Interaction between Cytomegalovirus and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Associated with the Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease Development
Abstract
Background: Several environmental factors, including infectious agents, have been suggested to cause Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been associated with AD in several recent studies. Objective: To investigate whether carriage of CMV, alone or in combination with Herpes simplex virus (HSV), increased the risk of developing AD. Methods: Plasma samples from 360 AD cases (75.3% women, mean age 61.2 years), taken an average of 9.6 years before AD diagnosis, and 360 age-, sex-, cohort-, and sampling date matched dementia-free controls were analyzed to detect anti-CMV (immunoglobulin [Ig] G and IgM), group-specific anti-HSV (IgG and IgM), and specific anti-HSV1 and HSV2 IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. AD cases and dementia-free controls were compared using conditional logistic regression analyses. Results: The presence of anti-CMV IgG antibodies did not increase the risk of AD (odds ratio [OR], 0.857; p = 0.497). Among AD cases, an association between CMV and HSV1 carriage was detected (OR 7.145, p < 0.001); in a conditional logistic regression model, the interaction between CMV and HSV1 was associated with AD development (OR 5.662; p = 0.007). Conclusion: The present findings do not support a direct relationship between CMV infection and the development of AD; however, an interaction between CMV and HSV1 was found to be associated significantly with AD development. These findings suggest that CMV infection facilitates the development of HSV1-associated AD, possibly via its effects on the immune system.
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In dementia-free controls 9.6 years before AD diagnosis, anti-CMV antibodies were not themselves related to AD risk.
“In dementia-free controls 9.6 years before AD diagnosis, anti-CMV antibodies were not themselves related to AD risk [57].”
From What would it take to prove that a chronic infection is a causal agent in Alzheimer’s disease? (2025) · cites this paper as [57]
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Additional file 1 of Multi-pathogen infections and Alzheimer’s disease
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- Authors
- Lövheim, H., Olsson, J., Weidung, B., Johansson, A., Eriksson, S., Hallmans, G., & Elgh, F.
- Affiliations
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Umeå University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Lövheim, Hugo
- Venue
- Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-12-13
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 939-945
- ISSN
- 1387-2877 (ISSN-L)
- 1875-8908
- OpenAlex
- W2774025620
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 5.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Alzheimer s Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Cytomegalovirus and herpesvirus research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, cytomegalovirus
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Antibodies, Viral, Cytomegalovirus Infections, Cytomegalovirus, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Herpes Simplex, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin M, Male, Middle Aged, Logistic Models, Case-Control Studies, Herpesvirus 1, Human
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