The DOI matches its Crossref record; 84 of the 87 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 13 of the 56 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats
Open accessAbstract
Tuna are among the most ubiquitous oceanic predators, and range globally from the equator to temperate regions (0 to 55° latitude).While the distribution of adult fish has been mapped from fishing records, the extent of tuna spawning and larval habitats is less well understood.We compiled and analyzed data on the global distributions of larval occurrence for 7 major oceanic tuna species to investigate environmental predictors of larval habitat.Our results showed that tuna larvae occur within the adults' distributional range, but were restricted to lower latitudes and higher water temperatures than adults, largely consistent with Schaefer's 'temperature hypothesis'.Temperature requirements explained much of the variation in larval occurrence, though temperature by itself tended to over-predict the extent of larval habitats.We also demonstrate that tuna larvae have an elevated probability of occurrence at intermediate values of eddy kinetic energy, generally supporting Bakun's 'ocean triad hypothesis', which relates tuna larval habitats to mesoscale oceanographic activity.However, some deviations in this pattern were also observed, such as for albacore.Regions of suitable larval habitats were most commonly found in western boundary currents, where warm water masses coincide with intermediate eddy kinetic energy.Bluefin tuna species are exceptional though, in that their spawning habitats tended to be much more confined than predicted from oceanographic conditions.Our results provide support for a combination of the 2 hypotheses to explain global environmental requirements for tuna larvae.We have identified oceanographic parameters that can easily be measured by remote sensing and features that should be considered when determining areas of critical habitat for tuna larvae.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This study compiled global larval occurrence records for 7 tuna species and modeled presence/absence against sea-surface temperature (SST) and eddy kinetic energy (EKE). It found support for a combination of the temperature and ocean triad hypotheses, with larvae restricted to warmer, lower-latitude waters than adults and generally peaking at intermediate EKE, except for bluefin tunas and albacore.
Key findings
- Tuna larvae occupied a much narrower range than adults: generally 30°S–30°N, except Mediterranean larvae above 35°N, whereas adults ranged from 60°S to 60°N. Larvae preferred warmer waters, with maximum temperature tolerances ≥28.5°C for all species; minima were <22°C for skipjack, yellowfin, albacore, bigeye and Pacific bluefin, but >24°C for Atlantic and southern bluefin. Maximum larval occurrence probabilities were mostly at SSTs of 27.4–27.8°C, except Atlantic bluefin (26.5°C) and Pacific bluefin (25.3°C).
- Temperature was positively related to larval occurrence in all species analyzed, with a lower tolerance around 20°C, lower than Schaefer’s 24°C spawning boundary; however, temperature alone over-predicted plausible larval habitats for all species, especially bluefin tunas.
- EKE effects varied: skipjack, yellowfin and bigeye larvae had highest occurrence at intermediate EKE of 0.01–0.06 m² s⁻²; Atlantic bluefin showed a linear positive relationship; albacore showed a negative linear relationship; southern bluefin EKE was not significant. Model deviance explained was 39.6% for skipjack, 38.9% for yellowfin, 32% for bigeye and 29.3% for albacore.
- Suitable larval habitats were most common in western boundary currents where warm water masses coincide with intermediate EKE; bluefin tuna spawning habitats were much more spatially confined than predicted from oceanographic conditions.
Methods
- The authors reviewed scientific and grey literature on tuna larval surveys, retaining 150 articles, of which 92 reported georeferenced tuna larval catches. They mapped presence/absence for 7 oceanic tuna species in 1678 5° × 5° grid cells between 70°S and 70°N, excluding land; absence data came from geo-referenced absences in targeted cruises and historical ichthyoplankton surveys.
- Seasonal SST from satellite remote sensing and EKE calculated from satellite-altimetry-derived geostrophic velocity components were averaged to 5° cells. Larval presence/absence was modeled with binomial generalized additive models (GAMs) using smoothing splines for SST and EKE, with an area term added for wide-ranging species; stepwise backwards selection chose best models.
- Larval temperature tolerances were estimated from probability density histograms of observed occurrences by SST; adult temperature tolerances were taken from Boyce et al. (2008). Adult ranges for comparison came from Worm & Tittensor (2011).
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: the combined database had good spatial coverage but individual surveys were spatially and temporally fragmented, not internationally coordinated, and often covered only restricted areas within main spawning grounds; presence-absence data provide occurrence but not relative abundance or density; larval species identification from morphology can be problematic, especially in the Gulf of Mexico; sampling years ranged from the 1920s to the 2000s; EKE values were missing for the Mediterranean, so no predictions were obtained there; bigeye tuna data are few and interpretations should be cautious.
- Evident from the text: the GAMs are correlative and cannot establish the mechanisms linking SST/EKE to larval survival; EKE is used as a proxy for mesoscale activity and frontal density; the 5° grid may miss smaller-scale or topographically induced mesoscale structures in confined seas; adult range comparisons rely on contemporary ranges from Worm & Tittensor (2011), which may not match the temporal coverage of larval surveys.
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Claims the paper makes
39 Own result · 16 Own interpretation · 14 No full text of the sources · 9 No basis given · 7 Sources not found · 6 Partly supported · 4 Supported · 3 Not checked yet · 3 Own method · 2 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This supports the ocean triad hypothesis (Bakun 2006).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Bakun 2006 source
The MESOSCALE EDDIES section describes the ocean triad as a sequence of enrichment, concentration and retention that can favor biological productivity and reproductive success. The citation identifies the hypothesis invoked by the citing authors; their statement that their own results support it is not a finding attributed to Bakun (2006). (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Seasonal SST and EKE averaged over 5° × 5° grid cells represent the environmental conditions relevant to tuna larval occurrence.
- Rests on an assumption: Larval presence/absence records compiled from different years and sources are comparable enough to model global environmental relationships.
- Rests on an assumption: Species-level morphological identifications in the source articles are accurate enough for the analyses.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Regarding favorable temperatures for growth, the compilation of data from different tuna species suggests increasing growth rates with temperature (Reglero et al. 2011), but further studies are needed at the species level.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > The temperature hypothesis
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Reglero et al. 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Maximum specific growth rate” section reports that specific growth rates of Pacific bluefin tuna larvae increased with temperature, and the “Mortality effect of size-surfing cannibalism” section likewise describes faster larval growth in warmer water. The cited paper supports the temperature–growth relationship for larvae, but the cited passage does not establish it from a compilation of growth data across different tuna species. (LLM, conf=0.82)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Surveys often covered restricted areas within the limits of the main spawning areas, a common issue in icthyoplankton surveys (Bernal et al. 2007).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Bernal et al. 2007 source
The Discussion says survey coverage was incomplete at the northern and southern limits of the studied area. It also describes this as a common problem in ichthyoplankton survey analyses: coverage may reach only the limits of the main spawning areas while residual spawning occurs beyond them. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Physiological temperature limits for biological processes such as gonad development and egg development obtained from experiments (Sawada et al. 2005, Margulies et al. 2007, Masuma et al. 2008) matched the spatially observed larval temperature tolerance limits well.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > The temperature hypothesis
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Sawada et al. 2005 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The spawning and rearing sections report temperatures at which Pacific bluefin tuna spawned and larvae were raised in captivity. They do not establish physiological temperature limits for gonad or egg development, or compare those temperatures with spatially observed larval tolerance limits. The indexed passages provide section labels but no specific page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not matchedcites Margulies et al. 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Masuma et al. 2008 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Temperature is a key factor in determining the distributions of adult tuna (Worm et al. 2005, Boyce et al. 2008, Tittensor et al. 2010), as well as of larvae (present study).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > The temperature hypothesis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Worm et al. 2005 source
- Supportedcites Boyce et al. 2008 source
The Introduction says water temperature has repeatedly emerged as the best single predictor of tuna and billfish density and distribution. The Results separately report temperature tolerances and preferences for adults, supporting the claim’s adult-tuna focus. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tittensor et al. 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The loophole hypothesis has been partially tested for bluefin tuna in the Balearic Sea (Reglero et al. 2011), but needs to be tested for other species and locations in the future.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > The ocean triad hypothesis
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Reglero et al. 2011 source
The Introduction (page not available) describes field observations around the Balearic Islands, including bluefin tuna larvae, and models of whether early-hatched larvae can exploit smaller larvae as prey. The Discussion (page not available) connects this analysis to the hypothesis that successful larvae must feed on smaller prey while avoiding larger predators. This supports describing the study as a partial test of that hypothesis in Balearic bluefin tuna. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Southern bluefin tuna larvae were found only in the tropical East Indian Ocean (Fig. 2c).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found a significant positive effect of temperature in all of the species analyzed.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Seasonal SST and EKE averaged over 5° × 5° grid cells represent the environmental conditions relevant to tuna larval occurrence.
- Rests on an assumption: Larval presence/absence records compiled from different years and sources are comparable enough to model global environmental relationships.
- Rests on an assumption: Species-level morphological identifications in the source articles are accurate enough for the analyses.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Atlantic bluefin tuna, skipjack tuna and yellow fin tuna had slightly higher upper tolerance limits for adults than for larvae.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > Temperature tolerances
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Species-level morphological identifications in the source articles are accurate enough for the analyses.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Atlantic bluefin tuna larvae were found only in semi-enclosed seas: the Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico (Fig. 2a).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 27
- It may state two separate claims as one. 37
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The temperature effects on meta bolism have not been specifically studied in tuna larvae; however, higher temperatures are ex pected to increase metabolic costs, as has been observed in scombrid larvae (Giguère et al. 1988).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > The temperature hypothesis
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Giguère et al. 1988 source
The Abstract reports that routine metabolic rates in larval Atlantic mackerel increase with temperature. The Results quantify a 1.6–1.7-fold increase for a 10°C rise. The citing sentence presents the implication for tuna larvae as an expectation, not as a finding measured in tuna. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The ocean triad hypothesis suggests tuna spawning generally occurs in areas with mesoscale oceanographic features such as fronts and eddies (Bakun 2006).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > The ocean triad hypothesis
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Bakun 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Illustration: North Atlantic bluefin tuna” section links bluefin spawning areas to fronts and mesoscale eddies, and the “Illustration: North Pacific albacore tuna” section describes another favourable eddy-associated larval habitat. The paper presents these as examples of ocean-triad processes, but does not establish that tuna generally spawn in such areas across species. (LLM, conf=0.83)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Bakun (2006) proposed that eddies are associated with high productivity, increasing the chances of larval survival.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > The ocean triad hypothesis
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Bakun 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The MESOSCALE EDDIES section says eddy processes can produce high biological productivity and reproductive success. But OPPORTUNITY AND ADVANTAGE (p. 117) cautions that food-rich conditions can also attract predators: improved larval survival depends on adequate food coinciding with sufficiently low predation, not productivity alone. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Peaks of food abundance during both the planktivorous and the piscivorous stages of larval development may be a determinant of survival in these oligotrophic areas (Reglero et al. 2011).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > The ocean triad hypothesis
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Reglero et al. 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Model simulations section links zooplankton density to food limitation during planktivory, and Summary and broader potential implications links prey density to mortality during piscivory. The paper therefore supports a role for food availability, but the passages do not identify peaks of food abundance at both stages as a determinant of survival. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“A preference for similar ranges of EKE has been re ported for adult breeding Atlantic bluefin tuna distributions in the Gulf of Mexico (Teo et al. 2007), and mesoscale activity is commonly found in areas with larvae (Muhling et al. 2013).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > The ocean triad hypothesis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Teo et al. 2007 source
- Supportedcites Muhling et al. 2013 source
The citation to Muhling et al. (2013) supports the clause about larvae, not the preceding adult EKE claim attributed to Teo et al. The Discussion (page not provided) reports that bluefin tuna larvae in both studied regions were most likely to be collected where mesoscale activity and eddy generation were moderate. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In general, tuna species show a preference for mesoscale structures, with moderate activity to spawn, but avoid high EKE (Teo et al. 2007, Reglero et al. 2012, Muhling et al. 2013); one factor involved could be the opportunity to disperse during the larval stage.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > The ocean triad hypothesis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Teo et al. 2007 source
- Partly supportedcites Reglero et al. 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Spatial portioning section says western-stock bluefin tuna breed close to mesoscale structures, and the Results report the best albacore model fit at slow to intermediate geostrophic velocities. But the Results also report a preference for high frontal activity in bluefin tuna and a positive relationship with high geostrophic velocities in bullet tuna. The paper does not establish that tuna species generally avoid high eddy kinetic energy (EKE). (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites Muhling et al. 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that Atlantic bluefin tuna larvae in both study areas were most likely to occur in regions of moderate mesoscale activity, not strong directional flow; it also infers that adults concentrated spawning in moderate currents away from large energetic eddies. The paper does not establish this preference for tuna species generally or specifically measure avoidance of high eddy kinetic energy (EKE). (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Skipjack, yellowfin and bigeye tuna were, in contrast, distributed throughout the tropics in every ocean, both as adults and larvae (Fig. 3a-c), while albacore larvae were also found at higher latitudes in the Mediterranean Sea with low occurrences in the equatorial zone (Fig. 3d).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maximum probabilities of occurrence of larvae for most of the species were pre dominantly in SSTs between 27.4 and 27.8°C, whereas Atlantic and Pacific bluefin tuna were, on average, found at slightly colder temperatures (26.5 and 25.3°C, respectively).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > Temperature tolerances
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Species-level morphological identifications in the source articles are accurate enough for the analyses.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bigeye tuna were predicted to occur in every ocean, being distributed in the equatorial area, but predicted probabilities of occurrence were lower than those for skipjack and yellowfin tuna (Fig. 7c).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Seasonal SST and EKE averaged over 5° × 5° grid cells represent the environmental conditions relevant to tuna larval occurrence.
- Rests on an assumption: Larval presence/absence records compiled from different years and sources are comparable enough to model global environmental relationships.
- Rests on an assumption: Species-level morphological identifications in the source articles are accurate enough for the analyses.
In the paper
“Our results showed that tuna larvae occur within the adults' distributional range, but were restricted to lower latitudes and higher water temperatures than adults, largely consistent with Schaefer's 'temperature hypothesis'.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schaefer 2001 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prediction for albacore matched well with the absence of larvae in the equatorial zone, predominantly in areas with lower EKE and higher temperature, which, in addition, was also found at northern latitudes (Figs.7d, 8 & 9).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > RESULTS
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Seasonal SST and EKE averaged over 5° × 5° grid cells represent the environmental conditions relevant to tuna larval occurrence.
- Rests on an assumption: Larval presence/absence records compiled from different years and sources are comparable enough to model global environmental relationships.
- Rests on an assumption: Species-level morphological identifications in the source articles are accurate enough for the analyses.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Atlantic bluefin tuna larvae were also present in the Mediterranean Sea, but no predictions were ob tained for this area, since EKE values were not available.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > RESULTS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Seasonal SST and EKE averaged over 5° × 5° grid cells represent the environmental conditions relevant to tuna larval occurrence.
- Rests on an assumption: Larval presence/absence records compiled from different years and sources are comparable enough to model global environmental relationships.
- Rests on an assumption: Species-level morphological identifications in the source articles are accurate enough for the analyses.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tuna larvae preferred warmer waters and tended to have narrower temperature tolerances, on average, than adults (Table 3).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > Temperature tolerances
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Species-level morphological identifications in the source articles are accurate enough for the analyses.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For albacore and southern bluefin tuna, the larval thermal range was found to extend above the upper thermal range of adults (25.2°C compared to 30°C in albacore, 28.4°C compared to 30.2°C in southern bluefin tuna).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > Temperature tolerances
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Species-level morphological identifications in the source articles are accurate enough for the analyses.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Spatial patterns of skipjack and yellowfin tuna were predicted well by the model, with larvae distributed broadly throughout the tropics (Fig. 7a,b).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > RESULTS
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Seasonal SST and EKE averaged over 5° × 5° grid cells represent the environmental conditions relevant to tuna larval occurrence.
- Rests on an assumption: Larval presence/absence records compiled from different years and sources are comparable enough to model global environmental relationships.
- Rests on an assumption: Species-level morphological identifications in the source articles are accurate enough for the analyses.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, tuna larvae were found to occupy latitudes between 30°S and 30°N (with the exception of the Mediterranean Sea where larvae are found upwards of 35°N), whereas adults were found to have a much larger range, from 60°S to 60°N (Figs. 2 & 3).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The probability of larvae occurring in a cell increased with EKE, linearly in Atlantic bluefin tuna (Fig. 4c), and plateauing around intermediate values of 0.01 to 0.06 m 2 s -2 in Pacific bluefin tuna (Fig. 4d), but were not significant in explaining the occurrence of southern bluefin tuna (Table 1).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > RESULTS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Seasonal SST and EKE averaged over 5° × 5° grid cells represent the environmental conditions relevant to tuna larval occurrence.
- Rests on an assumption: Larval presence/absence records compiled from different years and sources are comparable enough to model global environmental relationships.
- Rests on an assumption: Species-level morphological identifications in the source articles are accurate enough for the analyses.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All species showed similar maximum temperature tolerances of ≥28.5°C, but different minima: < 22°C in skipjack tuna, yellowfin tuna, albacore, bigeye tuna and Pacific bluefin tuna and > 24°C in Atlantic bluefin tuna and southern bluefin tuna (Fig 10, Table 3).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > Temperature tolerances
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Species-level morphological identifications in the source articles are accurate enough for the analyses.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The probability of larval occurrence was positively and linearly related to temperature in Atlantic bluefin tuna (Fig. 4a) and southern bluefin tuna (Fig. 4b) larvae, but did not significantly explain the occurrence of Pacific bluefin tuna (Table 1).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Seasonal SST and EKE averaged over 5° × 5° grid cells represent the environmental conditions relevant to tuna larval occurrence.
- Rests on an assumption: Larval presence/absence records compiled from different years and sources are comparable enough to model global environmental relationships.
- Rests on an assumption: Species-level morphological identifications in the source articles are accurate enough for the analyses.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Skipjack, yellowfin and bigeye tuna were, in contrast, distributed throughout the tropics in every ocean, both as adults and larvae (Fig. 3a-c), while albacore larvae were also found at higher latitudes in the Mediterranean Sea with low occurrences in the equatorial zone (Fig. 3d).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to our results, tuna larvae are not typically found in areas of low EKE, and have the highest probability of occurrence at intermediate values of EKE.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Seasonal SST and EKE averaged over 5° × 5° grid cells represent the environmental conditions relevant to tuna larval occurrence.
- Rests on an assumption: Larval presence/absence records compiled from different years and sources are comparable enough to model global environmental relationships.
- Rests on an assumption: Species-level morphological identifications in the source articles are accurate enough for the analyses.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, albacore showed the completely opposite pattern.Their larvae are distributed above and below 10°N and 10°S, avoiding the equatorial waters, a spatial pattern that is well modeled when the negative influence of EKE in the occurrence of albacore larvae is taken into account.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > DISCUSSION
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Seasonal SST and EKE averaged over 5° × 5° grid cells represent the environmental conditions relevant to tuna larval occurrence.
- Rests on an assumption: Larval presence/absence records compiled from different years and sources are comparable enough to model global environmental relationships.
- Rests on an assumption: Species-level morphological identifications in the source articles are accurate enough for the analyses.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here we have identified oceanographic parameters (mesoscale eddies and SST) that can easily be measured by remote sensing and features (eastern boundary currents, semi-enclosed seas) that should be considered when determining areas of critical habitat for tuna larvae.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > CONCLUSIONS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Sampled cells where no tuna larvae were caught represent true absence of tuna larvae.
- Rests on an assumption: The compiled larval data from different sources and time periods are comparable and can be combined into a single global analysis.
- Rests on an assumption: The generalized additive models with SST and EKE capture the main environmental drivers of larval occurrence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, eastern boundary currents have EKE values < 0.01 to 0.02 m 2 s -2 and are associated with colder temperatures.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > The ocean triad hypothesis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Sampled cells where no tuna larvae were caught represent true absence of tuna larvae.
- Rests on an assumption: The compiled larval data from different sources and time periods are comparable and can be combined into a single global analysis.
- Rests on an assumption: The generalized additive models with SST and EKE capture the main environmental drivers of larval occurrence.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A combination of the 2 hypotheses (areas delineated both by temperature > 20°C and with an intermediate EKE) provided the greatest explanatory power for most larval distributions, except for in the 3 bluefin tuna species, which had more restricted spawning locations, and albacore, which preferred low EKE values.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > CONCLUSIONS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Sampled cells where no tuna larvae were caught represent true absence of tuna larvae.
- Rests on an assumption: The compiled larval data from different sources and time periods are comparable and can be combined into a single global analysis.
- Rests on an assumption: The generalized additive models with SST and EKE capture the main environmental drivers of larval occurrence.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The probability of larval occurrence was linear and positively related to EKE in Atlantic bluefin tuna, but linear and negatively related in albacore.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > The ocean triad hypothesis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Sampled cells where no tuna larvae were caught represent true absence of tuna larvae.
- Rests on an assumption: The compiled larval data from different sources and time periods are comparable and can be combined into a single global analysis.
- Rests on an assumption: The generalized additive models with SST and EKE capture the main environmental drivers of larval occurrence.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The distributional range in tunas during the larval phase was related to temperature (temperature hypothesis), though with a lower limit (20°C) than the 24°C traditionally used to delineate tuna spawning-ground boundaries (Schaefer 2001).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > CONCLUSIONS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Sampled cells where no tuna larvae were caught represent true absence of tuna larvae.
- Rests on an assumption: The compiled larval data from different sources and time periods are comparable and can be combined into a single global analysis.
- Rests on an assumption: The generalized additive models with SST and EKE capture the main environmental drivers of larval occurrence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both SST and EKE were found to be major predictors for the spatial distribution of tuna larvae, but the trends of the 2 environmental predictors differed among species.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Seasonal SST and EKE averaged over 5° × 5° grid cells represent the environmental conditions relevant to tuna larval occurrence.
- Rests on an assumption: Larval presence/absence records compiled from different years and sources are comparable enough to model global environmental relationships.
- Rests on an assumption: Species-level morphological identifications in the source articles are accurate enough for the analyses.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to our results, the lower temperature tolerance for tuna larvae appears to be 20°C, at least for some species, though most positive occurrences were observed in warmer temperatures.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > DISCUSSION
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Seasonal SST and EKE averaged over 5° × 5° grid cells represent the environmental conditions relevant to tuna larval occurrence.
- Rests on an assumption: Larval presence/absence records compiled from different years and sources are comparable enough to model global environmental relationships.
- Rests on an assumption: Species-level morphological identifications in the source articles are accurate enough for the analyses.
In the paper
“Broader larval distributions were found for species that mature early in life and do not attain a large size, in contrast to the larger tuna species, which mature at an older age and have a narrower distribution as larvae (Fromentin & Fonteneau 2001), a pattern that correlates with tropical versus temperate tuna.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fromentin & Fonteneau 2001 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Seasonal SST and EKE averaged over 5° × 5° grid cells represent the environmental conditions relevant to tuna larval occurrence.
- Rests on an assumption: Larval presence/absence records compiled from different years and sources are comparable enough to model global environmental relationships.
- Rests on an assumption: Species-level morphological identifications in the source articles are accurate enough for the analyses.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This species benefits from the most extensive sampling at large and regional scales.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > Farley & Davis 1998).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This species can usually be identified using the works by Matsumoto (1958) and Matsumoto et al. (1972).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > Farley & Davis 1998).
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Matsumoto (1958)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Matsumoto et al. (1972)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, in some areas, it is usually in clud ed in the group Thunnus sp.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > Farley & Davis 1998).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This species has a forebrain pigment that helps to separate them from Thunnus species (Richards 2006).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > Farley & Davis 1998).
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Richards 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Albacore larvae have been de scribed by Matsumoto et al. (1972), Alemany (1997) and Richards (2006).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > Farley & Davis 1998).
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Matsumoto et al. (1972)
- Not matchedcites Alemany (1997)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Richards (2006)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“An increase of water temperatures before and during spawning is needed for the adult tunas to release eggs (Margulies et al. 2007).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > The temperature hypothesis
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Margulies et al. 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Bigeye tuna larvae have been reported in the Gulf of Mexico (Nishikawa et al. 1985, Estévez et al. 1993), but further molecular analyses did not identify bigeye tuna in the Strait of Florida (Richardson et al. 2006).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > Farley & Davis 1998).
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Nishikawa et al. 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Estévez et al. 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Richardson et al. 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the global patterns in larval distribution were easier to predict in skipjack and yellowfin tuna than in bluefin tuna species, where spawning areas and larval habitats appear much more spatially constrained.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > DISCUSSION
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Seasonal SST and EKE averaged over 5° × 5° grid cells represent the environmental conditions relevant to tuna larval occurrence.
- Rests on an assumption: Larval presence/absence records compiled from different years and sources are comparable enough to model global environmental relationships.
- Rests on an assumption: Species-level morphological identifications in the source articles are accurate enough for the analyses.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The use of molecular markers is rare but has confirmed skipjack identifications based on morphological traits in the Pacific Sea (Paine et al. 2008) and the Gulf of Mexico (Richardson et al. 2010).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > Farley & Davis 1998).
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The combined database shows good spatial coverage, though individual surveys were very fragmented spatially and temporally and were not coordinated internationally.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In general, temperature has a consistent and dominant role in structuring broad-scale marine diversity patterns (Tittensor et al. 2010).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tittensor et al. 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This may be a problem where both species co-occur, but not in the Mediterranean where only albacore is present and readily identified (Alemany 1997).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > Farley & Davis 1998).
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Alemany 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In addition, oceanographic discontinuities have been suggested to limit the range distribution of marine species by acting as a boundary, but also through their influence on larval dispersal and recruitment (Gaylord & Gaines 2000).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gaylord & Gaines 2000 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Matsumoto et al. (1972) is usually used for species identification of bigeye tuna and to determine its distribution in regional studies in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > Farley & Davis 1998).
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Matsumoto et al. (1972)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Identifications of yellowfin tuna also benefit from the descriptions of individuals cultured in the laboratory (e.g.Margulies et al. 2007).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > Farley & Davis 1998).
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Margulies et al. 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The preference of albacore for regions with low EKE values may be an adaptation to separate their larval habitat from that of the other species.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > The ocean triad hypothesis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A trade-off between predation and food availablity may be the reason why larvae prefer mesoscale structures within broad-scale oligotrophic areas.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > The ocean triad hypothesis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study provides the first compilation of published data for tuna larvae on a broad spatial scale.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regions of high EKE could be less suitable for spawning if larvae end up in less optimal areas for later growth and survival as a result of the influence of strong currents on transport.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > The ocean triad hypothesis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If intermediate EKE values associated with mesoscale structures influence the spatial distribution of feeding resources, this may increase larval survival.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > The ocean triad hypothesis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There is very limited scientific information on the spatio-temporal spawning patterns of tuna species (Schaefer 2001) and strong uncertainties in our knowledge of many biological parameters, including reproduction, of tuna species.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schaefer 2001 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Thus, there would be low food availability and, consequently, low predator abundances, as suggested by the socalled 'loophole hypothesis ' (Bakun & Broad 2003, Irigoien et al. 2007).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > The ocean triad hypothesis
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One constraint on the implementation of HSMPAs is limited knowledge regarding the biodiversity of oceanic species and the identification of the parameters that should be measured (UNEP-WCMC 2008).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites UNEP-WCMC 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“EKE obtained from sea-surface height anomalies may be a good indicator of mesoscale activity in most of the oceans.But in such confined areas mesoscale structures can be induced by topography or occur at a smaller scale than the grid size used in this study.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > The ocean triad hypothesis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, tuna species show a preference for mesoscale structures, with moderate activity to spawn, but avoid high EKE (Teo et al. 2007, Reglero et al. 2012, Muhling et al. 2013); one factor involved could be the opportunity to disperse during the larval stage.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > The ocean triad hypothesis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Seasonal SST and EKE averaged over 5° × 5° grid cells represent the environmental conditions relevant to tuna larval occurrence.
“Both monthly EKE and SST values were averaged at each 5° × 5° cell of the analysis grid to obtain seasonal (3 mo) data.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Larval presence/absence records compiled from different years and sources are comparable enough to model global environmental relationships.
“Standardized data on larval densities were not available for comparison across studies and oceans; hence, we were forced to focus on larval presence records only.”
“Furthermore, larval sampling cruises were not routinely recorded over the years in different areas, so we have combined different sampling years, with the earliest cruises dating from the 1920s and the latest from the 2000s.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Species-level morphological identifications in the source articles are accurate enough for the analyses.
“Larval tuna identification at species level can be problematic when based on morphological descriptions, especially in the Gulf of Mexico (Richards et al. 1990).”
“We have carefully reviewed the basis for taxonomical descriptions in the articles used as data sources for our analyses.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sampled cells where no tuna larvae were caught represent true absence of tuna larvae.
“Sampled cells where no tuna larvae were obtained from geo-referenced icthyoplankton surveys are shown in dark orange.Areas with missing data are shown in white”
The paper relies on this without support.
The compiled larval data from different sources and time periods are comparable and can be combined into a single global analysis.
“A total of 1678 grid cells, excluding land cells, between 70°S and 70°N were mapped according to the available information on the presence or absence of tuna larvae for every species.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The generalized additive models with SST and EKE capture the main environmental drivers of larval occurrence.
“predicted values were derived from a generalized additive model including SST and EKE as predictor variables when significant.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It is generally believed that the eastern Indian Ocean (R2) serves as the principal spawning area, and the temperate region (R3) functions as the feeding grounds for bigeye tuna (Reglero et al., 2014; Muhling et al., 2017; Fu, 2019).”
From Impacts of phytoplankton availability on bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) recruitment in the Indian Ocean (2024) · cites this paper as Reglero et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In particular, for species such as bigeye tuna, which primarily spawn in tropical regions, prey availability is more relevant than temperature to larvae (Reglero et al., 2014; Shropshire et al., 2022).”
From Impacts of phytoplankton availability on bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) recruitment in the Indian Ocean (2024) · cites this paper as Reglero et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, to spawn, all tuna species return to tropical or subtropical locations, which are typically oligotrophic and warm (Sund et al., 1981;Reglero et al., 2014).”
From Evolutionary and ecological constraints of fish spawning habitats (2015) · cites this paper as Reglero et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Eggs laid typically hatch into larvae (about 3 mm in length) in a few days, develop foraging and swimming organs quickly, and then grow into juveniles within the first month of life (Miyashita et al., 2001; Reglero et al., 2014).”
From Impacts of phytoplankton availability on bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) recruitment in the Indian Ocean (2024) · cites this paper as Reglero et al., 2014
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > DISCUSSION
“We found a significant positive effect of temperature in all of the species analyzed.”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > RESULTS
“but did not significantly explain the occurrence of Pacific bluefin tuna (Table 1).”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > RESULTS
“but were not significant in explaining the occurrence of southern bluefin tuna (Table 1).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > DISCUSSION
“Southern bluefin tuna SST 1 < 0.001 EKE 1.4 0.003 Total model 21 -0.93”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > CONCLUSIONS
“| Skipjack tuna | | | | | | SST | 1 | 0.005 | | | | Area | 1.9 | < 0.001 | | | | SST | 2 | < 0.001 | | | | EKE | 2 | < 0.001 | | |”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > Modeling
“P species,s,i,j = a + s 0 (area i,j ) + s 1 (SST s,i,j ) + s 2 (EKE s,i,j ) + ε(2)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > Mapping larval ranges
“sampling season of the year (January to March, April to June, July to September, October to November).”
§ Worldwide distributions of tuna larvae: revisiting hypotheses on environmental requirements for spawning habitats > CONCLUSIONS
“Figure: 8 Fig. 8 . Fig. 8. Spatial distribution of SST as obtained from the NOAA/ NASA AVHRR Oceans Pathfinder project for (a) January to March, (b) April to June, (c) July to September and (d) October to December, used as predictors in the model”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lowerre‐Barbieri, S. K., DeCelles, G. R., Pepin, P., Catalán, I. A., Muhling, B. A., Erisman, B., Cadrin, S. X., Alós, J., Ospina‐Álvarez, A., Stachura, M. M., et al. (2016) · Fish and Fisheries · doi:10.1111/faf.12180 · Cited by 159
“For example, most species of tuna spawn in oligotrophic subtropical environments (Reglero et al. 2014).”
Evolutionary and ecological constraints of fish spawning habitats
Ciannelli, L., Bailey, K., & Olsen, E. M. (2015) · ICES Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu145 · Cited by 127
“However, to spawn, all tuna species return to tropical or subtropical locations, which are typically oligotrophic and warm (Sund et al., 1981; Reglero et al., 2014).”
BackgroundHabitat suitability of the Atlantic bluefin tuna by size class: An ecological niche approach
Druon, J., Fromentin, J., Hanke, A. R., Arrizabalaga, H., Damalas, D., Tičina, V., Quílez-Badia, G., Ramirez, K., Arregui, I., Tserpes, G., et al. (2016) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2016.01.002 · Cited by 89
“Intermediate levels of Eddy Kinetic Energy (EKE), which is derived from SSHa, were shown to strongly favour pelagic fish spawning (ABFT – Bakun, 2013; Teo et al., 2007; Teo and Block, 2010; Tuna species – Reglero et al., 2014; Small pelagic species – Asch and Checkley, 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBottom-up drivers of global patterns of demersal, forage, and pelagic fishes
Petrik, C. M., Stock, C. A. A., Andersen, K. H., van Denderen, P. D., & Watson, J. R. (2019) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102124 · Cited by 86
Reproduction and larval biology in tunas, and the importance of restricted area spawning grounds
Muhling, B. A., Lamkin, J. T., Alemany, F., García, A., Farley, J., Ingram, G. W., Berastegui, D. A., Reglero, P., & Carrion, R. L. (2017) · Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries · doi:10.1007/s11160-017-9471-4 · Cited by 82
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Reglero, P., Tittensor, D., Álvarez-Berastegui, D., Aparicio-González, A., & Worm, B.
- Venue
- Marine Ecology Progress Series
- Publisher
- Inter-Research Science Center
- Published
- 2014-03-31
- Volume
- 501
- Pages
- 207-224
- ISSN
- 0171-8630 (ISSN-L)
- 1616-1599
- OpenAlex
- W2312411547
- Semantic Scholar
- 93d5321db6e8f91ce9daddbb68801a21955350a2
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 3.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Marine Ecology Progress Series (publishedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- California Institute of Technology
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Marine and fisheries research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Fish Ecology and Management Studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
- Keywords
- tuna larvae, spawning grounds, larval distribution, eddy kinetic energy, western boundary currents, bluefin tuna, albacore tuna, critical habitat, water temperature, remote sensing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-16, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-16 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
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Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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