The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 50 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Domains of cognition and their assessment
Open accessAbstract
Cognitive performance is typically conceptualized in terms of domains of functioning. These domains are hierarchical in nature, with the bottom referring to more basic sensory and perceptual processes and the top referring to elements of executive functioning and cognitive control. Domains are not independent of each other and executive functioning exerts control over the utilization of more basic processes. Assessments are typically targeted at subdomains of each ability area and careful combination of tasks can reveal patterns of performance consistent with a variety of different neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. This review covers the general structures of domains, the patterns of impairments across domains seen in common neuropsychiatric conditions, and use of assessment strategies to differentiate, to the extent possible, between different types of conditions manifesting cognitive impairment. .
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review describes cognitive performance as organized into hierarchical domains, from basic sensation/perception to executive functioning and cognitive control, and reviews how assessments target subdomains to reveal patterns across neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. It emphasizes that domains are intercorrelated, executive functioning supervises simpler processes, and processing speed is often the most impaired and functionally relevant domain in conditions such as schizophrenia.
Key findings
- Cognitive domains are hierarchical and not independent: basic sensory/perceptual operations are least complex, while executive functioning/reasoning and problem solving are most complex and coordinate multiple lower-level abilities.
- Assessment patterns can differentiate conditions: in cortical dementia and amnestic conditions, encoding, delayed recall, cued recall, and delayed recognition are all impaired; in frontostriatal conditions, encoding and delayed recall are impaired but delayed recognition and cued recall are typically spared. Similar patterns are reported in schizophrenia spectrum conditions.
- Attention profiles differ by condition: psychotic populations commonly show increased CPT errors of omission and reduced d′ without increased errors of commission, whereas ADHD is associated with increased errors of commission and greater B; schizophrenia spectrum individuals fail to develop the normal bias to respond to nontargets when target frequency is high.
- Processing speed is particularly important: coding-task performance is the most significant impairment in schizophrenia and the cognitive domain most strongly correlated with everyday functioning, and it tends to be the strongest predictor of overall cognitive performance. The paper also gives task examples such as digit span forward about 6 digits versus backward about 5 digits, HVLT with 12 items and 3 learning trials, CVLT with 16 items and 5 trials, and RAVLT with 15 unorganized items and 5 trials.
Methods
- Narrative review of cognitive domains and their assessment, organized by general ability area and commenting on top-down versus bottom-up structure and regional brain functioning.
- No primary data, systematic sample, or quantitative synthesis are reported; the paper synthesizes cited neuropsychological tests, clinical populations, and prior literature.
- Main analysis is conceptual: it reviews performance-based assessments and then observational/self-reported functioning, with focus on humans.
Limitations
- The paper states that fully addressing assessment of memory-disordered populations is beyond its scope, and it notes inconsistencies in the clinical/research literature about whether some processes belong in broader domains such as executive functioning or simpler domains such as processing speed.
- The paper also states that some cognitive abilities may not be clearly separable into one domain or another.
- Evident from the text: this is a narrative review without a systematic search, meta-analysis, or empirical sample, and the paper itself notes that larger factor-analytic studies often find a single global ability factor, raising questions about the separability of conventional cognitive domains.
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Claims the paper makes
44 Not checked yet · 37 No basis given · 26 Own interpretation
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, selective attention is also impaired, particularly when the selective attention test requires adhering to instructions to ignore some stimuli and respond to others.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Neuropsychiatric conditions commonly show attentional problems
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For instance psychotic populations are commonly associated with increases in errors of omission and reduced d’ without increased errors of commission. 32”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Neuropsychiatric conditions commonly show attentional problems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Cornblatt BA, 1989, Psychiatry Res source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There is evidence of specialized CNS processing for object, location, action, verbal, and spatial working memory. 39”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Working memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Adcock RA, 2000, Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“High target frequency on the CPT leads to a normal bias to respond to nontargets.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Neuropsychiatric conditions commonly show attentional problems
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Controlled processes, those that require resource costs, can become automated after practice.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Selective attention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, implicit strategies can facilitate encoding.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Encoding
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Manipulations aimed at enforcing semantic encoding (eg, make up a story with these words) lead to more encoding than simple instructions to attend. 44”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Encoding
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Barrett TR, 1981, J Gerontol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The more complex the secondary task (eg, text messaging compared with using a push-button radio control), the more likely it is to be associated with traffic accidents.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Selective attention
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These domains are hierarchical in nature, with the bottom referring to more basic sensory and perceptual processes and the top referring to elements of executive functioning and cognitive control.”
- Also stated in: § Global structure of cognitive ability domains · plain
“An additional organizational structure is hierarchical and based on the complexity of the operations. Often referred to as top-down versus bottom-up, the idea is that basic sensory and perceptional operations are least complex and reasoning and problem solving, referred to as executive functioning, are most complex. 6”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Al-Aidroos N, 2012, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Global structure of cognitive ability domains · plain
In the paper
“Procedural memory can be dissociated from episodic memory, in that individuals with amnesia who cannot recall essentially any verbal information can learn and retain procedural skills. 45”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Procedural memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Oudman E, 2015, Neuropsychol Rev source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 53
- It may state two separate claims as one. 32
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, with aging, resource availability typically declines and older drivers are involved in many more accidents than younger experienced drivers.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Selective attention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maintenance working memory can handle information from multiple sensory modalities at the same time and storage capacity of maintenance working memory is capacity limited across all aspects of information.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Working memory
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The more common the target, up to about 50% frequency, the easier the task.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Sustained attention/vigilance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Typically global stimuli are perceived more rapidly than local stimuli, much like a reader recognizes words more efficiently than their component letters. 23”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Selective attention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Navon D, 1977, Cognitive Psychol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Storage is typically affected only by changes in brain functioning”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Storage
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with increases in errors of commission and greater B, based on impulsive responses to nontarget stimuli. 33”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Neuropsychiatric conditions commonly show attentional problems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Bedi GC, 1994, Int J Neurosci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Presenting stimuli as a stem to be completed (__ __ imal) facilitates encoding and subsequent recall of information.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Encoding
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Construction deficits are commonly found in individuals with dementia, with right hemisphere damage, or with identified lesions to the parietal cortex. 20”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Construction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] GoodglassHKaplanE1983 Philadelphia Lea and Febiger
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Information successfully encoded can be recalled at fairly long post encoding time periods.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Storage
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Drawing objects makes them easier to recall than simply visualizing them.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Encoding
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ability to respond to instructions to shift focus across global and local properties is a critical feature of this task and is impaired in many populations with problems in attentional control.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Selective attention
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Simple maintenance working memory can be measured in drosophila, whose executive functioning ability is clearly limited.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Working memory
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dual-task processing is particularly impaired in neuropsychiatric conditions, with people with schizophrenia manifesting considerable challenges in dual-task demands.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Neuropsychiatric conditions commonly show attentional problems
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, when the target frequency does over 50%, difficulty increases because inhibition of the dominant response to respond on all stimuli is required and even completely healthy people have an increase in errors.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Sustained attention/vigilance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Generally, there is a “resource cost” for such operations and typically performance in digits backward is about one item less than performance on digit span forward (6 digits forward = 5 digits backwards).”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Working memory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There are formal indices of the ability to divide attention, which can identify impairments in the ability to divide attention which are common in several neuropsychiatric conditions. 25”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Selective attention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Granholm E, 1996, Neuropsychology source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Beginning drivers can tolerate many fewer concurrent tasks while maintaining adequate performance and have the highest rates of accidents. 28”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Selective attention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Gershon P, 2017, J Safety Res source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“information that is never detected consciously may be stored (unconscious processing) but typically cannot be retrieved volitionally although it may be available with the right implicit prompt.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Working memory
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These strategies re commonly applied across different versions of verbal and visual-spatial memory tests.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Retrieval
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some information is clearly permanent (eg, new vocabulary words).”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Storage
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More complex operations, such as storage of multiple items then retrieval of a selected set, have even greater capacity cost.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Working memory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, distracted driving is a major cause of accidents in the US and distracted driving is specifically the attempt to perform other tasks while driving.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Selective attention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For instance, asking the participant to evaluate stimuli for various semantic characteristics (living/nonliving) facilitates encoding.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Encoding
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Performance on the UFOV has been shown to predict driving problems and interventions aimed at speed dual-task processing have been shown to reduce accidents in older drivers. 30”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Selective attention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Roenker DL, 2003, Hum Factors source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Interestingly, people in the schizophrenia spectrum fail to develop this normal bias and do not have an increase in errors of commission with increased frequency of targets. 34”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Neuropsychiatric conditions commonly show attentional problems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Barch DM, 2003, J Abnorm Psychol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Information can be transferred from working memory to longer-term storage, but that process requires either active processing or salience of the stimulus in working memory for encoding.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Working memory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For visual learning, familiar and namable objects are easier to learn.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Encoding
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Different populations make different patterns of errors on the CPT.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Sustained attention/vigilance
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both iconic (visual) and auditory (echoic) storage are duration and capacity limited and processing of new information can lead to the loss of memory currently in storage.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Working memory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On word list tests, semantically organized lists (subsets of animals, colors, etc) 43 are easier to learn and telling the participant that the list is organized also facilitates encoding.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Encoding
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] DelisDCKramerJKaplanEOberBA1987 New York, NY Psychological Corporation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After practice, many functions required for driving become automated and accident rates decline.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Selective attention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most inconsistencies are in broad domains that may include multiple component processes.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Assessments are typically targeted at subdomains of each ability area”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“executive functioning exerts control over the utilization of more basic processes.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“careful combination of tasks can reveal patterns of performance consistent with a variety of different neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there are clear inconsistencies in the clinical and research literature.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Introduction
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Domains are not independent of each other”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, executive functioning tasks often involve the co-ordination of multiple sensory, perceptual, attentional, and other less complex functions, while simple sensory tasks require minimal higher-level processing.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Global structure of cognitive ability domains
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“manipulation working memory is clearly associated with executive functioning.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Working memory
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Multiple factors are known affect encoding.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Encoding
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The origin of these domains was originally linked (ie, localized) to the areas of the brain in which these processes were seen to be occurring, 2 a perspective that is still important today. 3”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Babcock HA, 1930, Arch Psychol
- Not checked yetcites [3] DamasioHDamasioAR1989 New York, NY Oxford University Press
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These three tests are considerably different in difficulty which needs to be considered when selecting assessment instruments.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Encoding
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whether these processes belong in more general domains (executive functioning) or a simpler domain (processing speed) is often unclear.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This component of the memory system interacts with working memory storage processes to encode, maintain, and retrieve information into and out of longer-term storage.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Episodic/declarative/explicit memory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of these attentional skills have executive functioning components that are described below.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Attention and concentration
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Memory functioning is the most complex and multifaceted of cognitive domains.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Memory
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Contemporary circuit-based conceptions focus on activation and interaction of these circuits. 4”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Lopez-GarciaPLeshTASaloTet alThe neural circuitry supporting goal maintenance during cognitive control: a comparison of expectancy AX-CPT and dot probe expectancy paradigms Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci2016161164175
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The maintenance of information in working memory requires intact sensation, perception, and attention”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Working memory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, impairments in different elements of the system can lead to the same general outcome of poor memory output.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Episodic/declarative/explicit memory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are several different ways that information can be retrieved after encoding.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Retrieval
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The development of automatic processing is a critical feature of much complex skill learning, with driving being a primary example. 27”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Selective attention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Engstrom J, 2017, Human Factors source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The HVLT may be too easy for screening younger populations and the RAVLT may be too hard demanding as a dementia screen in order people.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Encoding
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Further, working memory is conceptualized to include two separable components: maintenance of information and manipulation of information. 35”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Working memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Baddeley AD, 1999 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Attention and concentration is a multifaceted construct and is generally divided into two global subdomains: selective attention and sustained attention (or vigilance).”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Attention and concentration
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Encoding manipulations are important in the context of who is being tested.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Encoding
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They include encoding, storage, and retrieval, all of which are required for successful memory performance.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Episodic/declarative/explicit memory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“If cognitive speed is excessively slow, then performance of “non-speeded” tasks acquire an additional challenge and may lead to challenges in access correct strategies in a timely manner. 64”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Processing speed
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Knowles EE, 2015, Biol Psychiatry source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Semantic memory is often accessed in the performance of new declarative memory tasks, in that information that is previously stored in semantic memory is more easily attended to, encoded, and recalled for short-term use than completely novel information.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Semantic memory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within neuropsychiatric conditions, language deficits may be associated with either deficits in executive functioning (eg, the ability to successfully access semantic storage) or slowed processing speed.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Language skills
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“in cortical dementia and amnestic conditions encoding, delayed recall, cued recall, and delayed recognition are all impaired”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Assessments of memory-disordered populations
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“semantic memory appears to remain intact over the lifespan and continue to accrue new information even into late life. 47”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Semantic memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Czaja SJ, 2006, Psychol Aging source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“performance on various coding tasks is not only the most significant impairment in schizophrenia 63 but is also the cognitive ability domain that is most strongly correlated with impairments in everyday functioning.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Processing speed
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Dickinson D, 2007, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By virtue of the fact that fluency tasks are speeded in terms of their instructions, cognitive slowing can have an adverse impact on performance.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Language skills
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Following instructions such as ignoring distractors, dividing attention to process one of two concurrent information streams, or following other instructions in processing speed tasks (eg, alternate between letters and numbers) are clearly executive or “cognitive control” demands as described above.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Executive functioning
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Large-scale studies of cognition over the lifespan have found increasers in wisdom and semantic memory over the lifespan, with decreases in processing speed and working memory span tasks. 47”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Executive functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Czaja SJ, 2006, Psychol Aging source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These include ADHD, mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). 61”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Populations with executive functioning deficits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Kuelz AK, 2004, Biol Psychol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“both cortical and frontostriatal conditions adversely impact verbal fluency, but naming deficits are more commonly seen in cortical dementia. 50”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Language skills
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Paulsen JS, 1995, Neurology source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“while in frontostriatal conditions encoding and delayed recall are impaired, but delayed recognition and cued recall are typically spared. 50 - 51”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Assessments of memory-disordered populations
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“many working memory tasks, such as simple delayed response tasks, involve essentially no problem solving or management of cognitive resources.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Executive functioning
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prospective memory is certainly one of the tasks on the boundary of executive functioning, because of the strong planning component associated with task outcomes.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Executive functioning
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the two major compendia for neuropsychological assessment (Lezak et al 1 and Strauss et al 15 ) do not list procedural memory in their index sections”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Procedural memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lezak et al 1
- Not checked yetcites Strauss et al 15
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Historical domains of cognitive functioning are still examined to this day, but now through the lens of a considerably more information about underlying brain structure and function.”
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Brain imaging allows for the differentiation of impairments in different brain regions.
The paper relies on this without support.
Cognitive performance is typically conceptualized in terms of domains of functioning.
“Cognitive performance is typically conceptualized in terms of domains of functioning.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The nature of most cognitive domains is generally agreed upon.
“Although the nature of most of these domains is generally agreed upon”
The paper relies on this without support.
An intact frontal cortex is critical for performance of executive functions.
“An intact frontal cortex is certainly critical for performance of executive functions”
The paper relies on this without support.
Processing speed tends to be the strongest predictor of overall cognitive performance on cognitive assessment batteries, loading most highly on single factor solutions of cognitive ability.
“Another critical feature of processing speed is that it tends to be the strongest predictor of overall cognitive performance, on cognitive assessment batteries, loading most highly on single factor solutions of cognitive ability.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Populations with challenges in processing speed include major depression, severe mental illnesses, Parkinson’s disease, and both cortical and frontostriatal degenerative conditions.
“Populations with challenges in processing speed include major depression, severe mental illnesses, Parkinson’s disease, and both cortical and frontostriatal degenerative conditions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Language abilities can be impaired in neuropsychiatric conditions but are much more commonly impaired in conditions involving brain damage, stroke, or degenerative dementia.
“Language abilities can be impaired in neuropsychiatric conditions but are much more commonly impaired in conditions involving brain damage, stroke, or degenerative dementia.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The rapid forgetting of adequately learned information, specifically defined as lack of perseveration of recognition and cued recall, is a robust finding in populations who have medial temporal lobe brain dysfunction.
“Most importantly, the rapid forgetting of adequately learned information, specifically defined as lack of perseveration of recognition and cued recall, is a robust finding in populations who have medial temporal lobe brain dysfunction.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Brain imaging allows for the differentiation of impairments in different brain regions.
“Also, brain imaging allows for the differentiation of impairments in different brain regions.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“There are several ways to classify cognitive development, one of them being general processes involved, such as memory, attention, executive function and language development [8].”
From Impact of social media on cognitive development of children and young adults: a systematic review (2025) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Prospective memory
“Time-based procedural memories are triggered by specific times, such as “take my medicine in the morning.””
§ Domains of cognition and their assessment > Prospective memory
“Prospective memory operates in two different formats: event-based and time-based.”
Citations
Cites
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Older Adults' Reasons for Using Technology while Aging in Place
Peek, S. T. M., Luijkx, K. G., Rijnaard, M. D., Nieboer, M. E., van der Voort, C. S., Aarts, S., van Hoof, J., Vrijhoef, H. J., & Wouters, E. (2015) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000430949 · Cited by 19,852
Sensitivity and False Alarm Rate of a Fall Sensor in Long-Term Fall Detection in the Elderly
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Liang, P., Li, J., Li, Z., Wei, J., Li, J., Zhang, S., Xu, S., Liu, Z., & Wang, J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26665657
Althomali, R. H., Abbood, M. A., Saleh, E. A. M., Djuraeva, L., Abdullaeva, B. S., Habash, R. T., Alhassan, M. S., Alawady, A. H. R., Alsaalamy, A. H., & Najafi, M. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26671146
Liang, P., Li, J., Li, Z., Wei, J., Li, J., Zhang, S., Xu, S., Liu, Z., & Wang, J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24971420
Human-Centered Cognition Model for Human Digital Twins
Zehnder, E., & Naudet, Y. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-12660-3_20
Jackson, J. L., Wolfe, K. R., Gaynor, J. W., Suarez, L., Umfleet, L. G., Puder, R., Brown, K., Cassidy, A. R., & Gurvitz, M. Z. (2026) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.125.042672
“40–42 Such challenges may lead to psychological distress, 23,42,43 including potential depressive and anxiety symptoms that have been identified in patients with cardiac conditions.”
Aftab, M. F. (2026) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1013187
Murphy, M., Falcone, L., & Riddell, N. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-14995-4_11
Liu, X., Xu, Z., Li, X., Xu, C., Li, S., Hu, T., Chen, C., Liang, X., Tang, Y., & Wang, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2026.1747748
“Moreover, validated tests for assessing five cognitive domains were also included (Harvey, 2019; Meng et al., 2023”
How robust are linguistic markers of aging? The case of aging-related social media text
Cong, Y., Hu, J., Reese, T., & Liu, H. (2026) · Natural Language Processing Journal · doi:10.1016/j.nlp.2026.100203 · Cited by 1
Sinha, A., & Sujatha, K. J. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.104034
Coles, T., Mkumba, L. S., Thompson, D. K., Adkins, B. D., Tillman, B. F., Minga, J., Cieza, E., Green, J., Calle, F. G., Byrne, K., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069261429876
Lq, L., He, J., Liu, X., Zhuang, S., & Xiao, Q. (2026) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2026.2635536
“Cognitive performance encompasses multiple domains, including attention, memory, language, reasoning, executive function, problem-solving, and processing speed (Harvey, 2019).”
Emerging therapeutic approaches in neurobiology of type 2 diabetes
Kumar, U., Garg, S., Shrivastav, A., Sharma, B., Arora, B., Sahu, B., & Gupta, M. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-32848-0.00023-6
Wang, L., Yang, J. Y., Yan, R., Wang, X., Sang, L., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Qiao, L., Qiu, M., & Liu, C. (2026) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.70457
“These network-level alterations are critical to understand because hierarchical brain organization fundamentally supports cognitive processes, including language production and comprehension (Harvey 2019).”
Mellow, M. L., Stanford, T., Olds, T., Miatke, A., Smith, A. E., & Dumuid, D. (2026) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02542-4
“…function is the ability to effectively utilize or manage multiplecognitiveresourcesef fi cientlytosolveproblemsinrealtime,and/or plan for the future; and processing speed is the ability to perform tasks (ranging from simple to complex) accurately and quickly (i.e., under time pressure) 40 .”
Gatz, M., Darling, J. E., Schneider, S., Liu, Y., Finkel, D., Orriens, B., Hernandez, R., Gutsche, T., Garcia, Y., & Kapteyn, A. (2026) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-026-07050-4
“Several domains of cognitive functioning exist, each with its own implications for health and functioning 4 .”
Does the Association Between Leisure and Cognition Vary by Life Course Socioeconomic Status and Age?
Sun, R., & Zhang, Z. (2026) · Ageing International · doi:10.1007/s12126-026-09661-z
“In addition, cognitive impairment is measured by a general index, which overlooks variation in changes among its various domains (Harvey, 2019).”
Ishola, A., White, E., Fierek, J., Busutill, A., Abdelkhalek, H., Bergman, M., & Bergman, M. (2026) · JVS-Vascular Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jvsvi.2026.100406
Tapias-Merino, E., de Hoyos-Alonso, M. C., Rubio‐Serrano, J., Arregui-Gallego, B., Larrondo, I. G., Rodriguez-Sanchez, E., Contador, I., Sanz-Cuesta, T., Bermejo‐Pareja, F., del Cura-González, I., et al. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0345086
“Similar results are found in longitudinal studies using the different variables of the Framingham function [33,35,47,69,85–89].”
A Study on Eye Health, Cognitive Function and Depression Levels among Community-Dwelling Elderly
Hwang, Y. J., Lee, S.-J., & Jung, M.-A. (2025) · The Korean Journal of Vision Science · doi:10.17337/jmbi.2025.27.4.289
Tait, P., Graham, L., Vitório, R. R., Watermeyer, T., Walker, R., McDonald, C., Mancini, M., Stuart, S., & Morris, R. (2026) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2026.108295
Alekseev, I. A., A.Sh., T., & Шустов, А. Д. (2026) · Psychology and Law · doi:10.17759/psylaw.2026160111
Study of the involvement of brain tryptophan metabolism in obesity-induced memory deficits
Mezo‐González, C. E. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d788c1bfz3965z4981za000z9c3f9f464001
Behzad, D., Bhakta, K., DeConinck, A., Patel, S., & Ciano, P. D. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-12239-1_7
Saak, T. M., Tervo, J. P., Jacobson, P. T., Vilarello, B. J., Caruana, F. F., Gallagher, L. W., Gary, J. B., Gudis, D. A., Motter, J. N., Goldberg, T. E., et al. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-39663-5
“27,28 The digit-symbol test is an evaluation of processing speed 25 .”
Linking perceived stress and cognitive aging: The influence of blood pressure in Black Americans
Byrd, D. R., Maxfield, M., Zuelsdorff, M. L., Coon, D. W., Thorpe, R. J., & Whitfield, K. E. (2026) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877261440135
“45 Other domains included in this study use some of these same cognitive skills, e.g., working memory and processing speed.”
Selovin, F., Couto, M. C. D. P., Scholz, M., Baber, R., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Wirkner, K., Zeynalova, S., & Rothermund, K. (2026) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-026-00920-1
“However, it should be noted that cognitive performance comprises functioning in various cognitive domains (Harvey 2019).”
Yang, S., Grilli, M. D., Wootton, R. E., van de Weijer, M. P., Treur, J. L., Klimentidis, Y. C., & Sbarra, D. A. (2026) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.71950
Oswal, N. P., Jagtap, P., & Dasarwar, P. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1772248
Cognition in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Obstacles and Challenges?
Šagud, M., Jakšić, N., Marčinko, D., Uzun, S., Fabijanic, T., & Pivac, N. (2026) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-6872-7_10
Liu, F., Wang, J., Kang, Y., Su, G., & Wang, X. (2026) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877261447431
“8 Memory is one of the most complex and multifaceted cognitive domains.”
Attention Bias. Prefrontal Lobotomy and Mental Illness
Sanabria, A., & Betancourt, C. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-20377-9_5
Yu, T.-C., Wu, W.-L., Ho, W.-H., Chang, Y.-K., & Chu, I.-H. (2026) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000004024
“These are critical psychological resources for sustaining work performance, learning capacity, and daily living activities (1,2).”
Ali, M. Z., Zafar, A., Masood, H., Dong, J. J., & Lee, S. H. (. (2026) · Computer Science Review · doi:10.1016/j.cosrev.2026.100994 · Cited by 1
The Influence of Cognitive Task Difficulty on Automatic Postural Control During Quiet Stance
Tworzyanski, E. H., & Mochizuki, G. (2026) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2026.2668727
“The arithmetic task would have engaged working memory (the process of holding information in consciousness (Harvey, 2019)), in which a visual-spatial scratch-pad might be used to store and conduct the required arithmetic operations (Baddeley, 1983; Bristow et al., 2016; Chong et al., 2010; Raghubar…”
Unveiling the Cognitive Enhancer: A Comprehensive Review of Celastrus paniculatus
Kolambkar, S. V., Beerwala, F. A., Samant, S. S., Hurkadale, P. J., & Harish, D. R. (2026) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9798898814380126070007
PREDICT ‐ PD : A Two‐Stage Approach to Early Identification of Parkinson's Disease
Virameteekul, S., Waters, S., Huxford, B., Kuri, A., Tan, M. M. X., Pérez‐Carbonell, L., Pablo‐Fernández, E. D., Schrag, A. E., Noyce, A. J., & Simonet, C. (2026) · Movement Disorders Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/mdc3.70673
“The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) provides a practical global screen, 31 complemented by domain-speci fi c tests 32 to capture subtle cognitive changes.”
Cristi‐Montero, C., Espinoza‐Puelles, J. P., & Rakesh, D. (2026) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.70225
Mychajliw, C., Wortha, F., Suenkel, U., Eschweiler, G. W., Dawidowsky, K., von Thaler, A., Fallgatter, A. J., Maetzler, W., Metzger, F. G., & Holz, H. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9453201/v1
Avini, N. A., Shahinfar, H., Yazdian, Z., Ranjbar, M., & Shab‐Bidar, S. (2026) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2026.2650636
“Memory encompasses encoding and retrieval, executive function includes planning and problem-solving, and processing speed describes task rapidity [40].”
Jung, W., Babon-Ayeng, P., Keene, K., Witt, S., & Baweja, J. A. (2026) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202671605001
Hernandez, R., Schneider, S., Moore, R. C., Gonzalez, J. S., Hoogendoorn, C. J., Roll, S. C., Jin, H., Fanning, J. T., Ginsberg, J. P., & Pyatak, E. A. (2026) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2026.2683140
Muralidhara, M., Vismaya, & Kumar, V. L. (2026) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2026.106204
Kawabata, K., Ohka, F., Saito, R., Onoe, T., Harada, H., Sasayama, T., Yokoo, H., Arakawa, Y., Mizusawa, J., Mitome, N., et al. (2026) · Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1093/jjco/hyag090
“NCF comprises six domains—attention, executive function, learning and memor y, language, perceptual-motor function, and social cognition—and will be assessed using the Digit Span, Trail Making Test , Mini-Mental State Examination, and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised [ 33].”
Rangasamy, V., Scotto, L., Greenberg, S., & Huang, J. J. (2026) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000008181
Court, K. H. À., Rheenen, T. E. V., & Rossell, S. L. (2026) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291726105030
“A recent systematic review of cognition in BDD ( Holmes à Court, Malcolm, Toh, & Rossell, 2025), informed by a hierarchical model of cognition (Harvey, 2019), highlighted that while impairments are reported across multiple domains, they are most consistently observed in higher-order domains such as…”
Kamal, N. M. (2026) · Cardiology in the Young · doi:10.1017/s104795112611347x
Enhancing mental health and cognitive research with generative artificial intelligence
Joshi, G., Ghai, B., Goutam, N., & Joshi, N. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-44344-2.00008-x
LaCorte, C. R., Delesdernier, M. C., & Anderson‐Hanley, C. (2026) · NeuroSci · doi:10.3390/neurosci7040076
“The amount of information that can be processed is limited and the duration it can remain in maintenance working memory is limited as well [12].”
InfluentialToothbrushing Ability in Older Adults Across Stages of Cognitive Impairment
Chen, X., Madiloggovit‐Lower, J., Comnick, C. L., Tranel, D., Jacobson, L., & Denburg, N. L. (2026) · Geriatrics · doi:10.3390/geriatrics11040075
“This process relies on event-based prospective memory, the ability to remember to perform an intended action when a specific event occurs (e.g., remembering to brush one’s teeth after eating) [11].”
Using Digital Tools for Cognitive Assessment Across Levels of Care
Singh, S. M., & Weisenbach, S. L. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-22457-6_10
Navigating cognitive challenges: assistive solutions for Parkinson’s (a narrative review)
Öztürk, F., & Pehlivan, E. (2026) · Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/10400435.2026.2703022
Parra, M. A., Calia, C., Lim, M. Y., Hoefeijzers, S., Sobieraj, N., & Aylett, R. S. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.106360
Sun, Q., He, Y., Wang, H., Wang, J., Feng, Y., Tian, H., & Feng, Y. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16071218
“Evaluating these subdomains to represent cognitive function is necessary, as general neurocognitive performance is clinically characterized by these interconnected subdomains (Ding et al., 2025; Harvey, 2019; M. Zhang et al., 2023).”
Gu, R.-P., Liu, W.-B., Peng, X. C., & Zhu, A.-Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Epidemiology · doi:10.3389/fepid.2026.1873441
“The domains of cognitive function include sensation and perception, motor skills and construction, attention and concentration, memory, executive function, processing speed, and language/verbal skills (30).”
Olejnik, P., Kurzawa, D., Małyszko, J., & Golenia, A. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27156550
“Harvey (2019) further emphasizes that cognitive functioning results from the interaction of multiple cognitive processes, indicating that CI may extend be‑ yond deficits in specific domains alone [12].”
Dong, K., Zhao, Y., Zhu, X., Li, J., Peng, B., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Dai, G., Liu, D., Chang, Y., et al. (2026) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cns.71055
Dietary factors and cognitive aging: Mapping epidemiological evidence and the role of gut microbiota
Chen, H., Shen, J., Liu, X., Ni, J., Rong, S., Zheng, J.-S., Xu, W., Huang, G., Luo, B., Zheng, Y., et al. (2026) · The Innovation Nutrition · doi:10.59717/j.xinn-nutri.2026.100030 · Cited by 1
Che, X., Chai, S., Zhao, D., Wang, W., & Zhou, C. (2026) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291726105182
“Cognitive function encompasses multiple domains – such as memory, attention, executive function, language, and processing speed (Harvey, 2019) – which are intrinsically interconnected and generally decline with advancing age (Murman, 2015).”
Cipolletta, S., Franzin, C., & Rossi, V. (2026) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1155/hsc/1270437
Bilgin, E., & Şalgamcıoğlu, M. E. (2026) · Architecture · doi:10.3390/architecture6030127
Matangkarat, P., Siriussawakul, A., Suraareronsumrit, P., Somnuke, P., Srinonprasert, V., Muangpaisan, W., Sura-amonrattana, U., Pratumvinit, B., Sangarunakul, N., & Jiraphorncharas, C. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9987608/v1
Cognitive Framework for Aircraft Piloting: A Core Cognition Set
Huang, H.-Y., Guo, Y., Lu, J., Li, F., & Wu, Y. (2026) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs16081348
“Two reviewers first constructed a preliminary classification framework by drawing on multiple widely used cognitive taxonomies and terms (Lezak et al., 2012; Su et al., 2024; Harvey, 2019; Johnson et al., 2017).”
The Japanese Translation Study of the Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire
Katayama, O., Yamaguchi, R., Yamagiwa, D., Akaida, S., Shimoda, T., Nakajima, C., Kawakami, A., Harada, K., Nakakubo, S., Sakimoto, F., et al. (2026) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.70803
Senescence of cognitive abilities in eastern mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki
Vinogradov, I. M., Fox, R. J., Fichtel, C., Kappeler, P. M., & Jennions, M. D. (2026) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123697
Spires‐Jones, T. L. (2026) · doi:10.1093/9780198995296.003.0001
Arabpour, Z., Arabpour, Z., & Jazayeri, S. (2026) · Nutrition reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaf286
Edwards, B., Giacomoni, M., Agulhari, J. P. S., Mauvieux, B., Pullinger, S. A., Vickery, S. J., Cook, G. M., Roberts, J. W., & Chester, N. J. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18172771
“…perception, motor skills and construction, attention and concentration, executive functioning, processing speed, and language/verbal skills [4]; (ii) regional brain functions originating from the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, hippocampus, or other structures; and (iii) a…”
Cognitive Impairment, Depression and Cerebral Microbleeds in Immune Thrombocytopenia ( ITP )
Vladescu, C., Meijboom, R., Hart, A. C. J., Paul, D., Ademokun, C., Teklemichael, A., Chivers, B., Gontsarova, A., Szydlo, R., Waldman, A. D., et al. (2026) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.70462
López‐Hill, X., Marton, S., Richeri, A., Fabius, S., Urbanavicius, J., de Almeida, L. L., Echeverry, C., de Medina, V. S., Ferreiro, C., Castañé, A., et al. (2026) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2026.174260
Li, W., An, X., Zhang, Y., Liu, W., & Zhao, H. (2026) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2026.109109
Wahba, R., Fawcett, A. L., & Purton, J. (2026) · International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation · doi:10.12968/ijtr.2024.0053
Zhu, T., Liu, Y., Wang, S., Ning, C., Wang, H., Tian, J., Qin, Y., Mu, L., & Wu, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2026.1905190
“Cognition refers to the abilities related to information acquisition, processing, utilization, and understanding, involving multiple functions such as attention, learning, memory, executive function, reasoning, and calculation (Harvey, 2019).”
Determinants of Poststroke Cognitive Impairment and Decline
Brodtmann, A., Werden, E., Bird, L. J., Hung, S., Restrepo, C., & Khlif, M. (2026) · Neurology Open Access · doi:10.1212/wn9.0000000000000172
Neuropsychological assessments: Tools and techniques
Reddy, K. J., Nair, S., & Prashanth, A. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-36544-7.00004-5
Beretta, S., Scala, I., Canavero, I., Marinoni, G., Toma, C. D., Gatti, L., Potenza, A., Carrozzini, T., Gorla, G., Soldini, E., et al. (2026) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-026-09715-8
Cobenfy (xanomeline–trospium chloride) for schizophrenia: A clinical update
Coates, A. (2026) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/10398562261486319
Bartels, S. L., Wallcook, S., Kottorp, A., Karlsson, J., Eckerström, M., Wallin, A., Nygård, L., & Malinowsky, C. W. (2026) · Technology and Disability · doi:10.1177/10554181261484312
Hartman, S. J., Shao, L. Y., Zablocki, R., Natarajan, L., Ahles, T. A., Palmer, B. W., Sears, D. D., Tam, R. M., Mac, V., Dillon, L., et al. (2026) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djag295
Oral microbiome signatures of ageing and cognitive function across distinct geographical cohorts
L’Heureux, J. E., Roelands, B., Wylie, L. J., MEEUSEN, R. R., JONES, A. M., & Vanhatalo, A. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0359559
“Furthermore, the cognitive tasks assessed distinct neurocognitive functions [61] such that microbial associations may vary by cognitive domain and may not exhibit uniform patterns across all tasks or cohorts.”
Zeeb, M., Bieler-Aeschlimann, M., Frischknecht, P., Neumann, K., Jörimann, L., Tschumi, J., Huber, M., Kusejko, K., Bernasconi, E., Kovari, H., et al. (2026) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcag371
“47-49 These patterns may reflect the distinct cell compositions underlying cerebral structures involved in neurocognitive domains, with unique regulation of cellular pathways, receptor, metabolite-and cytokine expression.”
Neurocognitive Outcomes in Patients with Pituitary Adenomas.
Singh, A., & Natesh, P. (2026) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2026.08.030
Cognitive concerns and support needs among alcohol and other drug treatment clients
Verón, G., Winter, D. T., Agu, J., Ridley, N. J., Simpson, L., Kamminga, J., Luksza, J., DACRIN Cognitive Survey Project Group, Montebello, M. E., & Monds, L. A. (2026) · Advances in Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1108/add-03-2026-0009
Leveraging Preclinical Models to Understand Human Neurobiology and Behavior
Dearborn, J. T., Selmanovic, D., Chaturvedi, S. M., Sarafinovska, S., & Maloney, S. E. (2026) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2026_619
Richert, E., Pitkänen, M., Jónsdóttir, M. K., Arnardóttir, E., Kainulainen, S., Leppänen, T., Töyräs, J., Korkalainen, H., & Johannsdottir, K. R. (2026) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2026.109312
Brain–Computer Interfaces for Cognitive Rehabilitation: A Narrative Review
Cantillo-Negrete, J., Rodríguez-García, M. E., Carrillo‐Mora, P., Méndez-Gómez, D. D., & Carino-Escobar, R. I. (2026) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering13101224
“A global structure for characterizing cognitive domains was reported by Harvey [9] and is described as follows: • Sensation is the ability to detect a stimulus within the visual, olfactory, tactile, gustatory, or auditory senses.”
Effect sizes for brain-based predictive models of cognition across the lifespan
Christensen, E., Wiersch, L., Wang, M., McPherson, B., Shearer, H., Noble, S., Lam, K., Poline, J., & Dhamala, E. (2026) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-026-00528-2
Sobral, M., Ferreira, A. M., Tomás, A., Pozo-Neira, J., Coimbra, M., Fonseca, A., Osório, A., & Ganho-Ávila, A. (2026) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-026-01778-z
“Attention refers to the cognitive process of selectively focusing and sustaining resources on relevant environmental information to guide behavior (Harvey 2019 ; Nasiri et al. 2023).”
Investigating cognitive performance genetic architecture of cortical and subcortical brain tissues
Chen, M., Chen, Y., & Qin, B. (2026) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-026-10534-w
“Cognitive performance (CP) is a collective term for a series of higher order neuropsychological processes, encompassing multiple dimensions such as reasoning ability, executive function, processing speed, memory, attention, and mathematical ability(Amland et al. 2025; Harvey 2019).”
Music-based interventions against aging: A bibliometric analysis and review
Wu, T., Tang, K., Wu, Y., & (4631), R. L. (2026) · Aging advances. · doi:10.4103/agingadv.agingadv-d-25-00050
Metadata
- Authors
- Harvey, P. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- Corresponding author
- Harvey, Philip D.
- ORCID
- Harvey, Philip D.
- Venue
- Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-09-30
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 227-237
- ISSN
- 1294-8322 (ISSN-L)
- 1958-5969
- PMC
- PMC6829170
- OpenAlex
- W2991049508
- Semantic Scholar
- 44055c7055b7c05c39ef7319e8dc4df387e1c8ae
- Cited by
- 695
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 112 · 2025: 154 · 2024: 142 · 2023: 128 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 12
- FWCI
- 6.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Sanofi
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries
- Sunovion
- Otsuka America
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- cognitive domain, executive function, cognitive control, neuropsychiatric disorders, cognitive impairment, neuropsychological assessment, differential diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Memory, Motor Skills, Neuropsychological Tests, Executive Function
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