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Cited by 146Marine Ecology and Invasive SpeciesFish Ecology and Management StudiesIsotope Analysis in Ecology

Diet of invasive lionfish on hard bottom reefs of the Southeast USA: insights from stomach contents and stable isotopes

Open access
Muñoz, RC, Currin, CA, Whitfield, PE·2011·Marine Ecology Progress Series
DOI 10.3354/meps09154
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Abstract

The Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans and P. miles complex) has become widely established along the United States Southeast coast and continues to colonize the Caribbean, yet its biology and ecology is only beginning to be understood.We used stomach contents and stable isotope analyses to determine the diet of lionfish in the warm-temperate hard bottom reef community in the Southeast US Atlantic Ocean.During June to August 2004 and 2006, we collected lionfish with SCUBA from 18 different locations in Onslow Bay, North Carolina, at depths of 30 to 45 m.In 2006, we also conducted visual surveys of small benthic fishes to estimate the abundances of potential prey.Analyses of stomach contents (n = 183) and stable isotopes (n = 115) suggest a generalist carnivorous diet, and prey categories were predominately fish (~99% of total volume) from 16 families.Major differences in the importance of prey occurred between years.Serranidae and Scaridae dominated the diet in 2004, while Haemulidae and Carangidae were important in 2006.Analyses of visual prey surveys did not reveal specialization on particular prey taxa but instead suggest that prey are consumed in relation to their local abundance.Given current theory pertaining to invasive species impacts, the expanding lionfish distribution, and observations that lionfish appear capable of settling to many different habitat types, the overall pattern of generalist piscivory emerging from these data indicates the potential for significant impacts to the invaded community.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Stomach contents and stable isotopes show invasive lionfish off North Carolina are generalist piscivores, feeding mostly on fishes from 16 families and apparently taking prey in relation to local abundance. The authors conclude this generalist piscivory indicates potential for significant impacts to warm-temperate hard bottom reef communities.

Key findings

  • Lionfish diet was predominantly fish: about 99% of total prey volume, with 16 fish families identified; invertebrates made up only 3.8% combined by volume and number. Unidentifiable fishes accounted for 45% of volume and weight and 57% of number.
  • Prey importance differed between years: Serranidae and Scaridae dominated in 2004, while Haemulidae, Carangidae, and Crustacea were important in 2006 (1-way ANOSIM, R = 0.306, p = 0.001; SIMPER contributions: Serranidae = 22.50, Scaridae = 10.19, Haemulidae = 20.38, Carangidae = 6.99, Crustacea = 10.54).
  • Visual prey surveys in 2006 suggested consumption in relation to local abundance rather than specialization; grunts were the most frequently observed prey and also the most abundant in stomachs.
  • Stable isotopes (n = 115) gave mean δ13C = -16.60 ± 0.02‰ and mean δ15N = 11.00 ± 0.04‰; a 2-source mixing model estimated benthic primary producers provide about 77% of carbon in the lionfish food web, and lionfish fed at about trophic level 2.3.

Methods

  • Lionfish were collected by SCUBA with spears during June–August 2004 and 2006 from 18 continental shelf locations in Onslow Bay, North Carolina, at 30–45 m depth; 226 lionfish were collected (115 in 2004, 111 in 2006), and 183 stomachs contained food.
  • Stomach contents were identified, counted, measured, weighed, and volumetrically displaced; diet indices included mean percent number, volume, weight, frequency of occurrence, and %IRI. In 2006, prey availability was surveyed at 11 sites with one 15 min underwater visual census per site along a 25 m transect, 2 m wide, targeting cryptic or juvenile fishes ≤10 cm TL.
  • Stable isotope analysis used muscle tissue from 115 lionfish collected in 2004; statistical comparisons used cumulative prey curves, 1-way and 2-way ANOSIM, SIMPER, Mann-Whitney rank sum tests, linear regression, and a 2-source mixing model.

Limitations

  • The paper states that prey censuses were not conducted in 2004, so it is unknown whether between-year differences in prey importance reflected local prey availability.
  • The paper states that visual surveys did not search crevices, so sedentary or truly cryptic species such as scorpionfish were unlikely to be sampled effectively, and that patchily distributed scad were unlikely to have been censused effectively.
  • The paper states that unidentifiable fish prey were assumed to come from the same species and proportions as identifiable fish prey; it also notes that additional prey surveys coupled with stomach contents are needed to strengthen the conclusion that prey are taken in relation to local abundance. Evident from the text: isotope data came only from 2004, so long-term diet was not compared across both sampling years.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3354/meps09154

Cites

97 of 97 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

19 of 117 cited sources checked · 8 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Stable isotopes provide additional information on the trophic status of lionfish by providing a long-term integration of the diet over previous weeks to months.

    “Stomach contents provided information on ingested prey, representing the animal's diet over the last few hours to days, while stable isotopes offered additional information on the trophic status of lionfish by providing a long-term integration of the diet over previous weeks to months (Cocheret de la Morinière et al. 2003).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cocheret de la Morinière et al. 2003 source

      The introductory discussion states that tissue stable isotopes reflect assimilated diet over the previous weeks to months and provide insight into trophic relationships. It says stomach contents usually represent the last few hours, not hours to days. The paper discusses reef fishes generally, not lionfish specifically. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingcitation

    The importance of benthic primary producers to the food web supporting lionfish, as determined by the 2-source mixing model, is consistent with analyses of the trophic importance of benthic algae to fishes occupying other shallow nearshore waters.

    “The importance of benthic primary producers to the food web supporting lionfish, as determined by the 2-source mixing model, is consistent with analyses of the trophic importance of benthic algae to fishes occupying other shallow nearshore waters”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Thomas & Cahoon 1993 source
    • cites Reñones et al. 2002 source
    • cites Takai et al. 2002 source
    • Rests on an assumption: The 2-source mixing model appropriately estimates the importance of benthic primary producers to the food web supporting lionfish.
  • Interpretationown data

    Lionfish are generalist feeders.

    “supports the conclusion that lionfish are generalist feeders.”
    • Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
      “providing additional support that lionfish feed as generalists.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Reñones et al. 2002 source
    • cites Cocheret de la Morinière et al. 2003 source

      The Carnivorous fishes section discusses the diets of grunts and snappers, not lionfish. Searches for “lionfish,” “Pterois,” and generalist feeding found no passage in our copy addressing whether lionfish are generalist feeders. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Fry 1988 source
    • Rests on an assumption: Stable N isotopes provide a means of assessing ontogenetic changes in lionfish diets and the trophic level at which lionfish are feeding.
    • Rests on an assumption: Muscle tissue isotope values integrate diet over a longer period than stomach contents and reflect all assimilated prey rather than identifiable remains of ingested prey.
  • Interpretationown data

    Based on δ15N values, lionfish are feeding at a similar trophic level to multiple species of reef fish in Onslow Bay reported by Thomas & Cahoon (1993).

    “Based on δ 15 N values, we conclude that lionfish are feeding at a similar trophic level to multiple species of reef fish in Onslow Bay (spottail pinfish Diplodus holbrooki, vermilion snapper Rhomboplites aurorubens, round scad Decapterus punctatus, red porgy Pagrus pagrus, and tomtate Haemulon aurolineatum) reported by Thomas & Cahoon (1993) (Fig. 7).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Thomas & Cahoon (1993) source
    • Rests on an assumption: Stable N isotopes provide a means of assessing ontogenetic changes in lionfish diets and the trophic level at which lionfish are feeding.
    • Rests on an assumption: Muscle tissue isotope values integrate diet over a longer period than stomach contents and reflect all assimilated prey rather than identifiable remains of ingested prey.
  • Findingcitation

    The lack of relationship between fish size and δ15N values is in contrast to results from other studies examining marine benthic carnivorous fishes.

    “The lack of relationship between fish size and δ 15 N values is in contrast to results from other studies examining marine benthic carnivorous fishes”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Reñones et al. 2002 source
    • cites Cocheret de la Morinière et al. 2003 source
    • Rests on an assumption: Stable N isotopes provide a means of assessing ontogenetic changes in lionfish diets and the trophic level at which lionfish are feeding.
    • Rests on an assumption: Muscle tissue isotope values integrate diet over a longer period than stomach contents and reflect all assimilated prey rather than identifiable remains of ingested prey.
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 41
  • May combine two claims. 43
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Lionfish are venomous predators whose popularity in the aquarium trade may have contributed to their introduction to Atlantic waters.

    “Native to the subtropical and tropical regions of the South Pacific, Indian Ocean, and the Red Sea, lionfish are venomous predators whose popularity in the aquarium trade may have contributed to their introduction to Atlantic waters (Whitfield et al. 2002, Semmens et al. 2004, Ruiz-Carus et al. 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Whitfield et al. 2002 source
    • cites Semmens et al. 2004 source

      The Results identify Indo-Pacific lionfish among non-native fishes sighted in the western Atlantic and say the observed species were imported for aquaria. The Discussion finds aquarium releases consistent with the introductions, supporting the claim's hedged pathway. Our copy does not describe lionfish as venomous predators or establish their species-specific popularity in the aquarium trade. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Ruiz-Carus et al. 2006

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans and P. miles complex) has become widely established along the United States Southeast coast and continues to colonize the Caribbean.

    “The Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans and P. miles complex) has become widely established along the United States Southeast coast and continues to colonize the Caribbean, yet its biology and ecology is only beginning to be understood.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Morris et al. 2009 source
    • cites Schofield 2009 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Along the United States Southeast Atlantic coast, and in Bermuda and the Bahamas, red lionfish Pterois volitans and devil firefish P. miles are now established and are continuing to expand their range in the Caribbean.

    “Along the United States Southeast Atlantic coast, and in Bermuda and the Bahamas, red lionfish Pterois volitans and devil firefish P. miles are now established and are continuing to expand their range in the Caribbean (Morris et al. 2009, Schofield 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Morris et al. 2009 source
    • cites Schofield 2009 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Stomach contents provide information on ingested prey, representing the animal's diet over the last few hours to days.

    “Stomach contents provided information on ingested prey, representing the animal's diet over the last few hours to days, while stable isotopes offered additional information on the trophic status of lionfish by providing a long-term integration of the diet over previous weeks to months (Cocheret de la Morinière et al. 2003).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cocheret de la Morinière et al. 2003 source

      The paper’s introductory discussion (page not available in our copy) says stomach-content analysis identifies ingested prey and usually represents diet over the last few hours. It also says stable isotopes reflect diet over previous weeks to months. It does not support extending the stomach-content window to days. (LLM, conf=0.89)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Bahamian studies documented lionfish at 5 to 177 times higher densities than in their native range.

    “Bahamian studies documented lionfish at 5 to 177 times higher densities than in their native range (Grubich et al. 2009), capable of reducing reef fish recruitment by 79% from experimental patch reefs, and preying mostly on fishes (78% by volume), including 41 species from 21 families (Albins & Hixon 2008, Green & Cote 2009, Morris & Akins 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Grubich et al. 2009 source

      The main text reports Western Atlantic densities of about 21.2–390 lionfish per hectare and much lower estimates at Palau’s Helen Reef Atoll; those figures can yield roughly 5- to 177-fold comparisons. It does not identify the full Western Atlantic range as Bahamian or state the 5–177 figure as a finding of Bahamian studies. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Lionfish have become widespread residents in the Southeast US Atlantic region.

    “These hard bottom reefs are well recognized as essential fish habitats that support economically valuable commercial and sport fisheries and an increasingly popular sport diving industry (Struhsaker 1969, Parker & Ross 1986), and lionfish have become widespread residents in the region (Whitfield et al. 2007, Morris et al. 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Whitfield et al. 2007 source

      Our copy contains a correction discussing lionfish abundance in surveyed areas and the head-boat fishery, but gives no geographic distribution or evidence that lionfish were widespread residents of the Southeast US Atlantic region. Searches for established populations and geographic range returned only that correction; the relevant distribution discussion may be missing from our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Morris et al. 2009 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Lionfish in the Bahamas prey mostly on fishes (78% by volume), including 41 species from 21 families.

    “Bahamian studies documented lionfish at 5 to 177 times higher densities than in their native range (Grubich et al. 2009), capable of reducing reef fish recruitment by 79% from experimental patch reefs, and preying mostly on fishes (78% by volume), including 41 species from 21 families (Albins & Hixon 2008, Green & Cote 2009, Morris & Akins 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Green & Cote 2009 source

      The paper’s main text reports lionfish densities in the Bahamas and cites a 79% reduction in native-fish recruitment on experimental reefs. It does not address prey composition, the 78% by-volume figure, or the count of 41 species from 21 families (searched for those figures and lionfish diet). (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Morris & Akins 2009 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The narrower depth distribution of lionfish in northern parts of the invaded range may be related to winter water temperatures.

    “For example, the narrower depth distribution of lionfish in northern parts of the invaded range may be related to winter water temperatures (Whitfield et al. 2002, Kimball et al. 2004, Ruiz-Carus et al. 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Whitfield et al. 2002 source

      The Fig. 4 caption identifies a February 16°C isotherm as the likely inshore limit of lionfish habitat, and the Potential survival section says cold winter water likely prevents overwintering on the northeastern shelf. These passages support a possible temperature-related limit, but the paper does not establish that the depth distribution is narrower in northern than in southern parts of the invaded range. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Kimball et al. 2004 source
    • cites Ruiz-Carus et al. 2006

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Onslow Bay reef fishes include species utilizing a benthic pathway and species utilizing a pelagic pathway.

    “Onslow Bay reef fishes include those utilizing a benthic pathway (filled symbols) and pelagic pathway (open symbols).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Thomas & Cahoon (1993) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Prey categories in lionfish diet were predominately fish (~99% of total volume) from 16 families.

    “Analyses of stomach contents (n = 183) and stable isotopes (n = 115) suggest a generalist carnivorous diet, and prey categories were predominately fish (~99% of total volume) from 16 families.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Major differences in the importance of prey were seen between years: Serranidae and Scaridae dominated the diet in 2004, while Haemulidae, Carangidae, and Crustacea were important in 2006.

    “Serranidae and Scaridae dominated the diet in 2004 while Haemulidae, Carangidae (scad and jacks), and Crustacea were important in 2006”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Mean number of prey per stomach was 4.0 ± 0.36 in 2004 (n = 104) and 5.5 ± 1.0 in 2006 (n = 79), with a significant difference (1-way ANOSIM, R = 0.015, p = 0.035).

    “mean number of prey per stomach in 2004 vs. 2006 was 4.0 ± 0.36, n = 104 vs. 5.5 ± 1.0, n = 79 (Fig. 5C; 1-way ANOSIM, R = 0.015, p = 0.035).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Unidentifiable fish prey came from the same species and in similar proportions as identifiable species.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Unidentifiable prey fishes accounted for 45% by both volume and weight, and 57% by number.

    “Unidentifiable prey fishes accounted for 45% by both volume and weight, and 57% by number.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Lionfish muscle tissue δ15N values ranged from 9.61 to 12.07‰, with an overall mean of 11.00 ± 0.04‰.

    “The range in δ 15 N values was greater (9.61 to 12.07 ‰), with an overall mean of 11.00 ± 0.04 ‰ (Fig. 7).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The smallest lionfish contained the greatest proportion by volume of crustacean prey, and higher proportions of small-bodied benthic fishes such as gobies (Gobiidae) and blennies (Blenniidae).

    “We found that the smallest lionfish contained the greatest proportion by volume of crustacean prey, and higher proportions of small bodied benthic fishes such as gobies (Gobiidae) and blennies (Blenniidae)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Prey categories that were important (sea basses, parrotfishes) in 2004 were less important in 2006, when grunts, crustaceans, and scad were the dominant prey items.

    “We found that prey categories that were important (sea basses, parrotfishes) in 2004 were less important in 2006 (when grunts, crustaceans, and scad were the dominant prey items).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    A diverse array of prey fishes from 16 different families was observed in the stomachs, with mean volume 3.77 ± 0.37 ml (n = 176).

    “a diverse array of prey fishes from 16 different families was observed in the stomachs (3.77 ± 0.37 ml, n = 176; Table 1, Fig. 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    With increasing size, the percent volume of larger-bodied prey such as sea basses, parrotfishes, and grunts increased, along with the variety of different prey categories consumed.

    “With increasing size, the percent volume of larger-bodied prey such as sea basses, parrotfishes, and grunts increased, along with the variety of different prey categories consumed”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Grunts were observed most frequently in the environment and were also the most frequent prey in lionfish stomachs.

    “Visual surveys of prey availability compared with prey from stomach contents revealed that grunts were observed most frequently in the environment and also in the stomachs of lionfish (Fig. 6).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Lionfish muscle tissue δ13C values exhibited little variability between samples, with an overall mean of -16.60 ± 0.02‰ and a range of -16.0 to -17.2‰.

    “The δ 13 C values of lionfish muscle tissue exhibited little variability between samples, with an overall mean of -16.60 ± 0.02 ‰ (range -16.0 to -17.2 ‰).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The overall distribution of prey numbers consumed by lionfish between years was statistically significant but not biologically significant, indicated by a low global R statistic.

    “In the case of number of prey, the low global R statistic indicates that the overall distribution of prey numbers consumed between years, although statistically significant (because of large sample sizes; Warwick 1993, Warwick & Clarke 2001), was not biologically significant.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Warwick 1993 source
    • cites Warwick & Clarke 2001

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The mean prey/predator TL ratio for 2004 was 0.18 ± 0.01 (max 0.41, n = 41), compared with 0.16 ± 0.01 (max 0.25, n = 35) for 2006, and the difference was not significant (t-test, t74 = 1.84, p = 0.07).

    “The mean prey/predator TL ratio for 2004 was 0.18 ± 0.01 (max.0.41, n = 41), compared with 0.16 ± 0.01 (max.0.25, n = 35) for 2006 and the difference was not significant (t-test, t 74 = 1.84, p = 0.07).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    A 47 cm (1435 g) lionfish was landed off North Carolina.

    “a 47 cm (1435 g) lionfish was landed off North Carolina (J.Morris unpubl.)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites J.Morris unpubl.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The average prey/predator TL ratio was slightly higher off North Carolina (0.16-0.18 vs. 0.15 in the Bahamas), though the maximum prey/predator TL ratio was higher in the Bahamas (0.48 vs. 0.25-0.41 in North Carolina).

    “In addition, the average prey/predator TL ratio was slightly higher off North Carolina (0.16-0.18 vs. 0.15 in the Bahamas), though the maximum prey/predator TL ratio was higher in the Bahamas (0.48 vs. 0.25-0.41 in North Carolina) (Albins & Hixon 2008, Morris & Akins 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Albins & Hixon 2008 source
    • cites Morris & Akins 2009 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Smaller-bodied fishes such as gobies, basslets (Grammatidae), and wrasses were ranked as the most important prey items in the Bahamas; whereas, typically larger-bodied prey (sea basses, grunts, parrotfishes) were most important off North Carolina.

    “Smaller-bodied fishes such as gobies, basslets (Grammatidae), and wrasses were ranked as the most important prey items in the Bahamas; whereas, typically larger-bodied prey (sea basses, grunts, parrotfishes) were most important off North Carolina.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Lionfish are believed to be opportunistic predators that consume fish, shrimp, and crabs in their native range.

    “Classified as demersal mesocarnivores together with groupers (Serranidae) and snappers (Lutjanidae) (Caillet et al. 1986), lionfish are believed to be opportunistic predators that consume fish, shrimp, and crabs in their native range (Hiatt & Strasburg 1960, Harmelin-Vivien & Bouchon 1976, Sano et al. 1984).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Hiatt & Strasburg 1960 source
    • cites Harmelin-Vivien & Bouchon 1976 source
    • cites Sano et al. 1984

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Generalist invasive predators that become established might potentially affect a wide range of species, but the risk of local extirpation for native species is thought to be lower than for specialized invasive predators.

    “Generalist invasive predators that become established might potentially affect a wide range of species, but the risk of local extirpation for native species is thought to be lower than for specialized invasive predators.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rilov 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Invasive species have the potential to transform marine habitats worldwide and to cause hundreds of billions of dollars in economic damages.

    “They have the potential to transform marine habitats worldwide, and to cause hundreds of billions of dollars in economic damages (reviews in Strayer et al. 2006, Molnar et al. 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Strayer et al. 2006 source
    • cites Molnar et al. 2008 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Until their recent invasion of the Atlantic and Caribbean, lionfish biology and ecology were poorly understood beyond general descriptions because conclusions from earlier studies were hampered by small sample sizes (n = 1 to 12).

    “However, until their recent invasion of the Atlantic and Caribbean, their biology and ecology were poorly understood beyond general descriptions because conclusions from these earlier studies were hampered by small sample sizes (n = 1 to 12; Hiatt & Strasburg 1960, Harmelin-Vivien & Bouchon 1976, Sano et al. 1984).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Hiatt & Strasburg 1960 source
    • cites Harmelin-Vivien & Bouchon 1976 source
    • cites Sano et al. 1984

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    To determine the ecological impacts of invasive predators, we must understand how they interact with other members of the community and how their arrival and establishment affects community structure.

    “To determine the ecological impacts of invasive predators, we must understand how they interact with other members of the community and how their arrival and establishment affects community structure (Kalogirou et al. 2007, Rilov 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kalogirou et al. 2007 source
    • cites Rilov 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Invasive species are a major threat to biological diversity.

    “Invasive species are a major threat to biological diversity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Strayer et al. 2006 source
    • cites Molnar et al. 2008 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Specialized invasive predators would be expected to exert stronger direct impacts on a few species and possibly cause more extensive indirect effects, depending on the ecological status of the targeted prey.

    “These, in contrast, would be expected to exert stronger direct impacts on a few species and possibly cause more extensive indirect effects, depending on the ecological status of the targeted prey (Rilov 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rilov 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Predators are known to have profound effects on the structure of marine communities, and have been shown capable of enhancing species diversity and altering community structure.

    “Predators are known to have profound effects on the structure of marine communities, and have been shown capable of enhancing species diversity (keystone species) and altering community structure (trophic cascades) (Paine 1966, Estes et al. 1998, Rilov 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Paine 1966 source
    • cites Estes et al. 1998 source
    • cites Rilov 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Lionfish are classified as demersal mesocarnivores together with groupers (Serranidae) and snappers (Lutjanidae).

    “Classified as demersal mesocarnivores together with groupers (Serranidae) and snappers (Lutjanidae) (Caillet et al. 1986), lionfish are believed to be opportunistic predators that consume fish, shrimp, and crabs in their native range (Hiatt & Strasburg 1960, Harmelin-Vivien & Bouchon 1976, Sano et al. 1984).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Caillet et al. 1986

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Invasive predators have been implicated as one of the most important causes of declines and extinctions of species worldwide.

    “Invasive predators have been implicated as one of the most important causes of declines and extinctions of species worldwide (Vitousek et al. 1997).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Vitousek et al. 1997 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In the native range, lionfish are reported to have few natural predators.

    “For example, in the native range, lionfish are reported to have few natural predators (Bernadsky & Goulet 1991), to attain a size of 38 cm total length (TL), and to reach depths of 50 m (Randall et al. 1990).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bernadsky & Goulet 1991 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The size (and economic importance) of prey consumed in the invaded range may increase as increases in body size (relative to the native range) are known for a variety of invasive species, potentially including lionfish.

    “The size (and economic importance) of prey consumed in the invaded range may increase, however, as increases in body size (relative to the native range) are known for a variety of invasive species, potentially including lionfish (Grosholz & Ruiz 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Grosholz & Ruiz 2003 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Immediate placement of speared lionfish in plastic bags prevented loss of regurgitated stomach contents.

    “Because collection of fishes at depth may cause regurgitation (Bowen 1992), we immediately placed speared lionfish in plastic bags to prevent loss of regurgitated stomach contents.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bowen 1992

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Based on laboratory studies, 80 adult lionfish along a 1 km stretch of reef in Eilat (Red Sea) were estimated to cumulatively consume approximately 230 kg of mostly small-bodied prey fishes per year.

    “Based on laboratory studies, 80 adult lionfish along a 1 km stretch of reef in Eilat (Red Sea) were estimated to cumulatively consume approximately 230 kg of mostly small-bodied prey fishes per year (Fishelson 1997).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fishelson 1997 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Lionfish are capable of reducing reef fish recruitment by 79% from experimental patch reefs.

    “Bahamian studies documented lionfish at 5 to 177 times higher densities than in their native range (Grubich et al. 2009), capable of reducing reef fish recruitment by 79% from experimental patch reefs, and preying mostly on fishes (78% by volume), including 41 species from 21 families (Albins & Hixon 2008, Green & Cote 2009, Morris & Akins 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Albins & Hixon 2008 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    These depth and size extensions, as well as novel observations of predation on lionfish in the invaded range, probably reflect the paucity of investigations in the native range.

    “These depth and size extensions, as well as novel observations of predation on lionfish in the invaded range, probably reflect the paucity of investigations in the native range.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    These hard bottom reefs are well recognized as essential fish habitats that support economically valuable commercial and sport fisheries and an increasingly popular sport diving industry.

    “These hard bottom reefs are well recognized as essential fish habitats that support economically valuable commercial and sport fisheries and an increasingly popular sport diving industry (Struhsaker 1969, Parker & Ross 1986), and lionfish have become widespread residents in the region (Whitfield et al. 2007, Morris et al. 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Struhsaker 1969

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Parker & Ross 1986 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In the invaded range, lionfish have been observed to occur at greater depths (down to 304.8 m) than in the native range.

    “In contrast, lionfish in the invaded range have been found in the stomach contents of piscivorous groupers (Maljkoviç et al. 2008) and have been observed to occur at greater depths (down to 304.8 m, R. Gilmore unpubl.)and attain sizes larger (47.6 cm TL; J. Morris unpubl.)than in the native range.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites R. Gilmore unpubl.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In the native range, lionfish attain a size of 38 cm total length.

    “For example, in the native range, lionfish are reported to have few natural predators (Bernadsky & Goulet 1991), to attain a size of 38 cm total length (TL), and to reach depths of 50 m (Randall et al. 1990).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Randall et al. 1990

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The cumulative number of prey categories recorded (18) had neared an asymptote, and additional estimates indicated only 1.5 to 3 prey categories may have been missed by sampling.

    “The cumulative number of prey categories (18) recorded from these specimens had neared an asymptote and additional estimates of prey items indicated that only 1.5 to 3 prey categories may have been missed by sampling”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Unidentifiable fish prey came from the same species and in similar proportions as identifiable species.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Despite recent studies of potential impacts of lionfish to tropical reef communities in the Bahamas, impacts to warm-temperate hard bottom reefs of the Southeast US Atlantic Ocean remain unknown.

    “Despite recent studies of potential impacts of lionfish to tropical reef communities in the Bahamas (Albins & Hixon 2008, Morris & Akins 2009, Cote & Maljkoviç 2010), impacts to warm-temperate hard bottom reefs of the Southeast US Atlantic Ocean remain unknown.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Albins & Hixon 2008 source
    • cites Morris & Akins 2009 source
    • cites Cote & Maljkoviç 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In the invaded range, lionfish have been found in the stomach contents of piscivorous groupers.

    “In contrast, lionfish in the invaded range have been found in the stomach contents of piscivorous groupers (Maljkoviç et al. 2008) and have been observed to occur at greater depths (down to 304.8 m, R. Gilmore unpubl.)and attain sizes larger (47.6 cm TL; J. Morris unpubl.)than in the native range.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Maljkoviç et al. 2008 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The invaded range, and densities, size attained and depth distribution of lionfish in invaded habitats, together with laboratory studies of food consumption, all indicate the possibility for substantial impacts to both native prey communities and trophic competitors.

    “The invaded range, and densities, size attained and depth distribution of lionfish in invaded habitats, together with laboratory studies of food consumption, all indicate the possibility for substantial impacts to both native prey communities and trophic competitors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In the native range, lionfish reach depths of 50 m.

    “For example, in the native range, lionfish are reported to have few natural predators (Bernadsky & Goulet 1991), to attain a size of 38 cm total length (TL), and to reach depths of 50 m (Randall et al. 1990).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Randall et al. 1990

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In the invaded range, lionfish attain sizes larger (47.6 cm TL) than in the native range.

    “In contrast, lionfish in the invaded range have been found in the stomach contents of piscivorous groupers (Maljkoviç et al. 2008) and have been observed to occur at greater depths (down to 304.8 m, R. Gilmore unpubl.)and attain sizes larger (47.6 cm TL; J. Morris unpubl.)than in the native range.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites J. Morris unpubl.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A comprehensive understanding of the impacts of invasive species requires investigation of interactions at broad geographic scales, because impacts may vary as invaders confront and respond to different ecological and physical factors in their invaded range.

    “A comprehensive understanding of the impacts of invasive species requires investigation of interactions at broad geographic scales (Crooks & Rilov 2009), because impacts may vary as invaders confront and respond to different ecological and physical factors in their invaded range.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Crooks & Rilov 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The differences in prey importance between years may have been due to the availability of prey or a reflection of the sizes of lionfish collected between years.

    “These differences may have been due to the availability of prey or a reflection of the sizes of lionfish collected between years.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Lionfish appear to be generalist predators that feed primarily on benthic fishes.

    “Since lionfish appear to be generalist predators that feed primarily on benthic fishes”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Serranids, haemulids, and carangids are some of the most important food items in the scamp diet.

    “Like lionfish, serranids, haemulids, and carangids are some of the most important food items in the scamp diet”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Matheson et al. 1986

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Predators may preferentially attack large schools if school size increases the conspicuousness and detectability of prey.

    “Predators may preferentially attack large schools if school size increases the conspicuousness and detectability of prey (Botham & Krause 2005), and not all predators succumb equally to the confusion effect attributed to schools (Turesson & Brönmark 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Botham & Krause 2005 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Such an ontogenetic shift is a general pattern for numerous piscivores and can result in increased growth rates following the shift.

    “Such an ontogenetic shift is a general pattern for numerous piscivores and can result in increased growth rates following the shift (Reñones et al. 2002, Scharf et al. 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Reñones et al. 2002 source
    • cites Scharf et al. 2009 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Available evidence suggests that the most successful fish invaders appear to be piscivorous or omnivorous and ecological generalists.

    “Available evidence suggests that the most successful fish invaders appear to be piscivorous or omnivorous and ecological generalists (Kolar & Lodge 2001, Unmack & Fagan 2004).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kolar & Lodge 2001 source
    • cites Unmack & Fagan 2004 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Not all predators succumb equally to the confusion effect attributed to schools.

    “Predators may preferentially attack large schools if school size increases the conspicuousness and detectability of prey (Botham & Krause 2005), and not all predators succumb equally to the confusion effect attributed to schools (Turesson & Brönmark 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Turesson & Brönmark 2004 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Morris & Akins (2009) found a greater number of families of fish prey (21 vs. 16 off North Carolina) in their samples but also had a larger sample size (n = 1069 vs. 183 in the present study).

    “Morris & Akins (2009) found a greater number of families of fish prey (21 vs. 16 off North Carolina) in their samples but also had a larger sample size (n = 1069 vs. 183 in the present study).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Morris & Akins 2009 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    When present, mid-water schooling herrings (Clupeidae) and fusiliers (Caesionidae) were selected over reef-associated species by groupers.

    “When present, however, mid-water schooling herrings (Clupeidae) and fusiliers (Caesionidae) were selected over reef-associated species, similar to our observations of consumption of mid-water schooling grunts and scad.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Morris and Akins (2009) found that the proportion of fishes in lionfish diet increased with lionfish size.

    “Morris and Akins (2009) examined lionfish stomachs from the Bahamas and also found that the proportion of fishes in the diet increased with lionfish size.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Morris and Akins (2009) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The study did not conduct prey censuses in 2004, so it is unknown whether differences in prey importance between years were a response to local availability of prey.

    “Unfortunately, we did not conduct prey censuses in 2004 so we do not know if these differences in prey importance between years were a response to the local availability of prey.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Numerous Atlantic fishes are capable of consuming venomous scorpaenids, including goosefish and mutton snapper, which are known to consume blackbelly rosefish and spotted scorpionfish.

    “numerous Atlantic fishes are capable of consuming venomous scorpaenids, including goosefish Lophius americanus and mutton snapper Lutjanus analis, which are known to consume the venomous scorpaenid blackbelly rosefish Helicolenus dactylopterus and spotted scorpionfish Scorpaena plumieri, respectively”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Randall 1967

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Bowman et al. 2000

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Sustained control measures may mitigate the eventual extent of lionfish populations, but only on a local scale.

    “Sustained control measures may mitigate the eventual extent of lionfish populations, but only on a local scale”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Piscivores are believed most capable of altering the communities which they invade.

    “Piscivores are believed most capable of altering the communities which they invade”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Marchetti et al. 2004 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The combined effects of overfishing, climate change, and multiple invasive species on ecosystems are not well understood but have been implicated in ecosystem state shifts and decline in several marine ecosystems.

    “The combined effects of overfishing, climate change, and multiple invasive species on ecosystems are not well understood but have been implicated in ecosystem state shifts and decline in several marine ecosystems”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Harris & Tyrrell 2001 source
    • cites Stachowicz et al. 2002 source
    • cites Frank et al. 2005 source
66 of 66

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Active cryptic or juvenile prey fishes 10 cm and less in total length are often underestimated in surveys of larger conspicuous fishes.

    “This group is often underestimated in surveys of larger conspicuous fishes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Different fish species do not show differential digestion rates.

    “since different fish species are not expected to show differential digestion rates”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Unidentifiable fish prey came from the same species and in similar proportions as identifiable species.

    “we assumed that unidentifiable fish prey came from the same species and in similar pro-portions as identifiable species”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Benthic algae have a similar N isotope value to phytoplankton.

    “we assumed that benthic algae would have a similar N isotope value”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Carnivorous fish muscle tissue is enriched by 3.4‰ from its prey.

    “We assumed that carnivorous fish muscle tissue is enriched by 3.4 ‰ from its prey”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Herbivorous fish and invertebrates are enriched by 2.4‰ from their food source.

    “and that herbivorous fish and invertebrates are enriched by 2.4 ‰ from their food source”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    A trophic level of 2.3 is assumed for the lionfish food web.

    “Assuming a trophic level of 2.3 and a 0.8 ‰ increase in δ 13 C per trophic step”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    There is a 0.8‰ increase in δ13C per trophic step.

    “Assuming a trophic level of 2.3 and a 0.8 ‰ increase in δ 13 C per trophic step”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Stomach contents provide only a snapshot of prey consumed.

    “Since stomach contents provide only a snapshot of prey consumed, we hoped that samples from multiple years would provide insight regarding the consistency or variability of targeted prey.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Stable N isotopes provide a means of assessing ontogenetic changes in lionfish diets and the trophic level at which lionfish are feeding.

    “Stable N isotopes provide another means of assessing ontogenetic changes in lionfish diets and the trophic level at which lionfish are feeding.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Muscle tissue isotope values integrate diet over a longer period than stomach contents and reflect all assimilated prey rather than identifiable remains of ingested prey.

    “The isotope values of muscle tissue integrate diet over a longer period of time than do stomach contents, and reflect the isotope values of all assimilated prey, rather than the identifiable remains of ingested prey.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The 2-source mixing model appropriately estimates the importance of benthic primary producers to the food web supporting lionfish.

    “The importance of benthic primary producers to the food web supporting lionfish, as determined by the 2-source mixing model”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The 47 cm lionfish specimen is representative of maximum lionfish size in the Southeast US Atlantic.

    “a 47 cm (1435 g) lionfish was landed off North Carolina (J.Morris unpubl.)”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Prey/predator TL ratios from observed stomach contents can be extrapolated to larger lionfish.

    “maximum prey/predator TL ratios were 0.41 (or 0.48 if we use Bahamas estimates)”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Lionfish have planktonic larval dispersal and opportunistic colonization of habitats and food resources.

    “Because of their planktonic larval dispersal and their opportunistic colonization of habitats and use of food resources”
15 of 15

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Caillet GM (1977) Several approaches to the feeding ecology of fishes. In: Simenstad CA, Lipovsky SJ (eds) Fish food habits studies. Proc 1st Pacific NW Technical Workshop, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, p 1–13
  2. Parrish JD (1987) The trophic biology of snappers and groupers. In: Polovina JJ, Ralston S (eds) Tropical snappers and groupers: biology and fisheries management. Westview Press, Boulder, CO, p 405–463

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Muñoz, R., Currin, C., & Whitfield, P.
Affiliations
  • NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (US)
  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US)
Venue
Marine Ecology Progress Series
Publisher
Inter-Research Science Center
Published
2011-06-27
Volume
432
Pages
181-193
ISSN
  • 0171-8630 (ISSN-L)
  • 1616-1599
DOI
10.3354/meps09154
OpenAlex
W2061369979
Semantic Scholar
08f07afce065136e8fe3f98b7a248ae3df09af6e
Cited by
146
References
88
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
FWCI
7.08
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
Marine Ecology Progress Series (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Marine Ecology and Invasive Species
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Fish Ecology and Management Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Isotope Analysis in Ecology
Keywords
Indo-Pacific lionfish, Pterois volitans, Pterois miles, invasive species, diet, piscivory, stomach contents, stable isotopes, prey abundance, serranid fish, carangid fishes, Onslow Bay, Southeast Atlantic, generalist feeding

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-20.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-20.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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