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Microbial Populations, Fermentation End-Products, and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silage Treated with Ammonia or a Propionic Acid-Based Preservative
Open accessAbstract
We studied the effects of ammonia treatment on microbial populations during the fermentation of corn silage. We also compared the effects of ammonia to a preservative containing buffered propionic acid and other antifungal compounds on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage. In the first experiment, whole-plant corn was ensiled without treatment or treated with ammonia-N to supply an additional 0.3% N (fresh-forage basis). The addition of ammonia immediately increased silage pH and had no effect on numbers of lactic acid bacteria, but delayed their growth compared with untreated silage. Numbers of enterobacteria declined more slowly, but numbers of yeasts and molds declined more quickly in silage treated with ammonia. During the early stages of ensiling, lactic acid increased more rapidly in untreated than in treated silage. The reverse was true for acetic acid concentrations. When exposed to air, growth of yeasts and molds was delayed in ammonia-treated silage. In a second experiment, various levels (0.1 to 0.3%, fresh weight) of ammonium-N or a preservative with buffered propionic acid were added to whole-plant corn and allowed to ensile for 106 d. Silage treated with ammonia had a greater ratio of L- to D-lactic acid than did other silages. Untreated silage was aerobically stable for 32.3 h, whereas the low (42 h) and moderate (52.7 h) concentrations of both additives numerically improved aerobic stability. High concentrations of ammonia-N (0.3%) or a buffered propionic acid preservative (0.3%), markedly improved the aerobic stability of corn silage (82 and 69 h for ammonia and propionic acid-treated silage, respectively).
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“Buffered propionic acidbased additives and ammonium hydroxide decreased ethanol concentration and improved aerobic stability of corn silage in a dose-dependent manner from 1 to 3 g/ kg of fresh weight, with the highest concentration resulting in significantly higher aerobic stability than the untreated silage (Kung et al., 2000).”
From Silage review: Recent advances and future uses of silage additives (2018) · cites this paper as Kung et al. (2000)
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“The direct method of adding propionic acid to silages has resulted in more consistent improvements in aerobic stability (Kung et al., 1998(Kung et al., , 2000)), but the effects of adding this acid to forage that is or has been exposed to excessive amounts of air before ensiling has not been well studied.”
From The Effect of Delayed Ensiling and Application of a Propionic Acid-Based Additive on the Fermentation of Barley Silage (2002) · cites this paper as Kung et al., 2000
In the citing paper
“In previous studies, treatment with low levels of buffered propionic acid additives have consistently improved the aerobic stability of silages ensiled in laboratory silos (Kung et al., 1998;Kung et al., 2000).”
From The effect of treating whole-plant barley with Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritive value for dairy cows (2002) · cites this paper as Kung et al., 2000
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Citations
Cites
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“In contrast, the effects of the propionic acid-based additive on silage fermentation were unremarkable and were similar to data that we reported in a previous study ( 12 ).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationAdditives Containing Bacteria and Enzymes for Alfalfa Silage
Sheperd, A. C., Maslanka, M., Quinn, D. J., & Kung, L. (1995) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(95)76667-x · Cited by 74
Self-citationMechanism by which ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium sulfate inhibit mycotoxigenic fungi
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Fungal Growth During Fermentation and Refermentation of Nonprotein Nitrogen Treated Corn Silage
Britt, D. G., & Huber, J. T. (1975) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(75)84765-5 · Cited by 43
Nitrogen Distribution in Corn Silage Treated with Varying Levels of Ammonia
Huber, J. T., Foldager, J., & Smith, N. E. (1979) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/jas1979.4861509x · Cited by 40
Studies on the aerobic stability of commercial silages
Henderson, A. R., Ewart, J. M., & Robertson, G. M. (1979) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740300302 · Cited by 39
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Silage review: Interpretation of chemical, microbial, and organoleptic components of silages
Kung, L., Shaver, R. D., Grant, R. J., & Schmidt, R. J. (2018) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2017-13909 · Cited by 1,316
Self-citationSilage review: Recent advances and future uses of silage additives
Muck, R. E., Nadeau, E. M. G., McAllister, T. A., Contreras-Govea, F. E., Santos, M. C., & Kung, L. (2018) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2017-13839 · Cited by 1,038
Self-citationSilage review: Factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages
Borreani, G., Tabacco, E., Schmidt, R. J., Holmes, B. J., & Muck, R. E. (2018) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2017-13837 · Cited by 802
Ogunade, I. M., Jiang, Y., Pech Cervantes, A. A., Kim, D. H., Oliveira, A. S., Vyas, D., Weinberg, Z. G., Jeong, K. C., & Adesogan, A. T. (2018) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2017-12876 · Cited by 272
The effects of various antifungal additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage
Kleinschmit, D. H., Schmidt, R. J., & Kung, L. (2005) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72889-7 · Cited by 233
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Kung, L., Robinson, J. R., Ranjit, N. K., Chen, J. H., Golt, C. M., & Pesek, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Tunghai University (TW)
- University of Delaware (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kung, L.
- ORCID
- Kung, L.
- Venue
- Journal of Dairy Science
- Publisher
- American Dairy Science Association
- Published
- 2000-07
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1479-1486
- ISSN
- 0022-0302 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2085377879
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 6.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Dairy Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Delaware
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food
- Keywords
- corn silage, ammonia treatment, silage additives, aerobic stability, silage fermentation, lactic acid bacteria, molds and yeasts, Enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid, acetic acid, silage pH, silage spoilage
- MeSH terms
- Ammonia, Zea mays, Drug Stability, Enterobacteriaceae, Fermentation, Food Preservatives, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Oxygen, Propionates, Silage, Yeasts, Lactococcus, Lactic Acid
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