Cited by 297Nerve injury and regenerationTissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineNeuroscience and Neural Engineering

Modern Trends for Peripheral Nerve Repair and Regeneration: Beyond the Hollow Nerve Guidance Conduit

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Carvalho, Cristiana R., Oliveira, Joaquim M., Reis, Rui L.·2019·Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Abstract

Peripheral nerve repair and regeneration remains among the greatest challenges in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Even though peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) are capable of some degree of regeneration, frail recovery is seen even when the best microsurgical technique is applied. PNIs are known to be very incapacitating for the patient, due to the deprivation of motor and sensory abilities. Since there is no optimal solution for tackling this problem up to this day, the evolution in the field is constant, with innovative designs of advanced nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) being reported every day. As a basic concept, a NGC should act as a physical barrier from the external environment, concomitantly acting as physical guidance for the regenerative axons across the gap lesion. NGCs should also be able to retain the naturally released nerve growth factors secreted by the damaged nerve stumps, as well as reducing the invasion of scar tissue-forming fibroblasts to the injury site. Based on the neurobiological knowledge related to the events that succeed after a nerve injury, neuronal subsistence is subjected to the existence of an ideal environment of growth factors, hormones, cytokines, and extracellular matrix (ECM) factors. Therefore, it is known that multifunctional NGCs fabricated through combinatorial approaches are needed to improve the functional and clinical outcomes after PNIs. The present work overviews the current reports dealing with the several features that can be used to improve peripheral nerve regeneration (PNR), ranging from the simple use of hollow NGCs to tissue engineered intraluminal fillers, or to even more advanced strategies, comprising the molecular and gene therapies as well as cell-based therapies.

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Crossref · 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00337

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  • PNS exhibits greater reparative capacity and more favorable prognosis, providing promising application scenario for tissue engineering materials.

    “Consequently, the PNS exhibits greater reparative capacity and a more favorable prognosis, which also provides a promising application scenario for tissue engineering materials [178].”

    From Application of PLCL as a biodegradable polymer in biomedical engineering (2026) · cites this paper as [178]

    The Introduction (page unavailable) describes peripheral nerves’ capacity to regenerate, and the Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Concepts for PNR section discusses biomaterial scaffolds for their repair. The paper does not establish the claimed greater reparative capacity or more favorable prognosis relative to the CNS; its Introduction cautions that treatments ensuring complete recovery are rare. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Peripheral nervous system injury typically does not directly damage neuronal cell body but involves axonal breakage and myelin destruction.

    “Injury to the PNS typically does not directly damage the neuronal cell body but rather involves axonal breakage and myelin destruction [178].”

    From Application of PLCL as a biodegradable polymer in biomedical engineering (2026) · cites this paper as [178]

    The Introduction describes axons collapsing and Schwann cells discarding their myelin after peripheral nerve injury; Figure 2 also describes axonal disintegration and myelin degradation. It does not specifically establish that injury typically spares the neuronal cell body. Its statement that cells in the distal nerve stump were not initially injured does not identify those cells as neuronal cell bodies. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Carvalho, C. R., Oliveira, J. M., & Reis, R. L.
Affiliations
3B's Research Group (PT)
Corresponding author
Oliveira, Joaquim M.
Venue
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
Published
2019-11-22
Volume
7
Pages
337-337
ISSN
2296-4185 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2990818690
Cited by
297
References
244
Citations by year
2026: 32 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 1
FWCI
4.05
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
Keywords
peripheral nerve repair, peripheral nerve regeneration, nerve conduits, peripheral nerve injury, nerve growth factor, scar formation, extracellular matrix, gene therapy, cell therapy, tissue engineering

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