yeasts used as direct-fed microbials for cows.

    “some yeast species may be beneficial as inoculants in 2 different areas: inhibiting detrimental silage microorganisms and growing yeasts that are currently used as direct-fed microbials (DFM) to the cow.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In that study, S. bovis strains reduced gaseous and effluent losses, resulting in better DM recovery than untreated or E. faecium-treated silages.

    “The S. bovis strains reduced both gaseous and effluent losses, resulting in better DM recovery than from either the untreated or E. faecium-treated silages.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ferreira et al. (2013) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In wheat, corn, and sorghum silages, Pr. acidipropionici alone increased acetic and propionic acids relative to untreated and produced silages with the least losses over a 5-d aerobic stability test as measured by CO2 production.

    “Propionibacterium acidipropionici alone increased acetic and propionic acids relative to the untreated control and produced silages with the least losses over a 5-d aerobic stability test as measured by CO 2 production.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Filya et al. (2004) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Overall, failures of combination inoculants may arise from either the natural population exhibiting significant Lb. buchneri-like activity or the Lb. buchneri strain in the inoculant failing to dominate the latter stages of fermentation.

    “Overall, failures of combination inoculants may arise from either the natural population exhibiting significant Lb.buchneri-like activity or the Lb.buchneri strain in the inoculant failing for some reason to dominate the latter stages of fermentation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    When Lb. buchneri was paired with P. acidilactici or Lb. plantarum, in vitro NDF digestibilities were higher than untreated, whereas pairing with P. pentosaceus produced similar NDF digestibility to untreated.

    “when Lb. buchneri was paired with P. acidilactici or Lb.plantarum, their in vitro NDF digestibilities were higher than that of the untreated silage, whereas the pairing of Lb. buchneri with P. pentosaceus produced silage with similar NDF digestibility to that of untreated silage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Reich and Kung (2010) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In grass/clover silage, a combination containing Lb. buchneri and Lc. lactis reduced OM digestibility by 17 g/kg relative to untreated, shifted VFA production toward acetate, and had no effect on methane production as a fraction of gas production.

    “The former combination reduced OM digestibility by 17 g/ kg in grass/clover silage relative to untreated, shifted VFA production toward acetate, and had no effect on methane production as a fraction of gas production.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ellis et al. (2016a)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In corn silage, a combination inoculant containing Lb. casei and Lb. buchneri had no effect on in situ DM or NDF digestibility in one cultivar, but improved both in another cultivar.

    “With one corn cultivar the inoculant had no effect on in situ DM or NDF digestibility, whereas in the other cultivar the inoculant improved both DM and NDF digestibility.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kang et al. (2009) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Because S. bovis is not as tolerant of low pH as lactobacilli, its population should decline after active silage fermentation, reducing the likelihood it will enter the rumen with silage.

    “As S. bovis is not as tolerant of low pH as lactobacilli, its population should decline after active silage fermentation, reducing the likelihood it will enter the rumen with silage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In ryegrass baleage, a combination containing Lb. buchneri, Lc. lactis, and Lb. plantarum increased OM digestibility by 20 g/kg relative to untreated, with no effect on VFA production or methane as a fraction of gas production.

    “In ryegrass baleage the latter inoculant increased OM digestibility by 20 g/kg relative to the untreated, with no effect on VFA production or methane as a fraction of gas production.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ellis et al. (2016a)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In vitro and in situ digestibilities indicate that improvements in fiber digestion may be possible, but more work is needed to determine if similar improvements occur in vivo.

    “In vitro and in situ digestibilities indicate that improvements in fiber digestion may be possible, but more work needs to be conducted to determine if similar improvements in fiber digestion occur in vivo.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    When the same additive was applied to silage at 22% DM, no improvement in aerobic stability occurred, as butyric acid in untreated silage inhibited yeast activity similarly to the additive in treated silage.

    “When the same additive was applied to silage at 22% DM, no improvement in aerobic stability occurred, as the butyric acid in the untreated silage inhibited yeast activity similarly to that of the additive in the treated silage (Knický and Spörndly, 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Knický and Spörndly (2009) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Various blends of benzoate, sorbate, or propionate in mixture with nitrite at 3 to 5 L/t are effective against yeast activity, resulting in decreased ethanol and increased aerobic stability in well-fermented, 30-45% DM silages (grass-clover, corn).

    “Various blends of benzoate, sorbate, or propionate in mixture with nitrite at 3 to 5 L/t have shown to be effective against yeast activity, resulting in decreased ethanol content and increased aerobic stability in a range of well-fermented, 30 to 45% DM silages (grass-clover, corn; Knický and Spörndly, 2009, 2011, 2015).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Knický and Spörndly (2009, 2011, 2015)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In grass-clover silage in hard-pressed round bales (32-42% DM), an additive containing formic/propionic/formate/benzoic/sorbic/glycerol at 3 L/t decreased DM losses and contents of ethanol and yeast.

    “Nadeau et al. (2013) reported decreased DM losses and contents of ethanol and yeast by an additive containing formic/propionic/formate/benzoic/sorbic/glycerol at 3 L/t in both chopped (27 mm; forage harvester) and cut (85 mm; forage pick-up wagon) grass-clover silage in hard-pressed round bales (32-42% DM).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nadeau et al. (2013)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Nitrite-containing additives decreased numbers of clostridial spores and concentrations of butyric acid and NH3-N.

    “Results from these studies showed decreased numbers of clostridial spores and decreased concentrations of butyric acid and NH 3 -N.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Knický and Spörndly (2009, 2011)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Nadeau and Auerbach (2014)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Auerbach et al. (2016)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In that study, the additive improved aerobic stability compared with untreated only in chopped silage (11.3 vs. 2.9 d), not in cut silage, because cut control had higher aerobic stability (6.7 vs. 2.9 d).

    “As the aerobic stability of the cut silage was much higher than in chopped silage of the control treatment (6.7 vs. 2.9 d), the additive improved aerobic stability compared with untreated only in chopped silage (11.3 vs. 2.9 d).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nadeau et al. (2013)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In chopped and cut grass-clover silage in hard-pressed round bales, an additive containing nitrite, hexamine, sorbate, benzoate, and propionate at 2 L/t essentially eliminated yeasts (10^1 vs. 10^5 cfu/g), decreased ethanol and DM losses, and increased aerobic stability.

    “Yeasts were essentially eliminated (10 1 vs. 10 5 cfu/g) and ethanol content and DM losses decreased, whereas the aerobic stability was increased in both chopped (27 mm) and cut (85 mm) grass-clover silage stored in hard-pressed round bales and treated with an additive containing nitrite, hexamine, sorbate, benzoate, and propionate at 2 L/t (Nadeau et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nadeau et al. (2013)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In that study, improved aerobic stability of treated silages (average 11.8 vs. 5.7 d untreated) prevented any decrease in in vitro rumen OM digestibility over 14-d aeration, whereas digestibility of untreated decreased from 83 to 76%.

    “The improved aerobic stability of the treated silages (average of 11.8 compared with 5.7 d in the untreated silages) prevented any decrease in in vitro rumen OM digestibility in the treated silages over a 14-d aeration period, whereas the digestibility of the untreated decreased from 83 at opening to 76%.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nadeau et al. (2011)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These results suggest it may be possible to apply a DFM strain at ensiling, have it survive ensiling and multiply during feed out.

    “These results suggest that it may be possible to apply a DFM strain at ensiling, have it survive ensiling and multiply during feed out.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Recent research with the same product applied at 2 L/t found improvements in aerobic stability of corn silage as soon as 1 d of ensiling, even though yeast counts were similar between treated and untreated silages.

    “Recent research with this product applied at 2 L/t found improvements in aerobic stability of corn silage as soon as 1 d of ensiling, even though yeast counts were similar between the treated and untreated silages (Da Silva et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Da Silva et al., 2017

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Compared with untreated silage, an additive containing sodium nitrite, hexamine, sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and sodium propionate applied at 2 L/t to grass-clover silage increased live weight at birth (6.0 vs. 5.2 kg) and tended to increase LWG until weaning (442 vs. 409 g/d) in lambs suckling ewes.

    “However, compared with untreated silage, Nadeau and Arnesson (2016) reported increased live weight at birth (6.0 vs. 5.2 kg) and a tendency for increased LWG until weaning (442 vs. 409 g/d) in lambs suckling ewes fed grass-clover silage treated with an additive, containing sodium nitrite, hexamine, sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and sodium propionate applied at 2 L/t.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nadeau and Arnesson (2016)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Carcass conformation and fat grade were higher in steers fed the treated silage than in controls.

    “Carcass conformation and fat grade were also higher in steers fed the treated silage (Agnew and Carson, 2000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Agnew and Carson, 2000 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    When potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate were applied separately at higher rates (1,000 and 2,000 g/t fresh matter), their effects on aerobic stability in corn silage were similar, although potassium sorbate was more effective against yeast and mold activity during air exposure.

    “when potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate were applied separately at higher rates (1,000 and 2,000 g/t of fresh matter), their effects on aerobic stability in corn silage were similar, although potassium sorbate was more effective against yeast and mold activity during air exposure (Bernardes et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bernardes et al. (2014) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The same additive (sodium nitrite, hexamine, sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and sodium propionate; 2 L/t) on grass-legume silage fed to dairy cows decreased milk urea content (230 vs. 240 mg/L; P < 0.001) and tended to increase excretions of purine derivatives in urine (115 vs. 95 g/d).

    “The additive decreased milk urea content (230 vs. 240 mg/L; P < 0.001) and tended to increase the excretions of purine derivatives in urine (115 vs. 95 g/d), suggesting an increase in the microbial protein flow to the duodenum.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nadeau et al., 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    When direct-cut formic acid-treated grass silage (3.3 L/t) was fed to 400-kg Charolais × Friesian steers, DMI increased from 7.4 to 8.4 kg/d and daily live weight gain increased from 0.67 to 0.94 kg, resulting in an improved feed efficiency by 26%.

    “When direct-cut formic acid-treated grass silage (3.3 L/t) was fed to 400-kg Charolais × Friesian steers, DMI increased from 7.4 to 8.4 kg/d and daily live weight gain (LWG) from 0.67 to 0.94 kg, resulting in an improved feed efficiency (kg of LWG/kg of DMI) by 26% (Winters et al., 2001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Winters et al., 2001 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Compared with untreated sugarcane silage, calcium oxide treatment decreased ethanol content and increased aerobic stability, but increased concentrations of NH3-N and butyric acid.

    “Compared with untreated sugarcane silage, studies have shown decreased ethanol content and increased aerobic stability from calcium oxide treatment, but it increased concentrations of NH 3 -N and butyric acid, making it less desirable as a silage additive (Custódio et al., 2016;Jacovaci et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Custódio et al., 2016 source
    • cites Jacovaci et al., 2017 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In an experiment with beef steers (mean BW 425 kg) fed unwilted grass silage supplemented with concentrates at 0 to 4.5 kg/d for 112 d before slaughter, a blend of ammonium hexamethanoate, ammonium hexapropionate, and octanoic acid (6 L/t) increased silage intake, resulting in increased carcass gain from 0.17 to 0.35 kg/d when no concentrate was fed, but the benefits on DMI decreased as concentate

    “The additive increased silage intake, which resulted in an increased carcass gain from 0.17 to 0.35 kg/d when no concentrate was fed, but the benefits of the additive on DMI decreased as concentrate levels increased.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Agnew and Carson (2000) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Addition of the fibrolytic mixture with FAE to alfalfa at ensiling had minimal effects on ensiling and did not improve the nutritive value of alfalfa silage.

    “Similarly, the addition of this fibrolytic mixture with FAE to alfalfa at ensiling had minimal effects on ensiling and did not improve the nutritive value of alfalfa silage (Lynch et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lynch et al., 2014 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Although fibrolytic enzymes can increase silage digestibility under some circumstances, excessive release of WSC can decrease aerobic stability, as released sugars are rapidly used by spoilage yeasts and molds.

    “Although fibrolytic enzymes can increase silage digestibility under some circumstances, excessive release of WSC can also decrease aerobic stability, as released sugars are rapidly used by spoilage yeasts and molds (Kung and Muck, 2015).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kung and Muck, 2015

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a later experiment with dairy cows fed grass-clover silage in diets differing in RUP (4.9 vs. 2.9% of DM at 15% CP of DM), the high-RUP diet had higher milk yield than the low-RUP diet (29.4 vs. 27.9 kg), but DMI was not affected by RUP or silage treatment.

    “The high-RUP diet had higher milk yield than the low-RUP diet (29.4 vs. 27.9kg), but DMI was not affected by RUP or silage treatment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nadeau et al., 2015b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Levels of ferulic acid activity during ensiling with FAE Lb. buchneri are low, but long-term exposure to even low levels of enzymes that overcome the limitations of plant cell wall digestion could improve NDF digestibility.

    “Levels of ferulic acid activity during ensiling with FAE Lb. buchneri are low (T. A. McAllister, unpublished data), but long-term exposure to even low levels of enzymes that overcome the limitations of plant cell wall digestion could improve NDF digestibility.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites T. A. McAllister, unpublished data

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The same FAE-producing Lb. buchneri inoculant did not improve the feed efficiency of steers fed a finishing diet containing barley silage, possibly because barley silage comprised a much smaller portion of the diet.

    “However, this same inoculant did not improve the feed efficiency of steers fed a finishing diet containing barley silage, possibly because barley silage comprised a much smaller portion of the diet (Addah et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Addah et al., 2014 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Inoculation of silage with an FAE-producing strain of Lb. buchneri increased the cell wall digestibility of corn silage and improved the feed efficiency of growing steers fed barley silage.

    “Inoculation of silage with an FAE-producing strain of Lb. buchneri increased the cell wall digestibility of corn silage (Kang et al., 2009) and improved the feed efficiency of growing steers fed barley silage (Addah et al., 2012).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kang et al., 2009 source
    • cites Addah et al., 2012 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In studies that enable differentiation, the addition of fibrolytic enzymes to bacterial inoculants has had a positive effect on silage quality, increasing in sacco-soluble NDF and improving feed efficiency in feedlot cattle.

    “In studies that enable differentiation, the addition of fibrolytic enzymes to bacterial inoculants has had a positive effect on silage quality, increasing in saccosoluble NDF and improving feed efficiency in feedlot cattle (Zahiroddini et al., 2004).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zahiroddini et al., 2004 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Emerging tools in metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics may have the potential to measure and quantify these responses to enable selection of bacteria with desirable properties and result in more consistent and predictable improvements in silage quality.

    “Emerging tools in the fields of metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics may have the potential to measure and quantify these responses to enable selection of bacteria with these desirable properties and result in more consistent and predictable improvements in silage quality (McAllister et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McAllister et al., 2018 source
    • Rests on an assumption: Enzymatic profiles and activity of mixed enzyme preparations are often unpredictable, contributing to variable responses observed with these additives.
127 of 127

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The effects of silage additives on livestock are often more important to the producer to merit their use.

    “the effects of these additives on livestock are often more important to the producer to merit their use”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Potassium sorbate possesses twice the antifungal activity of sodium benzoate.

    “assuming potassium sorbate possessed twice the antifungal activity of sodium benzoate (Auerbach, 1996)”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Enzymatic profiles and activity of mixed enzyme preparations are often unpredictable, contributing to variable responses observed with these additives.

    “Enzymatic profiles and activity of mixed enzyme preparations are often unpredictable, further contributing to the variable responses observed with these additives.”
3 of 3

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The presence of undesirable microorganisms such as Clostridium perfringens can inhibit the growth of LAB, promote the production of butyric acid, and cause a deviation in the lactic acid fermentation route, which leads to protein degradation into NH3-N and consequently the loss of feed nutrients.

    “the presence of undesirable microorganisms such as Clostridium perfringens can inhibit the growth of LAB, promote the production of butyric acid, and cause a deviation in the lactic acid fermentation route, which leads to protein degradation into NH3-N and consequently the loss of feed nutrients [34].”

    From Cellulase Interacts with Lactic Acid Bacteria to Affect Fermentation Quality, Microbial Community, and Ruminal Degradability in Mixed Silage of Soybean Residue and Corn Stover (2021) · cites this paper as [34]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The goal of initial stages of fermentation is to create an anaerobic environment to promote growth of lactic acid bacteria beneficial for preserving forage.

    “The goal of the initial stages of fermentation is to create an anaerobic (oxygen-free) environment to promote the growth of lactic acid bacteria, which are beneficial for preserving forage [1].”

    From Influence of Ensiling Timing and Inoculation on Whole Plant Maize Silage Fermentation and Aerobic Stability (Preliminary Research) (2024) · cites this paper as [1]

    The Effects on Silage Fermentation section says lactic acid bacteria can control early fermentation, suppress undesirable microorganisms, and lower pH, supporting their role in preserving forage. It does not say that the goal of the initial stage is to create an oxygen-free environment to promote their growth; searches for oxygen removal and anaerobic conditions did not establish that part. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The increase in LAB numbers in inoculated silages is likely related to the observed increase in organic acids and the resulting decrease in pH compared to uninoculated silages.

    “and this is likely to be related to the observed increase in organic acids and the resulting decrease in pH value compared to the uninoculated ones [1].”

    From Influence of Ensiling Timing and Inoculation on Whole Plant Maize Silage Fermentation and Aerobic Stability (Preliminary Research) (2024) · cites this paper as [1]

    The Effects on Silage Fermentation section (page unavailable) reports that LAB inoculants often increase lactic acid and lower pH relative to untreated silage, although other acids and pH responses vary. The Effects on Aerobic Stability section (page unavailable) reports a rise in inoculated Lb. buchneri populations, but says those populations cause changes in pH; it does not establish that increased acids or lower pH explain the higher LAB numbers. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The success of silage inoculants depends on biological processes that are affected by their interaction with the environment.

    “However, their effects are not always consistent, probably because the success of the inoculants depends on biological processes that are affected by their interaction with the environment (Muck et al., 2018).”

    From Effect of dry matter content on the microbial community and on the effectiveness of a microbial inoculant to improve the aerobic stability of corn silage (2022) · cites this paper as Muck et al., 2018

  • The effectiveness of silage inoculants can be inconsistent.

    “However, their effectiveness can be inconsistent.”

    From Effect of dry matter content on the microbial community and on the effectiveness of a microbial inoculant to improve the aerobic stability of corn silage (2022) · cites this paper as Muck et al., 2018

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

7 of the 145 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 7

  1. Auerbach, 1996, Landbauforschung Völkenrode Sonderheft, 168, 1
  2. Da Silva, 2017, Effectiveness of a chemical additive on improving the aerobic stability of corn silage after short periods of ensiling, J. Dairy Sci., 100, 263
  3. Hammes, 2009, Genus Lactobacillus beijerinck 1901, 212AL. The Firmicutes, Vol. 3, 465
  4. Hofherr, 2008, Effect of a microbial inoculant producing ferulic acid esterase on the fermentation and NDF digestibility of normal and BMR corn silages, J. Dairy Sci., 91, 32
  5. Kendall, 2002, Performance of dairy cattle fed high moisture shelled corn inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri, J. Dairy Sci., 85, 385
  6. Nadeau, 2016, Intake and performance of ewes and lambs fed grass-clover silage treated with chemical additives, Grassl. Sci. Eur., 21, 479
  7. Nadeau, 2015, Protein quality of grass silage as affected by silage additives and its effects on dairy cow performance, J. Dairy Sci., 98, 206

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Muck, R. E., Nadeau, E. M. G., McAllister, T. A., Contreras-Govea, F. E., Santos, M. C., & Kung, L.
Affiliations
  • Agricultural Research Service (US)
  • Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SE)
  • Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (CA)
  • University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
  • University of Delaware (US)
Corresponding author
Muck, R.E.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Dairy Science
Publisher
American Dairy Science Association
Published
2018-05
Volume
101
Issue
5
Pages
3980-4000
ISSN
0022-0302 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3168/jds.2017-13839
OpenAlex
W2799791651
Cited by
1,038
References
145
Citations by year
2026: 142 · 2025: 168 · 2024: 141 · 2023: 162 · 2022: 149 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 8
FWCI
10.40
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Dairy Science (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food
Keywords
silage additives, silage inoculants, homofermentative lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus buchneri, aerobic stability, silage fermentation, formic acid, propionic acid, acetic acid, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, enzymes, direct-fed microbials, Streptococcus bovis, Propionibacterium, Bacillus, mold inhibition, silage pH
MeSH terms
Animals, Animal Feed, Animal Husbandry, Fermentation, Food Additives, Lactobacillus, Silage, Livestock

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.

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